Species For Reforestation Research Articles

Determining the contribution of the diversity of understory plant species in broadleaf and coniferous trees reforestation (case study: Colet forest of Mazandaran)

سابقه و هدف: تنوع، گونه ­ای ترکیبی از دو مؤلفه به ­هم پیوسته غنای گونه ­ای و یکنواختی است. مؤلفه اول غنای گونه ­ای است که مربوط به تعداد گونه­ های حاضر در واحد نمونه ­برداری است؛ و دومین مؤلفه یکنواختی است که به نحوه توزیع افراد گونه ­ها در محیط اطلاق می­ شود، یکی از مشکل­ های مهم این سنجه ­ها، جدا نکردن سهم این دو مؤلفه در مقدار سنجه عددی است. روش مؤثری که برای این منظور ابداع شده است، تجزیه و تحلیل SHE نام دارد. پژوهش پیش­رو نیز با هدف بررسی ترکیب و تنوع گونه ­ای و تعیین سهم هر یک از مؤلفه ­های تنوع در چهار توده طبیعی، جنگل­ کاری افراپلت، توسکا ییلاقی و زربین در جنگل کُلِت انجام شد.مواد و روش ­ها: در این پژوهش با استفاده از ۴۰ پلات مربعی شکل با مساحت ۴۰۰ مترمربع که به­ صورت انتخابی در منطقه مورد مطالعه پیاده شد، ابتدا فهرست کلیه گونه­‌های علفی به تفکیک فرم‌ رویشی و وفور (درصد تاج پوشش) گونه­‌های گیاهی براساس معیار فراوانی - غلبه وان‌­درمال ثبت شد، سپس به شمارش گونه ­های چوبی در هر قطعه ­نمونه پرداخته شد. آنگاه داده‌­های پوشش علفی و چوبی در نرم‌افزار اکسل سازماندهی شدند و در نرم­افزار PAST تجزیه ­های غنا (تعداد گونه، غنای مارگالف و غنای منهنیک)، یکنواختی (شانون - وینر)، تنوع (سیمپسون و شانون - وینر) انجام شد. نرمال بودن داده ­ها نیز با استفاده از آزمون کولموگروف - اسمیرنوف و همگنی واریانس ­ها با آزمون لون در نرم­افزار SASمورد بررسی قرار گرفت و برای تعیین سهم هریک از مؤلفه ­های غنا و یکنواختی نیز از روش SHE استفاده شد.نتایج و بحث: نتایج مقایسه میانگین سنجه­ های مختلف تنوع مربوط به گونه­ های علفی نشان داد که چهار توده طبیعی، افراپلت، توسکا ییلاقی و زربین از نظر میزان غنا (مارگالف و منهنیک) باهم اختلاف معنی­ دار دارند (P<0/01). نتایج طبقه ­بندی گیاهان از نظر شکل زیستی به روش رانکایر نیز نشان داد همی­ کریپتوفیت­ ها دارای بیشترین فراوانی هستند، همچنین تجزیه مؤلفه ­های غنا و یکنواختی در مقیاس لگاریتم طبیعی (تجزیه SHE) برای گونه ­های چوبی در منطقه کُلِت نشان داد که میزان یکنواختی روند ثابت بین چهار توده دارد و سنجه غنا در توده زربین و توده طبیعی دارای نوسان بوده و روند افزایشی دارد. در توده توسکا ییلاقی سنجه یکنواختی و غنا در تعیین تنوع گونه ­های علفی و چوبی در این منطقه سهم یکسان داشته و در توده زربین سنجه غنا بیشترین میزان را داشت. همان­گونه که در منحنی مربوط به تجزیه SHE می ­توان مشاهده کرد، منحنی غنا (LnS) و یکنواختی (Ln E) همزمان باهم تغییر نمی­کنند و تغییر منحنی غنا بیشتر از یکنواختی است. این امر بیانگر سهم بیشتر غنا نسبت به یکنواختی در تعیین تنوع داده ­های مربوط به گونه علفی و چوبی در منطقه مورد مطالعه است، در واقع این مسئله نشان می ­دهد که با افزایش تعداد نمونه ­ها تنها گونه ­های نادر و غیرمتداول هستند که به اسامی گونه ­های علفی و چوبی اضافه می­ شوند.نتیجه­ گیری: به ­طور کلی نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که میزان تنوع گونه علفی با توجه به آمیختگی گونه ­ها در توده طبیعی بیشترین مقدار را در این منطقه دارد، از طرفی میزان تنوع و غنا گونه ­های چوبی نیز در توده طبیعی و جنگل ­کاری پهن­ برگ بیشتر از توده سوزنی­ برگ است. بنابراین جنگل­ کاری با گونه­ های پهن ­برگ اثر مثبتی روی تنوع گونه­ های گیاهی منطقه دارد. همچنین مؤلفه مؤثر بر سنجه عددی تنوع در چهار توده مؤلفه غنا (Ln S) است، به این معنی که تغییرات و نوسان­ های شدیدی در گونه ­های گیاهی و ترکیب آن­ها مشاهده شد.

Assessment of the Potential of Umbrella Thorn [Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso &amp; Banfi] for the Rehabilitation of Sub-Sahelian Mining Sites at Essakane, North-Eastern Burkina Faso

Establishment of plant communities at mine sites with significant disturbance depends upon factors such as the presence of efficient mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess growth performance of umbrella thorn as a potential tree species for reforestation of mine sites in arid areas. In the first experiment, seedlings were transplanted onto waste rock stockpile (WR) and tailings (TLG) with high arsenic (As) content on sites at the Essakane gold mine. Trees were assessed for growth and survival 3 years after planting. In experiment 2, soil was sampled on four sites across a disturbance gradient from mining waste (WR and TLG) and artisanal gold mining to undisturbed natural soil (NS). Each soil was planted with two separate leguminous trap crops (cowpea and umbrella thorn) in pots to check for microsymbionts. At 3 years, trees grew better on TLG soils with greater arsenic contamination than WRs in the field. Although tree establishment was moderate, with &amp;lt;50% survival, overall results suggest the ability of umbrella thorn to tolerate As contamination levels up to 1,300 ppm and, therefore, its potential for reforestation. Soil pH has shown strong effects on soil nutrient content. In particular, ammonium was the dominant form of mineral nitrogen (N) in the more neutral pH NS soils, while nitrate was present in the more alkaline WRs. Denitrification likely resulted in high N loss where nitrate dominates, reflecting the poor performance of N-deficient trees on WRs compared to TLG soils. Growth trends of umbrella thorn in potted-soils were consistent with those reported on TLG and WR soils in plantations.

The diversity of native tree species from Bung Jagoi community forests, Bau, Sarawak and their potential for reforestation

ABSTRACT The study focuses on the diversity of native species from which can be selected potential species in Bung Jagoi community forests for reforestation. Multi-aged regeneration survey using nested plot design was carried out on four types of forest in Bung Jagoi community forests. The findings indicate that the intact and undisturbed primary forests are more diverse and hold a number of species with higher importance value than the disturbed forests. Bung Jagoi community forests also have abundant potential native species for reforestation.

Post-fire restoration effectiveness using two soil preparation techniques and different shrubs species in pine forests of South-Eastern Spain

Wildfires completely remove the vegetal cover, affect plant diversity and promote soil erosion in the forest ecosystems. Reforestation is essential to recover these important forest components, also in view of the forecasted climate change. Clear indications about suitable soil preparation techniques and a cautious choice of the planted species for successful reforestation actions are needed by forest managers. To improve this knowledge, this study, carried out seven years after a wildfire in a forest area of Central-Eastern Spain, evaluates: i) the short-term effectiveness of a post-fire reforestation work on growth and diversity of planted species, using ten types of shrubs and two soil preparation techniques (machinery planting spot, MPS, and linear subsoiling, LS); ii) the short-term effects of MPS and LS techniques on naturally regenerated plants. In the reforestation work, four of the ten planted species (Pistacia lentiscus L., O. europaea var. sylvestris L., Rhamnus lycioides L., Rosmarinus officinalis L.) showed the highest survival rate, while all individuals of E. fragilis Desf., Arbutus unedo L., Viburnum tinus L., and P. angustifolia L. were dead. Our results showed that P. lentiscus L. and O. europaea var. sylvestris were the species with the highest abundance in the soils treated with MPS and LS, respectively. In relation to naturally regenerated plants, higher number and height of plants were found in areas treated with LS. Both soil treatments influenced the plant diversity, although the species richness decreased in the treated soils compared to the burned and not treated areas. Overall, this study suggests that P. lentiscus appears as the most suitable reforestation species under the experimental conditions. Moreover, soil preparation is not ideal for reforestation after a wildfire, due to the lower regeneration, survival, and species richness found in treated plots in comparison to the burned and not treated areas.

Climate Change Resilience with Focus on Coastal Ecosystems: Mangroves and Beach Forests

The coastal ecosystems of mangroves and beach forests are key to Climate Change adaptation and mitigation (CCAM) through their services of coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and provision of seedlings of pioneering (beach forest) species for lowland reforestation. The paper discusses science-based CCAM interventions that combine my formal training in marine biology and the need for coastal protection in the local communities where my environmental NGO operates. These initiatives include mangrove ecoparks, ecologically sound mangrove rehabilitation, coastal greenbelts of mangroves and beach forests, reversion of abandoned fishponds to mangroves, and beach forest nursery. It gives recommendations to government agencies and non-government organizations alike to protect mangroves as ecoparks, establish protective coastal greenbelts, and revert abandoned fishponds to mangroves.

BENEFÍCIOS DO PLANTIO DE Eucalyptus PARA O TAMANHO E FORMA DE FRA GMENTOS DE ÁREAS FLORESTAIS NA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO SUDESTE

ABSTRACT The adoption of mixed plantation systems (exotic and native species) is viable and represents an important alternative in the context of forest and landscape restoration. This study evaluated whether Eucalyptus cultivation is associated with changes in native forest cover and fragment connectivity in the region from 1987 to 2017. The study region (Southeast Atlantic Forest) has been undergoing a forest transition process. Based on land use/land cover maps obtained from satellite images and a pair-wise comparison, it was detected that the dynamics in one land cover were not necessarily associated with the other one. It was verified an increase in Eucalyptus cover since 2007, possibly related to the New Forest Code that allows the use of exotic species in reforestation, provided it does not exceed 50% of the total area. An increase in the native vegetation cover was also observed, highlighting the importance of restoration actions and national regulations. In addition, forest patches were larger and less complex with Eucalyptus presence, indicating that this land cover is potentially beneficial for the landscape connectivity.

Black locust coppice stands homogenize soil diazotrophic communities by reducing soil net nitrogen mineralization

Black locust (BL, Robinia pseudoacacia) is considered a promising tree species for reforestation due to its great ability to fix nitrogen. However, after two or three coppice-harvesting rotations, the productivity of BL declines. Whether soil microbial communities are affected and how these groups correlate with the nitrogen mineralization process across multi-generation stands remains unclear. We investigated the composition and structure of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) by sequencing the marker gene nifH and compared these results to levels of soil nitrogen mineralization in the bulk soil and rhizosphere in black locust plantations on Mount Tai, China. The results showed multi-generation BL coppice plantations decreased the total soil nitrogen (N), soil phosphorus (P), soil microbial biomass N (MBN), soil microbial biomass C (MBC), soil nitrification rate (Rn), soil ammonification rate (Ra), and net soil N mineralization rate (Rm), but significantly increased the concentration of soil NH4+-N to maintain sufficient NO3−-N. The dominant species in bulk soil and rhizosphere changed from Rhodopseudomonas (22.62% and 15.76%), unclassified_c_Alphaproteobacteria (22.37% and 29.28%), unclassified_o_Rhizobiales (15.40% and 13.31%), Bradyrhizobium (12.00% and 11.74%) in seedling plantations to Bradyrhizobium (45.95% and 47.86%) and Rhodopseudomonas (43.56% and 41.84%) in coppice plantations, respectively. Mantel test and Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that Rn, Ra, and Rm were the most important factors shaping the diazotrophic communities. Our results suggest that the multi-generation BL coppice plantation can homogenize soil diazotrophic communities, which is mainly regulated by the available N loss caused by nitrogen mineralization. Strengthening the management technology of coppice plantations will provide more beneficial external consumption.

华西雨屏区植被恢复对紫色土酸化的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 华西雨屏区植被恢复对紫色土酸化的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202102220488 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 内江师范学院科研启动费项目（18B10）；四川省教育厅重点项目（17ZA0223） Effect of vegetation restoration on Purple soil acidification in rainy area of Western China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: Neijiang Normal University Research Start-Up Funds;Key Projects of the Education Department of Sichuan Province 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:退耕还林是控制水土流失、恢复森林植被和改善生态环境的重要举措。植被恢复进程中会发生土壤酸化，进而影响植物生长，厘清不同还林树种对土壤酸化的影响程度及作用机制有助于更好地评估退耕还林工程的整体生态效益。以华西雨屏区紫色土坡耕地（玉米）为对照，分析了退耕20a后柳杉纯林、柳杉-光皮桦混交林、慈竹林和茶园土壤pH的变化及其垂直分异。结果表明：玉米地、慈竹林、茶园、混交林和柳杉纯林0-50 cm土壤pH平均值分别为5.66、5.55、5.12、5.03和5.00，相较于玉米地，柳杉纯林、混交林和茶园土壤pH值显著下降（P<0.01），土壤酸化严重。相较于玉米地土壤pH值的均匀分布，植被恢复不同类型人工林pH值随土壤深度的增加而增加，10-50 cm土壤pH值（4.89-5.90）显著高于0-10 cm土壤pH值（4.72-5.21）（P<0.01），表层土壤酸化最明显。土壤pH值与土壤有机质含量呈极显著负相关，而与风化指数Na/K比值呈显著正相关，有机质含量和Na/K比值共同解释了土壤pH值变化的53.9%，表明植被恢复引起的土壤有机质积累与长石类矿物风化是驱动紫色土酸化的重要过程。通过对紫色土人工林酸化特征及其过程的揭示，可为华西雨屏区森林生态系统恢复及其管理提供科学依据。 Abstract:The Chinese Grain for Green Project is crucial for controlling water and soil erosion, rehabilitation forest vegetation, and improvement of the environment. Soil acidification could be induced during the vegetation restoration, which has a negative impact on plant growth. It is important to clarify the degrees and mechanisms of the influences of reforestation species on soil acidification in order to achieve a better ecological benefit of the Grain for Green Project. In this study, we used the Purple soil of sloping farmland (planted Zea mays) as control group (SF) in rainy area of western China, and analyzed the changes and profile distribution of soil pH value after a 20-year farmland to artificial forestland with plant species of Cryptomeria fortune (CF), Cryptomeria fortune & Betula luminifera (MF), Neosinocalamus affinis (NA) and Camellia sinensis (CS). Results showed that the weighted average value of soil pH in the top 50 cm was 5.66 for SF, 5.55 for NA, 5.12 for CS, 5.03 for MF, and 5.00 for CF. Soil pH value of CF, MF and CS decreased significantly compared with SF (P<0.01), and these soils exhibited severe acidification. In addition, vegetation restoration increased the degree of vertical variations of soil pH for SF that showed a uniform profile distribution. By contrast, soil pH for artificial forests exhibited greater profile differentiations. Soil pH values (4.89-5.90) of the 10-50 cm layer for different artificial forests were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those (4.72-5.21) of the 0-10 cm layer suggesting that soil acidification was most intense for the top 10 cm. There were significantly negative correlations between soil pH value and soil organic matter content, while significantly positive correlation between soil pH value and Na/K ratio of weathering index was observed. 53.9% of the variation for soil pH was explained by soil organic matter content and Na/K ratio, indicating that the acidification of Purple soil in this area were driven by the accumulation of soil organic matter during the process of returning farmland to forests and sorts of feldspar weathering. By revealing the acidification characteristics and its processes for Purple soil, this study provides a scientific basis for future vegetation restoration and ecosystem management in rainy area of western China. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Morphological traits and root anchorage ability of native pioneer tree species for reforestation of mudstone badlands

ABSTRACT Mudstone badlands occupy a large area in southwestern Taiwan. Mudstone soils with poor cementation property are particularly vulnerable to water erosion and landslides during rainy seasons. Broussonetia papyrifera, Hibiscus taiwanensis and Macaranga tanarius are major pioneer tree species occurring on mudstone badlands. Therefore, these species are beneficial for slope stabilization and forest restoration to control erosion and landslide. Nevertheless, information on their morphological traits and root biomechanical properties are lacking. In this research, root morphological traits of these species were inspected utilizing WinRHIZOPro Image Analysis System. Root anchorage ability and root tensile strength of 1-year-old B. papyrifera, H. taiwanensis and M. tanarius saplings were evaluated using uprooting testing and root tensile testing. The results show, compared to H. taiwanensis, B. papyrifera and M. tanarius plants had markedly greater root traits. Moreover, the root anchorage abilities of M. tanarius and B. papyrifer plants were notably higher than that of H. taiwanensis. In addition, root tensile strength of M. tanarius plants was markedly higher than those of B. papyrifera and H. taiwanensis plants. The results clearly demonstrate that M. tanarius outperforms B. papyrifera and H. taiwanensis, in these traits. Taken together, the priority for selecting these species for reforestation of mudstone badlands follows as: M. tanarius > B. papyrifera > H. taiwanensis. These results, together with the information on ecological succession following erosion and landslide, allow us to develop the reforestation plan and management strategy of mudstone badlands.

Restoring coal mine degraded lands in India for achieving the United Nations‐Sustainable Development Goals

Anthropogenic activities substantially altered the ecosystem's functioning and most of them are directly or indirectly responsible for biodiversity loss, land degradation, and climate change. Therefore, maximizing the conservation of natural capital and restoring the potential of the natural ecosystems are essential to sustain life on this planet. Where most of the economic activities are coupled with environmental degradation, the reestablishment of ecosystem attributes is a vital part of global conservation strategies. Mining activities cause inevitable loss of ecological structure and functions, while restoration of mine degraded lands provides an opportunity to reinstate ecological integrity and to develop a self‐sustaining ecosystem. However, it cannot be possible without learning from our experience, scientific research, community participation, traditional knowledge, political support, and economic backup. Here, we summarize some of the field observations explicitly based on the restoration of coal mine degraded lands in India. Experiences based on the practical approaches of ecosystem restoration highlight the key role of physical aspects of restoration, selection of plant species for biological restoration, and its combined effect on generating socioeconomic and environmental benefits. We recommend the inclusion of a site‐specific restoration plan, native species for reforestation, and involvement of the local community in restoration programs. Moreover, they are essential to attain the United Nations‐Sustainable Development Goals (UN‐SDGs) particularly, reduce poverty and hunger, provide affordable and clean energy, mitigate climate change, and reestablish life on degraded lands.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance the growth of tropical endangered species Pterocarpus indicus and Pericopsis mooniana in post gold mine field in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Husna, Tuheteru FD, Arif A. 2021. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance the growth of tropical endangered species Pterocarpus indicus and Pericopsis mooniana in post gold mine field in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3844-3853. Gold mining activities contribute to the national economy, but have a serious impact on forest and environmental degradation and pose a threat to tree species in the tropics. Reforestation of post-gold mining with tropical legume tree species is threatened with extinction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are effective in conservation of endangered plants and restoration of degraded land. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of native AM Fungi inoculation on the growth of Pterocarpus indicus and Pericopsis mooniana in nurseries and post-gold mining fields. P. indicus and P. mooniana seedlings were inoculated with Glomus claroideum Schenk &amp; Smith, Glomus coronatum Giovann., and mixed AMF (G. claroideum, G. coronatum). Uninoculated seedlings were used as control treatment, and they were maintained for 4 months under greenhouse conditions. After 4 months in greenhouse, seedlings were transferred to post-gold mine and planted for 4 months. The percentage of AMF colonization, plant growth, nutrient content and uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn were measured after 4 months both in the greenhouse and the field. The percentage of AMF colonization under greenhouse conditions in P. indicus and P. mooniana ranged 5.67-75.3% and 2.2-41.2%. All AMF colonization tended to have higher shoot height, leaf numbers and nodules, plant dry weight and N, P, K content under greenhouse conditions. Shoot height, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, N, P, K, Mn and Fe under field conditions had higher inoculated seedlings than control four months after planting. AMF could be used to conserve endangered tree species in post-gold mining reforestation in the tropics.

Evaluation on mechanical properties of plywood from two fast growing species: Neolamarckia cadamba and Paraserianthes falcataria

Neolamarckia cadamba (Laran@Kelampayan) and Paraserianthes falcataria (Batai) are both fast growing species known to be planted in Malaysia for their high growth rate, therefore made as reforestation species. This study had been done in evaluating the mechanical properties of these species as a new wood material for plywood production as an alternative and discovering used for the depleting supply of big diameter log from virgin forest. The tree samples were harvested from trial plot in UiTM Pahang, Bandar Tun Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia and sent to plywood mills nearby for plywood production. Plywood was composed in five layers and seven layers with 12 mm thickness and used melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) as their binder based on commercial industry production. Panels were cut and tested according to Japanese Agriculture Standard for plywood (JAS 2014) at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Based on minimum standard requirement, results show that both species were suitable to be used in plywood production for general use and structural (decorative) purpose. In addition, increased veneer layers were improved the panel strength. This study shows those species had potential to be an alternative wood material for plywood industry in Malaysia thus can reduce independency of wood species from virgin forest.

Comparison of Chemical Compositions Between Two Fast Growing Species: Acacia mangium and Leucaena leucochephala

Acacia mangium and Leuceana leucocephala are both exotic species known to be planted in Malaysia. Both species are well known to possess high growth rate, therefore made as reforestation species as well as a popular resource for pulp and paper industry. The main objectives of this study are to determine the chemical compositions of small diameter wild Acacia mangium and Leucaena leucocephala species and to compare that properties between of them at three (3) different stem portions (bottom, middle and top) and two (2) different parts (bark and wood). All analyses were done according to TAPPI standard method, except hemicellulose (Wise et al.) and holocellulose (formula). All the data and results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc test. Results revealed alcohol-toluene solubles was highest in bottom portion of Acacia mangium bark (14.98%). Holocellulose can be found highest in middle portion of Leuceana leucocephala wood (90.61%). For α-cellulose, highest was in Leuceana leucocephala bark (69.36%). Hemicellulose was most abundant in Acacia mangium top portion of wood (36.14%), while highest lignin was in its bottom portion of bark (31.18%). ANOVA indicates there are statistically high significance between species for all chemical composition, but between portions, only alcohol-toluene soluble and holocellulose are significant. For parts, all chemical composition is significant, except for lignin. This study proved that small diameter wild Acacia mangium and Leuceana leucocephala as a viable resource for pulp and paper industry.

Effects of shading and fertilizer treatments on the growth characteristics of Chamaecyparis obtusa (S. et Z.) Endlicher seedlings

Chamaecyparis obtusa is increasing the main reforestation species in the warmer southern part of the Republic of Korea because of its resistance to climate warming and economic value for timber. In this study, we investigated the growth response of Chamaecyparis obtusa 2-0 container seedlings to combined artificial shading (full sunlight, 35%, 55%, and 75%) and fertilization (no fertilization, 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L 1.5 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 3.0 g/L) treatments. Seedlings treated with 1.0 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest height growth while seedlings treated with 0.5 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest growth of root collar diameter. Seedlings treated with 1.0 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest total dry weight while those treated with 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 1.5 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition and 0.5 g/L fertilization in 35% artificial shading showed the highest Height/Root collar diameter ratio. In addition, seedlings treated with 1.0 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest seedling quality index. In general, the fertilization treatment effects on seedling growth characteristics were appreciably significantly different across the shading treatment conditions. The magnitude of the differences in the interaction effect of the fertilization treatments is higher in lower than in higher shading treatment conditions. The results suggest that 1.0 g/L seedling fertilization growing in full sunlight condition is the most appropriate nursery treatment level for producing superior quality Chamaecyparis obtusa 2-0 container seedlings. The suggested optimum artificial shading and fertilizer treatments level can be used as preliminary data for producing superior seedlings Chamaecyparis obtusa 2-0 container seedlings capable of achieving sustained reforestation and landscape restoration success in the southern part of the Republic of Korea and similar locations with warming climatic and conditions.

Impact of soil properties, tree layer and grass cover on forest regeneration in a mixed native species reforestation

Impact of soil properties, tree layer and grass cover on forest regeneration in a mixed native species reforestation

Can an El Niño induced drought hamper the reforestation of the subtropical forest?

The selection of reforestation species that promote rapid forest establishment has now become more challenging as a result of global climate change. This is because a recent increase in droughts associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation is presenting a critical challenge to forest seedling survival and growth, thus threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services supply. The severe drought associated with the 2014–2016 El Niño Southern Oscillation event presented an opportunity to assess its impact on the reforestation success of a subtropical forest in Durban, South Africa. We assess how microtopographic positions (specifically, dry and moist microhabitats) influenced seedling/sapling survival and growth performance (stem diameter and height, and canopy width) of four dominant planted tree species (Bridelia micrantha, Erythrina lysistemon, Millettia grandis, and Vachellia natalitia) under a severe drought, measured a month after transplanting and 13 months post-transplanting, after the drought began. Survival ranged from 73% to 93%, but seedlings/saplings in the moist microhabitat had higher survival rates and higher growth rates than species in the dry microhabitat. A higher survival rate exhibited by M. grandis followed by V. natalitia and E. lysistemon in both the dry and moist microhabitats suggests these three species are good pioneers for reforestation in areas that are predicted to experience frequent and intense droughts. Results from this study highlight the importance of considering microtopographic positions, as well as understanding species-specific habitat requirements when selecting reforestation species under the current and future climatic conditions.

Fertilization and Shading Trials to Promote Pinus nigra Seedlings’ Nursery Growth under the Climate Change Demands

Pinus nigra is one of the most widely used tree species for reforestation within its geographical distribution, as well as being a potential substitute for other tree species in Central Europe under future climate scenarios. P. nigra is transplanted into the field as two-year or three-year old seedlings because of its relatively low growth rate in the nursery. This study investigated the effects of fertilization programs and shading on P. nigra seedlings, aiming to accelerate early growth, and thus to reduce the nursery rearing time. The experiment (a completely randomized block design) was conducted in an open-air nursery by sowing seeds from Grevena, Northern Greece, in Quick pots filled with peat and perlite in a 2:1 ratio. The seedlings were subjected to two levels of fertilization—5 and 10 g L−1 NPK (30-10-10)—and two shading levels: 50% and 70%. At the ends of the first and second nursery growing season, we recorded the seedlings’ above- and below-ground morphology and biomass data. The results show that the application of all of the treatments produced seedlings which met the targeted quality standards for outplanting. However, the combination of a high fertilization rate and low shading level resulted in seedlings of a higher morphological quality, which is often considered to be an indicator for a successful seedling establishment in the field.

The species used in urban afforestation can present phytotoxicity - a case of study of &lt;i&gt;Schinus molle&lt;/i&gt; L.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a fitotoxicidade e citotoxicidade de extratos etanólico e aquoso das diferentes estruturas de Schinus molle L., uma espécie ornamental, comumente usada em arborização urbana no Brasil, utilizando sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) como planta modelo. Os extratos vegetais foram preparados a partir de amostras de folhas, inflorescências, frutos verdes e maduros coletados em Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os parâmetros avaliados foram germinação (G), índice de velocidade de germinação (GVI), comprimento radicular (RE), biomassa fresca (FB), biomassa seca (DB), porcentagem de plântulas (PS), índice mitótico (MI) e anomalias cromossômicas (CA). De acordo com os resultados, para o extrato aquoso, encontramos interações entre as estruturas e as concentrações utilizadas em relação a G, GVI, RE, DB, e CA. Não houve diferença significativa entre as estruturas vegetais em relação à porcentagem de plântulas normais, exceto para as concentrações. No entanto, para todos os parâmetros foi encontrada diferença significativa em relação ao extrato etanólico, exceto para anormalidades cromossômicas. O aumento da concentração leva à redução de todos os parâmetros avaliados, mostrando o efeito concentração-dependente. Os extratos etanólico e aquoso de Schinus molle mostraram efeito fitotóxico, indicando a necessidade de reavaliação e cuidado no uso dessa espécie para o reflorestamento.

Assessment of living ground cover under the influence of logging activities in the taiga zone

The influence of logging activities on the taiga ecosystems of the North-West is ambiguous. As a result of clear felling, tree and shrub vegetation is destroyed, which subsequently, as a result of a sharp change in environmental factors, makes a fundamental change in the biodiversity of the living ground cover. There is a complete change of botanical forest species that are part of the living ground cover for the species diversity characteristic of open landscapes. The overgrowth of clearings with grasses and undergrowths occurs depending on the typological characteristics of the felled stand and the season of the felling year. The subsequent overgrowth of clearings with herbaceous vegetation depends not only on the species composition of reforestation species, but also on various natural conditions - the features of the relief, climatic, soil and hydrological conditions. Therefore, the process of restoration of felling areas is not always positive. In order to ensure rational, sustainable and sustainable forest management, it is necessary for timber industry organizations and specialists of the forestry complex to use various measures prescribed in the “Methodological Recommendations for the Conservation of Biological Diversity in Timber Harvesting in the Vologda Region”.

Effect of imbibition treatments on the germination of Stenocereus zopilotensis (Cactaceae) native from Guerrero, Mexico

The prickly pear cactus “tuna pelona” (Stenocereus zopilotensis), is an endemic cactus species from the state of Guerrero, Mexico, it develops in semi-arid areas and has great ecological importance as it houses and forms part of the diet of multiple species in its niche. There is a constant threat to natural populations of this species due to the overexploitation of seedling collections in the f ield by unregulated trade. In order to design an alternative for the conservation management of these species, the objective of the work was to evaluate treatments for the imbibition of “hairless tuna” seeds to promote germination and the successful establishment of seedlings with economic technologies for the farmers of the area. Fruits of "tuna pelona" (S. zopilotensis) were collected, near the community of Xalitla, municipality of Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Guerrero; the seeds were stored for 70 and 273 days after collection (dac) at room temperature in order to maintain adequate conditions for the conservation of viability until reaching dormancy. In the stored seeds, the effect of soaking treatments was evaluated: 0, 6, 12, 24 and 12 hours in water plus another treatment that consisted of immersion in a plant-based hormonal stimulant. The germination percentage per treatment was evaluated, it was found that the control treatment (zero hours in water) of seeds stored at 70 dac only obtained 2.4% of germination. The treatment of soaking in water and in the hormonal stimulant both for 6 h presented the highest germination values with 48.6 and 44.4% respectively when using seeds of 273 dac at 14 days after the application of the treatments. These results will allow the massive production of seedlings of the species for reforestation and regional marketing purposes.