Indonesian Species Research Articles

Genetic diversity analysis of Bitti (Vitex cofasssus), native species Indonesia based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) marker

Bitti (Vitex cofassus) is a native species in Indonesia and is a superior wood in South Sulawesi. This type is a hardwood that is sought after and exported in large enough quantities. A narrow genetic base requires joint efforts to develop plant varieties, so it is necessary to carry out selection activities to obtain a superior diversity of traits. The most advanced method in assessing genetic diversity is a molecularly based approach using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) marker. Germplasm exploration was carried out in Pattiroang Village, Kajang District, Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province. A total of 30 samples were extracted using the Genomic DNA Mini Kit (plant) method with modifications. Ten primers tested obtained six primers that produced bright polymorphic bands, namely UBC 820, UBC 822, UBC 823, UBC 824, UBC 827, and UBC 830. The highest He value is in the UBC 824 primary with a PIC of 0.48, while the lowest He values is in the UBC 827 primer with a PIC value of 0.15. The visualization of the dendrogram shows two large clusters, each consisting of a diverse number of individuals. It indicates a relatively moderate kinship between the types of V. cofassus.

Control methods for invasive mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Indonesia.

The two invasive mosquito species in Indonesia are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance to humans and are also the primary vectors of several foreign pathogens, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Efforts must be made to reduce the possibility of mosquito bites and the potential for disease transmission. Given the invasion of these two Aedes species, this approach should be considered as part of an integrated strategy to manage them. This review discusses existing and developing control techniques for invasive Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, with an emphasis on those that have been and are being used in Indonesia. Environmental, mechanical, biological (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis and Wolbachia), and chemical (e.g., insect growth regulators and pyrethroids) approaches are discussed in this review, considering their effectiveness, sustainability, and control methods.

The lophogastrids (Crustacea: Peracarida: Lophogastrida) of Indonesia and its adjacent waters. An updated checklist.

The zoogeographic distribution of lophogastrid species (Crustacea: Peracarida: Lophogastrida) occurring in the Indonesian waters is presented. For each species, data on general distribution, bathymetric ranges, habitat and localities reported on published data are provided. A total of 20 lophogastrid species belonging to three families and seven genera occur in Indonesian waters (about 38% of all known lophogastrids species worldwide), a number greater than other areas of Southeast Asia. Also, based on current information, the number of species or species richness is greater than other regions, such as Madagascar, North Pacific off Japan, Mediterranean, Canary Island, northern mid-Atlantic ridge, Iberian Peninsula, Mexico, and Angola Basin (SE Atlantic). Most of the Indonesian species are distributed worldwide, but one species, Lophogaster inermis appears to be endemic to Indonesia. Previous listings of Paralophogaster intermedius occurring in Southeast Asian waters is not verified in any collections, and has therefore been removed from our updated list.

Identification and Morphometric Analysis of Octopus (Cephalopods) from Coastal Area Gugop Pulo Breuh, Aceh Besar

Octopus is a commodity that has important economic value and high export value. Gugop Distric is one of the producers of octopus in the form of fresh products and processed products developed by Kube Mangat. It is said that the octopus species in Indonesia are dominated by Octopus cyanea, but there is no scientific certainty for the type of octopus in this Gugop village. This study aimed to identify morphometric analysis is for octopus. This research conducted in May-July 2022. Information on octopus resources in Aceh is still limited. Information about octopus biology needs to be known as basic information in octopus resource management. A total of 35 octopus samples were obtained, there are 5 key characteristics in Octopus cyanea including ocellus, bluish-white spots, brown markings all over the body, diamond-shaped papillae on the neck and head. The presence of false eye spots indicating that this species is Octopus cyanea. The size trend based on the total length of the octopus showed 6 classes with the highest total in the 68-72 cm category, namely 9 individuals. These results indicate that the octopus caught is still in a suitable size for capture feasibility and has entered the reproductive period.

Diet analyses of the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus (Lamniformes: Alopiidae), from the Lombok Strait waters, Indonesia

Abstract. Alghozali FA, Salsabila R, Gustianto MWD, Putri HMIH, Himawan MR, Yuneni RR, Hatmoro CK, Rezkiani M. 2023. Diet analyses of the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus (Lamniformes: Alopiidae), from the Lombok Strait waters, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3708-3714. The pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus, is an endangered shark species estimated to be declining in the Pacific and Indian Oceans because of overexploitation, including from target fisheries and bycatch. Despite its importance in providing better information for species management, the ecological aspects of this species are still rarely studied. This study aims to provide information on the feeding ecology of the pelagic thresher sharks from the Lombok Strait. Stomach samples from 178 specimens were sampled from 2020-2021, and 149 stomachs that contained food contents were analyzed for species diet characterization. Prey Species Accumulation Curve slope values are <0.1 and the percentage of prey coverage for all sharks combined is 92.1%, suggesting reliable inventory in the number of prey represented. The resulting diet indexes suggest that A. pelagicus in Lombok Strait waters is a specialist predator (Ba=0.3) with few prey variations (H=2.21) and no competition between sexes and maturity stages of the species (C=0.64 and 0.81, respectively). The top three prey species found for A. pelagicus in the study area are the Auxis thazard (85.8 %IRI), Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (8.5 %IRI), and Dasyscopelus spinosus (1.11 %IRI). A better understanding of the overlap of A. pelagicus and its diet, which includes economic fish commodities, will inform authorities to develop better fisheries and conservation management for the species in Indonesia.

Updated Species Check-list of the Indonesian Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini)

A catalog provides an index to previous studies in taxonomy, behavioral research, and pollination ecology, thus consolidating the existing knowledge in an accessible format. In this study, we explore the annotated catalog and bibliography of the Indonesian meliponini stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini). The catalog format is arranged based on Rasmussen (2008). All available literature was reviewed for compiling this catalog and bibliography. References to a Meliponini genus only were not included in the list of references. Cited references must have used a trackable specific epithet to have been included. In total, Indonesia has 52 recorded stingless bee species across the Indonesian archipelagoes of Sumatera (27 species), Java (13 species), Nusa Tenggara (1 species), Kalimantan (34 species), Sulawesi (8 species), Bali (1 species), Maluku (4 species), and Papua (12 species). After the data was updated, there was an increase in the number of stingless bee species in Indonesia, namely 46 species (before update) to 52 species (after update). An up-to-date, comprehensive taxonomic and biological catalog is fundamental to any comparative evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral research on any group of organisms.

Survival, Development, and Fecundity of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Various Host Plant Species and Their Implication for Pest Management.

Spodoptera frugiperda is Indonesia's relatively new invasive polyphagous insect pest. So far, S. frugiperda infestation has only been reported in corn and rice in Indonesia. However, S. frugiperda is known to feed on many commercial crops in other countries. To date, information on the biological parameters of S. frugiperda is limited in Indonesian ecologies. Since host plants are a critical factor for insect life history and have the potential to be used for pest control strategies, it is essential to study the biology and survival of S. frugiperda on different host plants. This research aimed to investigate the survival, development time, and fecundity of S. frugiperda on other host plant species to predict possible infestation rates for use in pest management. The study was conducted by rearing S. frugiperda on 14 common cultivated host plant species in Indonesia. The survival rate, development time, fecundity, and potential attack rate of S. frugiperda on various tested host plants were analyzed in this study. The findings revealed that corn was the primary host for S. frugiperda. The ability of S. frugiperda to survive on papaya, water spinach, banana, spinach, cucumber, and coco grass indicates that these plants are potential alternate hosts for S. frugiperda. Long beans, bok choy, choy sum, and beans might be indicated as a shelter for S. frugiperda. Meanwhile, inappropriate hosts for S. frugiperda include cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower due to their low survival rate on these plants. This research indicates that these plants have the potential to be used as a hedge, trap, or bunker plant in S. frugiperda management strategies. However, to prevent detrimental damage, control methods are needed in an integrated manner, including monitoring pest populations, habitat manipulation, and conservation of natural enemies.

IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI CALON INDUK IKAN NILA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) DI BENDUNGAN BATUJAI DAN PENGGA KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most widely cultivated freshwater fish species in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the biological conditions of tilapia, the level of gonad maturity (TKG) and tilapia fecundity, and the water conditions of the Batujai and Pengga Dam. Examples of fish caught in October-November 2018 in the Batujai and Pengga Dam were 17 and 16 individuals / dams. Identification for collecting morphometric data (11 characters) and gonads was carried out at the 45 Laboratory of the University of Mataram. Morphomteric measurements were quantitatively processed to describe the morphology of tilapia. Relationship pattern of tilapia morphometric characters in Batujai Dam: C = -a + b P, LWR pattern: ln B = -a + b ln P, and the pattern of growth is hyper allometric (b = 3.95). While the pattern of relation of tilapia morphometric characters in the Pengga Dam: C = -a + b P, LWR pattern: ln B = -a + b ln P, and the pattern of growth is hypo allometric (b = 2.75). The condition factor (K) of tilapia from the two dams yields an average value of K> 1 which is (1,627 and 1,926) which means that the fish body shape is fleshy and its physical condition is ready to reproduce

Morphological relationships and cross compatibility of seven Dendrobium species in Indonesia

Abstract. Lestari NKD, Deswiniyanti NW, Sari NKY, Murna IM, Rizqy AN. 2023. Morphological relationships and cross compatibility of seven Dendrobium species in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3550-3558. The development of Dendrobium hybrid orchids in Indonesia has received less attention. This study aimed to obtain the morphological characteristics and taxonomical relationships of Dendrobium species, their interspecific and intersectional compatibility for hybridization, as well as the fertility of hybridized Dendrobium orchids. Seven Dendrobium species from several sections were used, namely D. phalaenopsis, D. lineale, D. stratiotes, D. macrophyllum, D. nobile, D. heterocarpum and D. bracteosum. We characterized the seven species based on morphological traits and investigated the taxonomical relationships using hierarchical cluster analysis by dendrogram charts. We then crossed the seven species to produce hybrids and the hybrids were then cultured in vitro. The hybridization and in vitro culture data were analyzed using an ANOVA test with Duncan's post hoc test when the results significantly differed. The results showed that the taxonomical relationship was clustered based on the sections of each Dendrobium species. The highest percentage of hybridization compatibility was found in D. phalaenopsis and D. lineale with 61.9% while the lowest was in D. nobile, and D. bracteosum (0%). Germination percentages in in vitro culture ranged from 40% to 100% for both interspecific and intersectional crosses, except for intersectional crosses of D. nobile, which failed to germinate. The findings of this study suggest that the results of interspecies and intersectional crossing showed that the highest compatibility was indicated by D. phalaenopsis and D. lineale. Therefore, they are highly recommended as the parents of hybrid orchids.

The diversity and regional conservation status of wild edible fruit species in Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Suwardi AB, Syamsuardi, Mukhtar E, Nurainas. 2023. The diversity and regional conservation status of wild edible fruit species in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3245-3257. Sumatra Island is recognized as the distribution center of tropical fruit species in Indonesia. However, increased human activity threatens the existence of edible wild fruit plants in nature. The study aims to assess the diversity and regional conservation status of wild edible fruit plant species in Sumatra, Indonesia. The study was conducted in four provinces: West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, and Bengkulu. For the sampling, a modified line transect method was used. A total of 331 wild edible fruit plant species at four studied sites in Sumatra consisted of 73 families. The highest number of fruit plant species was recorded in West Sumatra Province, i.e., 176 species, followed by Jambi (172 species), Riau (121 species), and Bengkulu (76 species). The diversity of wild edible fruit plant species was higher in West Sumatra Province (3.85) but lower in Riau Province (3.25). Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr., Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.fil. ex J.Anderson, Mangifera foetida Lour., Mangifera laurina Blume, Mangifera odorata Griff., and Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. were the most frequently recorded wild fruit plant species in all of the study area. However, 74 wild edible fruit plant species were recorded only in West Sumatra, 45 in Riau, 79 in Jambi, and 9 in Bengkulu. Among the 331 wild edible fruit species in the present study, 1 taxon was classified as endangered (0.30%), 9 taxa (2.72%) as vulnerable, 11 taxa (3.32%) as near threatened, and 139 taxa (41.99%) as least concern, and 171 taxa (51.67%) as Data Deficient.

The diuretic effect of ethyl acetate fractions of Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus champeden, and Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves in normotensive Wistar rats

BackgroundArtocarpus altilis, A. Champeden, and Artocarpus heterophylus are popular species in Indonesia, and are commonly used as traditional medicine. ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the diuretic effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of these three species on normotensive Wistar rats. MethodsThe ethyl acetate fraction was prepared by a liquid–liquid extraction method. To evaluate diuretic effects, the sixty rats were divided into normal (distilled water), negative (4.5% NaCl), positive control (furosemide 5 mg/kg), and the testing groups. The testing groups were orally given the ethyl acetate fraction of A. altilis, Artocarpus champeden, and A. heterophylus at three dose levels of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. All animals were orally given 4.5% NaCl at a dose of 2 mL/200 g except the normal group; then the animals were given drugs according to group doses. Urine volume and electrolyte levels produced by the testing groups were compared to those of the control group. The concentration and ratio of ions were calculated to determine the natriuretic and carbonic anhydrase activities. Results: The ethyl acetate fractions of the three Artocarpus species at 100 mg/kg dose were more active than the standard furosemide (p < 0.05) to increase urinary excretion. Furthermore, at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, the fraction significantly increased the excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl- ions more than the standard (p < 0.05). The testing groups showed good natriuretic and carbonic anhydrase activities. ConclusionsThe ethyl acetate fraction of A. altilis, A. champeden, and A. heterophylus leaves performed good diuretic and natriuretic activities. Therefore, the fractions can be considered as potential natural diuretic medicines.

Comparative Seed Cryopreservation of Indonesian and New Zealand Epiphytic And Terrestrial Orchids

Background: The atypical seed storage behaviour reported in several orchid species justifies cryopreservation as a complementary conservation strategy to conventional seed banking. Objective This study aimed to assess the seed cryopreservation potential of five orchid species; tropical epiphytic, Indonesian species (Dendrobium strebloceras, D. lineale), one temperate New Zealand species (D. cunninghamii) and two temperate terrestrial, New Zealand species banksii, Thelymitra nervosa). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seeds were cryopreserved direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) and through the application of a cryoprotectant method. For the latter, seeds were exposed to Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2) for 0, 50, and 70 min, at either room temperature or on ice, prior to immersion in LN. RESULTS: Seeds all the studied species germinated well following direct cooling in LN. There was no difference in seedling development capability between cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved seeds of both epiphytic species and direct immersion in LN enhanced seed germination and shoot formation both temperate terrestrials. CONCLUSION: Through a range of analyses of germination and post-growth, our study shows the potential for cryopreserving epiphytic or terrestrial orchids tropical and temperate regions.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SALINITY LEVELS ON GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF Tor soro JUVENILE

Tor soro is one of the most economically important native freshwater fish species in Indonesia. Nonetheless, the insufficient data regarding its salinity tolerance makes a thorough investigation of this issue imperative. This research was conducted to determine the effects of salinity on the growth and physiological response of Tor soro juveniles at optimum salinity levels. This study used Tor soro (total length: 5.0±0.08 cm; initial weight: 2.0 ± 0.06 g) with five salinity level treatments of, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 ppt, and the stocking density of 15 fish per aquarium (three replications). Fish were maintained for 30 days and fed with commercial aquafeed. In this study, the best growth was found in 2 ppt (length gain: 0.37 ± 0.05 cm; weight gain: 0.23 ± 0.01 g; specific growth rate in length: 1.38 ± 0.16 % day-1; specific growth rate in weight: 0.78 ± 0.05% day-1) which is significantly higher than 4, 6, and 8 ppt (p&lt;0.05), but it is not significantly different from 0 ppt (p&gt;0.05). The results of the physiological response showed that there were no significant stress responses in Tor soro juvenile for all salinity treatments (p&gt;0.05). there was no effect of 2 ppt salinity on the growth parameters compared to controls, but salinities above ppt had a significant detrimental effect. Exposure to salinities did not have any stress effect as shown by physiological indicators.

In silico exploration of the potential barcode DNA in Anopheles sp., a malarian vector from Indonesia

&lt;span&gt;Malaria is an infectious disease caused by &lt;em&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/em&gt; and transmitted to humans through the &lt;em&gt;Anopheles&lt;/em&gt; mosquito vector. The large diversity of &lt;em&gt;Anopheles&lt;/em&gt; in Indonesia, which consists of similar complex species, makes it difficult to identify species based on morphological characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to have another approach to identifying species based on molecular characteristics using DNA molecular markers. This approach becomes important as a basis for vector-based malaria control efforts. This research aims to explore potential DNA barcodes based on in silico studies as a reference for DNA barcoding analysis of &lt;em&gt;Anopheles&lt;/em&gt; species in Indonesia. The data sequences of CO1 and ITS2 from &lt;em&gt;Anopheles&lt;/em&gt; sp. were collected on the NCBI database. The sequence alignment was performed using CLUSTALX2. The construction of a phylogenetic tree was carried out using MEGA XI. Data analysis was performed by observing the construction of phylogenetic trees, bootstrap scores, and genetic distance. The data sequence in NCBI shows that 10 species of the genus &lt;em&gt;Anopheles&lt;/em&gt; as malaria vectors have been studied in Indonesia. Sequence alignment of the 10 species based on CO1 and ITS2 markers showed that ITS2 markers had higher genetic variation than CO1. Therefore, the ITS2 sequence has the potential to be a DNA barcode for the molecular identification of &lt;em&gt;Anopheles&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;

Anti-Termite Activities of The Bioactive Compounds of Gaharu Culture (Aetoxylon sympetalum) From Maceration Results Using Acetone Solvent

Agarwood is a plant known for its aromatic resin, which is one of the most widely distributed species in Indonesia. This research was carried out in several stages, namely maceration, partitioning, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and termites activity. The test was carried out for 3 days with variations in the concentration of 0% (negative control), 0.1%, 0.2%. 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% (w/v), and 0.25% fipronil reagent as positive controls. The crude extract yield of sapwood gaharu aloe acetone obtained was 23,4321% and the partition result of 233,789 grams of crude extract of acetone consisted of n-hexane fraction with a yield of 3.812%, chloroform fraction of 42.205%, and acetone fraction of 43.621%. The results of the phytochemical test showed that aloe vera sapwood contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics and saponins. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction showed the number of peaks as many as 55 peaks which may contain 55 compounds in the fraction. The compound with the highest % area was 4-Chloro-6-methoxy-2-methyl quinoline-8-amine (10.33%) followed by stigmasterol compound (5.94%). The results of the termite activity test showed that the most active fraction as an anti-termite was acetone fraction (LC50 0.082%) followed by chloroform fraction (LC50 0.134%), crude extract (LC50 0.144%) and n-hexane fraction (LC50 0.176%)

The acclimatization compartment and growth hormone impact on the life percentage of endangered Hopea gregaria tree species.

In Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia there is an endemic tree species with the scientific name of Hopea gregaria Slooten belonging to Dipterocarpaceae family. The wildings of this species, named pooti locally, were available abundantly at Nipa-Nipa Grand Forest Park. These wildings may be collected for plant procurement programs. Unsustainable forest exploitation management in the past and also forest fire, have caused this species is classified as an endangered forest tree species in Indonesia and this tree species really needs to be sustained. This study was carried out at the glasshouse of the Association of Indonesian Mycorrhizae in the Southeast Sulawesi branch for three months. A factorial completely randomized design was used, consisting of 2 factors namely provision of acclimatization compartment, without and with cover, and Rootone-F concentration of 0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm. An analysis of variance (F-test) was used, if the result was significant, further analyses using Duncan Multiple Range Test will be done. Results revealed that the acclimatization compartment and Rootone-F interaction had no effect on all variables. However, acclimatization can increase the life percentage of shoots, wildings’ height, and number and leaf length. In the beginning, natural wildings rely on acclimatization while Rootone-F increases wildings’ height.

The cloning and expression of the two types of kisspeptin gene in hard-lipped barb (Osteochilus vittatus)

Abstract. Prayogo NA, Rahayu SC, Sugito PPA, Meyanadewi SB, Sukardi P, Rositas RE, Bessho Y. 2023. The cloning and expression of the two types of kisspeptin gene in hard-lipped barb (Osteochilus vittatus). Biodiversitas 24: 2797-2804. Hard-lipped barb (Osteochillus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842) is a native Indonesian species with many benefits for economic, aquaculture, and environmental sustainability. Several studies showed that the species had high reproductive potential, with kisspeptin gene playing a role in reproductive hormone production and GnRH secretion. Kisspetin gene is also important for gonad maturation in fish. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the structure of Kiss-1 and Kiss-2 genes, as well as the expression of the kisspeptin gene in the hypothalamus and gonads in each phase of female hard-lipped barb development.The study procedure involved several stages, including organ preparation, isolation, sequence identification, and measurement of cGnRH gene expression. The structure of Kiss-1 gene in hard-lipped barb was obtained, and the nucleotide sequence had a product length of 213, coding for 89 amino acids. Meanwhile, Kiss-2 consisted of 230 nucleotides, coding for 76 amino acids, and the sequences observed had 70-80% with other fish species. The results showed that the expression values of Kiss-1 and Kiss-2 genes in the hypothalamus were higher compared to the gonads, with the lowest in the adult phase and the highest in the Juvenile phase. This information will lead us to use the kisspeptin gene to increase hard-lipped barb reproduction.

The Growth of Titi Plant (Gmelina moluccana) and Environmental Factors that Affect It

The Growth of Titi Plant (Gmelina moluccana) and Environmental Factors that Affect It

Description Of Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate, And Body Temperature Of Haliastur Indus In Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center

Brahminy kite or Halistur indus is one of the protected eagle species in Indonesia. The presence of the eagle in the environment is very important because the eagle is one of many environmental health indicators. Based on the last research of H. indus population in Indonesia, the population of H. indus has decreased due to several factors such as pesticide overuse, destruction of natural habitats, illegal hunting, and illegal trading. Therefore, the conservation programs of H. indus are very important to maintain its population in nature. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of H. indus’s health including heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature who never described on group a group sample in any journal before. The method used in this study was a descriptive method of 15 H. indus in The Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center, Garut, West Java, Indonesia. The result of the heart rate measurement of 15 H. indus obtained the mean and standard deviation was 173.467 ± 11.275 /minute, respiratory rate was 76.400 ± 14.065 /minute, and body temperature was 42.570 ± 0.290 ˚C.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate chitosan nanoparticles in an extender improve the antioxidant capacity and post-thawed quality of Kacang goat semen

Background and Aim: The Kacang goat (Capra hircus) is an indigenous livestock species in Indonesia that is at risk of extinction due to cross-breeding. Artificial insemination (AI) techniques are expected to increase the population of these goats. This study aimed to determine the addition of epigallocatechin-3-gallate chitosan nanoparticles (EGCG CNPs) to skim milk–egg yolk (SM–EY) extender to obtain the best possible quality of post-thawed Kacang buck semen for AI. Materials and Methods: Fresh Kacang buck semen was diluted in SM–EY without or with the addition of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 µg of EGCG CNPs/mL extender. Extended semen was packaged in French mini straws, frooze, and stored in liquid nitrogen at −196℃ for 24 hours. Six replicates from each treatment group were thawed for catalase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, malondialdehyde (MDA), sperm intact plasma membrane (IPM), viability and motility analyses. Results: Post-thawed semen that was previously frozen without EGCG CNPs in the extender (control group) exhibited the lowest levels of catalase, DPPH, sperm living cells, sperm motility, MPI, and the highest levels of MDA. The addition of EGCG CNPs in the T3 and T4 groups was increased (p &lt; 0.05) post-thawed catalase, DPPH, living cells, and sperm motility and decreased (p &lt; 0.05) MDA levels than those of the T0 group. Meanwhile, sperm MPI was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the T4 group than the sperm MPI of the T0 group. Conclusion: This study was the first in using of EGCG CNPs in the SM–EY extender, in which adding 1.5 or 2.0 μg/mL of EGCG CNPs in this extender increased the antioxidant capacity and post-thawed quality of Kacang buck semen.