Species-group Names Research Articles

Type specimens and names assigned to Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d'Olsoufieff, 1924, the largest New World dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phanaeini).

Currently 13 species-group names assigned to the subgenus Megaphanaeus of Coprophanaeus are deemed available (or 'potentially available'), four of which denote valid species. In the present work we review the nomenclatural history of those names and conclude that two of them, Scarabaeus satelles Lichtenstein, 1796 and Copris ajax Sturm, 1826, are unavailable. For the other 11 names, we found type specimens of five, Scarabaeus bellicosus Olivier, 1789, Copris ensifer Germar, 1821, Phanaeus septentrionalis Pêssoa, 1934, P. vicinus Martínez, 1944, and P. vicinus var. argentinus Martínez, 1944. Two lectotypes are designated, one for Copris ensifer and other for Phanaeus septentrionalis. We were unable to locate the type series of the four names described by Castelnau (1840), i.e. Phanaeus ducalis, P. sylvanus, P. heros and P. miles, and of P. bonariensis Gory, 1844 and Scarabaeus lancifer Linné, 1767. For the latter, based on some iconotypes, we found that its type series was composite, including specimens of two different Megaphanaeus species, and, in addition, it was mixed with Copris ensifer type series. In order to fix the name to a sole species, a neotype is designated for Scarabaeus lancifer. The history of the names are presented in detail, and the application of these names to species is briefly re-discussed.

Correction of existing generic and species concepts in Platyceroidini (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) and the description of four new species of Platyceroides Benesh.

The endemic North American stag beetle tribe Platyceroidini Paulsen & Hawks (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) is reviewed. All primary types were studied and the existing generic and species concepts are subsequently corrected. Based on study of the male genitalia and external morphology, the previously monotypic genus Platyceropsis Benesh is reduced to subgeneric status under Platyceroides Benesh, new status, and the species Platyceroides laticollis (Casey) and Platyceroides keeni (Casey) new combination are transferred to this subgenus. Praocerus, new subgenus, is created to contain the species Platyceroides latus (Fall), and P. viriditinctus (Benesh). In the nominal subgenus, confusion has resulted from the historic misapplication of the oldest available name, Platyceroides agassii (LeConte), resulting in significant underestimation of the number of extant taxa. Lectotypes are designated for four species-group names (listed in their original combinations): Platycerus latus Fall, Platycerus opacus Fall, Platycerus pacificus Casey, and Platycerus parvicollis Casey. Four new species (Platyceroides barrae, P. infernus, P. pampinatus, and P. umpquus) are described from California and Oregon, United States of America. The following species are valid and are removed from synonymy with P. agassii: P. pacificus (Casey), revised status, and P. californicus (Casey), revised status. The synonym Platycerus parvicollis Casey is transferred from Platyceroides agassii to P. californicus, new synonymy. With the addition of four new species and the correction of the mistaken synonymies the total number of species in the tribe Platyceroidini is now 16.

Comptoniaster michaelisi nom. nov. (Asteroidea, Goniasteridae): Revision of a starfish species from the lower Upper Cretaceous of central Europe previously described as Pentagonaster semilunatus and Asterias schulzii

The goniasterid starfish Comptoniaster michaelisi nom. nov., previously known under the names of Asterias schulzii or Stellaster schulzei, is re-examined in terms of nomenclature and taxonomic significance. The species was described and illustrated by Schulze in 1760 as Pentagonaster semilunatus, a name that referred to an extant species and did not conform to the rules of binomial nomenclature. The species-group name schulzii is invalid, so that the replacement name michaelisi is suggested. This early Late Cretaceous species can now be accommodated in the genus Comptoniaster. A lectotype for the species is designated (i.e., Schulze's figured specimen), reillustrated and described in detail herein. Additional data provided include other occurrences of the species in middle Turonian to middle Coniacian strata in the Saxonian, North Sudetic and Intrasudetic Cretaceous subbasins (Germany, Poland and Czech Republic). Eighteen moulds of well-preserved, articulated specimens were available for this study, and 14 of them are illustrated. The skeletal morphology of the species is reconstructed and single elements are described, characterising C. michaelisi as a medium-sized asteroid with an outer radius of up to 90 mm, 45–50 paired supero- and inferomarginals and an arm-to-disc ratio of 2.2–2.5. Striking morphological affinities with C. comptoni from the upper Albian–lower Cenomanian indicate that species as a possible ancestor of C. michaelisi. The species lived on shallow-marine, medium- to coarse-grained sandy sea floors. Taphonomic pathways suggest that both death and rapid burial of these asteroids were most likely induced by tempestite deposition.

Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)

A new identification key is presented for the western Palearctic subgenera of the bee genus Megachile. In addition, the species composition of each subgenus is discussed, and for large subgenera, species groups are delineated to facilitate future taxonomic treatment. The nesting biology and floral associations of each subgenus are briefly reviewed. Lectotypes are designated for Megachile albocincta Radoszkowski, M. genalis Morawitz, M. hirsuta Morawitz, M. inornata Walker, M. luteipennis Friese, M. mandibularis Morawitz, M. melanogaster Eversmann, M. orientalis Morawitz, M. picicornis Morawitz, M. pilicrus Morawitz, M. sedilloti Pérez, M. thevestensis Ferton, M. vestita Giraud (=M. giraudi Gerstäcker) and M. villipes Morawitz. In addition, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: the subgenus Paracella is synonymized with the subgenus Anodonteutricharaea (syn. n.); three species, Megachile breviceps Friese, M. luteipennis and M. algira Radoszkowski are excluded from the Palearctic fauna as they were likely based on mislabeled specimens; M. luteipennis is newly placed in synonymy with M. dimidiata Smith (syn. n.), and M. algira with M. opposita Smith (syn. n.); M. punctatissima Spinola is considered an incorrect spelling of Stelis punctulatissima (Kirby) and not a valid species-group name. Heriades sinuata Spinola is newly placed in synonymy with H. truncorum (Linnaeus) (syn. n); M. boops Friese is transferred to the genus Hoplitis (comb. n.) and placed in synonymy with Hoplitis tigrina (Morawitz) (syn. n.); M. pyrsa Vachal is transferred to the genus Prodioxys (comb. n.) and placed in synonymy with Prodioxys carnea (Gribodo) (syn. n.); Stelis megachiloides Alfken is transferred to the genus Megachile (comb. n.) and placed in synonymy with M. marginata Smith (syn. n); M. larochei Tkalců and M. lanigera Alfken are placed in synonymy with M. albohirta (Brullé), M. albocincta Radoszkowski with cyanipennis Guérin-Méneville, M. rhodosiaca Rebmann and M. heinrichi (Tkalců) with M. doriae Magretti, M. vicina Morawitz with M. giraudi, M. picicornis Morawitz and M. albocincta Pérez with M. marginata, M. esseniensis (Pasteels) with M. maxillosa Guérin-Méneville, M. sexmaculata Alfken, M. sexmaculata thracia Tkalců and M. pilicrus flavida Zanden with M. melanogaster, M. transitoria Benoist with M. parietina (Geoffroy), M. judaea (Tkalců) with M. pasteelsi (Zanden), M. cyrenaica Schulthess, M. fumosa Alfken and M. fulvocrinita Alfken with M. sedilloti, M. insignis Zanden with M. soikai Benoist, M. mavromoustakisi Zanden with M. troodica Mavromoustakis and M. semipleta Cockerell with M. versicolor Smith (syn. n.). Megachile rhodoleucura Cockerell is reestablished as a valid species (stat. rev.). Megachile posti Mavromoustakis is considered as a valid species (stat. n.) and not as a subspecies of M. basilaris Morawitz. Megachile calloleuca Cockerell is newly placed into the subgenus Megachile, M. inornata, M. thevestensis, M. troodica into the subgenus Anodonteutricharaea, and M. hirsuta, M. pasteelsi into the subgenus Chalicodoma.

Catalog of the Neotropical Trichoptera (Caddisflies).

The Neotropical caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna is cataloged from a review of over 1,000 literature citations through 2015 (partial 2016) to include 3,262 currently recognized, valid species-group names in 25 families and 155 extant genera. Fourteen subspecies are included in the total as well as 35 fossil species and 1 fossil genus. The region covered includes all of Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. Genus-group and species-group synonyms are listed. For each nominal species, information on the type locality, type depository, sex of type, distribution by country, and other pertinent taxonomic or biological information is included. Summary information on taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution, immature stages, and biology are provided for each family and genus where known. An extensive index to all nominal taxa is included to facilitate use of the catalog. The glossosomatid species Mexitrichia usseglioi Rueda Martín & Gibon, is transferred to Mortoniella comb. n.

Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Annelida, Serpulidae) is feminine: a nomenclatural checklist of updated names.

As a service to taxonomists and ecologists using names in the well-known and species-rich ship-fouling serpulid genus Hydroides we present an update of all 107 non-synonymised scientific names, with additional information on Hydroides nomenclature, original names, etymologies, and type localities derived from original literature, and in accord with the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) database. An update is needed because the gender of genus Hydroides has from 1 January 2000 reverted to the original feminine, due to a change in the wording of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature which was overlooked at that time, and is contrary to the usage in practice of Hydroides as masculine which had started about 1992, although Code-required from the 1960s. We match 31 further original names of current WoRMS subjective junior synonyms to each non-synonymised name, and also report on the world distribution of the genus as illustrated by type localities of the valid names. We include notes on seven species inquirenda. The correct rendering is given of six names that have been altered for gender agreement for the first time herein. Hydroides gottfriedi nom. n. replaces junior homonym Hydroides rostrata Pillai, 1971. Currently there are 41 non-synonymised species-group names in Hydroides which should be gender invariant, and 23 names which would only change if moved to a neuter genus; the remaining 43 names are fully gender variable. Place-names (23), and personal names (16) make up more than a third (36%) of the species names, with most of the remainder (68) being descriptive of species character states, usually of operculum morphology (54). All species, except Hydroides norvegica (63°N), have type localities in shallow-water coastal locations in temperate to tropical waters below latitude 44°, with the highest number of new species (54) from the adjoining Western Pacific and Indian Ocean areas. The other concentration of new species (31) are those first found on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America and in the Caribbean.

Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy.

This paper reports the first discovery of the weevil genus Catapionus in Southwest China. Eighteen specimens of C. mopsus sp.n. were collected in two high altitude localities some 360 km apart: Mt. Haba in Yunnan (the type locality) at 4,158-4,195 m and Mt. Gongga in Sichuan at 3,533-4,143 m. Habitus and genitalia of a male and a female from each locality are extensively illustrated. Six specimens from each locality were DNA barcoded (dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-CATAPCH). Taxonomic validation of the new species name was made by referring to high quality illustrations of the holotype and to its DNA barcode, and without providing a customary verbal description. This novel approach was chosen partly due to the redundancy of description in the presence of high quality images, and partly due to the lack of adequate and unambiguously identified comparative material. Analysis of mtDNA sequences dated the separation of both geographical populations at about 3.65 Ma. The disjunct distribution of Catapionus in Asia is discussed and mapped for the first time. Monophyly and internal relationships of the genus are discussed and remain untested, together with the generic assignment to the phylogenetically vague Cneorhinini and/or Dermatodini. Discovery of the southernmost members of Catapionus high in the mountains of Southwest China evokes a hypothesis on interglacial refugia. A new term "clogging taxonomy" is introduced for situations as encountered in Catapionus when an abundance of obscure historical species-group names impedes further research.

Catalog of the phylloxerids of the world (Hemiptera, Phylloxeridae).

A taxonomic and nomenclatural catalog of the phylloxerids (Hemiptera, Phylloxeridae) is presented. Six family-group names are listed, three being synonyms. Thirty-five genus-group names, of which six are subjectively valid, are presented with their type species, etymology, and grammatical gender. Ninety-four species-group names are listed, of which 73 are considered subjectively valid. This is the last group of Aphidomorpha to be catalogued, bringing the list of valid extant species to 5,218.

Status of the names of some hydroid species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), described from the Atlantic coast of Patagonia.

Thirty new species of benthic leptothecate hydroids were described and named from Patagonia in a 1991 PhD dissertation by Mohamed El Beshbeeshy. Although constituting nomina nuda under provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the names of some species were used in several scientific publications between 1991 and 2011. In 2011, the dissertation of El Beshbeeshy was published in accordance with Article 8 of the ICZN. Several species-group names appearing in that work nevertheless fail to fully comply with certain articles of the code. The goal of this contribution is to review the nomenclatural availability of the names of those 30 new taxa, and to clearly establish the current status of El Beshbeeshy's material. Two of them were made available in 1999 as part of studies other than those of El Beshbeeshy, and correct authorship and date is here noted. Twenty-one of the nomina nuda were made available in a work published by El Beshbeeshy in 2011, although some constitute junior synonyms. Six of the new species-group names appearing in both the 1991 and 2011 works, established following a literature review of Patagonian species, were proposed without re-description, or designation of name-bearing types, or locations of such types. Most of them do not meet criteria of availability and remain nomina nuda. The status of each is discussed to avoid additional nomenclatural errors and continued taxonomic confusion.

Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia(Cnidaria: Anthozoa).

This book inventories all available (and some unavailable) names in the family, genus, and species groups of extant members of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia [cnidarian subclass Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) of class Anthozoa], providing a benchmark of names, their status, and taxon membership. I have attempted to make the compilation complete as of 2010; some names created after 2010 are included. The book is derived from a database I compiled that was available through a website. Most of the book is from the literature that defines taxa and documents their geographic distribution-primarily publications on nomenclature, taxonomy, and biogeography, but also some on ecology, pharmacology, reproductive biology, physiology, etc. of anemones (the common name for these groups); the reference section comprises 845 entries. As for previous anemone catalogs, this contains taxonomic as well as nomenclatural information, the former based on subjective opinion of working biologists, the latter objectively verifiable and unchanging (except by action of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). Each family-group name, genus-group name, and original combination for species-group names has an entry. The entry contains the bibliographic reference to the publication in which each name was made available. This book contains for Corallimorpharia seven family names (four considered valid [57%]), 20 generic names (10 considered valid [50%] and one unavailable), and 65 species names (46 considered valid [70%]). It contains for Actiniaria 86 family names (50 considered valid [58%] and three unavailable), 447 generic names (264 considered valid [59%] and two unavailable), and 1427 species names (1101 considered valid [77%] and nine unavailable). Type specimens are inventoried from more than 50 natural history museums in Africa, Australia, Europe, New Zealand, and North America, including those with the largest collections of anemones; the geographic sources of specimens that were the bases of new names are identified. I resolve some nomenclatural issues, acting as First Reviser. A few taxonomic opinions are published for the first time. I have been unable to resolve a small number of problematic names having both nomenclatural and taxonomic problems. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are changing assignment of genera to families and species to genera. Systematics may change, but the basics of nomenclature remain unchanged in face of such alterations. All actions are in accord with the principles of nomenclature enunciated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. These include the type concept, the Principle of Coordination, and the Principle of Priority. Nomenclatural acts include the creation of new replacement names; seven actiniarian generic names and one species name that are junior homonyms but have been treated as valid are replaced and an eighth new genus name is created. I designate type species for two genera. Except for published misspellings, names are rendered correctly according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; I have altered spelling of some species names to conform to orthographic regulations. I place several species that had been assigned to genera now considered junior synonyms in the genus to which the type species was moved; experts on these anemones should determine whether those generic placements, which follow the nomenclatural rules, are taxonomically appropriate. This inventory can be a useful starting point in assembling the literature and trying to understand the rationale for the creation and use of names for the taxonomic matters yet to be resolved. Some nomenclatural conundra will not be resolved until taxonomic uncertainties are. A taxonomist familiar with the animals needs to ascertain whether the published synonymies are justified. If so, the senior synonym should be used, which, in many instances, will involve determining the proper generic assignment of the species and the correct rendering of the name; if changing the name would be disruptive, retaining the junior name would require an appeal to the Commission (Code Article 23.11).

A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Melanopsidae (Gastropoda, Cerithioidea).

This nomenclator provides details on all published names in the family-, genus-, and species-group, as well as for a few infrasubspecific names introduced for, or attributed to, the family Melanopsidae. It includes nomenclaturally valid names, as well as junior homonyms, junior objective synonyms, nomina nuda, common incorrect subsequent spellings, and as far as possible discussion on the current status in taxonomy. The catalogue encompasses three family-group names, 79 genus-group names, and 1381 species-group names. All of them are given in their original combination and spelling (except mandatory corrections requested by the Code), along with their original source. For each family- and genus-group name, the original classification and the type genus and type species, respectively, are given. Data provided for species-group taxa are type locality, type horizon (for fossil taxa), and type specimens, as far as available.

Conflict resolution of grammar and gender for avian species-group names under Article 31.2.2 of the ICZN Code: is gender agreement worth it?

We analyze recent nomenclatural treatment of selected avian species-group names that may be either adjective and variable or noun and invariable. In 27 such names, we found that 14 previously identified as adjectives are nouns under Article 31.2.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Five of them may require correction in current checklists; they are bresilius in Ramphocelus bresilius (Linnaeus, 1766) to bresilia, germana in Amblyornis macgregoriae germana Rothschild, 1910 to germanus, argentinus in Muscisaxicola cinereus argentinus Hellmayr, 1932 to argentina, martinicus in Porphyrio martinicus (Linnaeus, 1766) to martinica, and moluccus in Threskiornis moluccus (Cuvier, 1829) to molucca. Mindful of the compounding effect of species-genus recombination from taxonomic revision, we reach the conclusion, not new, that the requirement for gender agreement in species-group names is the single biggest cause of nomenclatural instability in zoology. To resolve it, we support replacing gender agreement by original spellings for species-group names.

Annotated type catalogue of the continental fossil gastropods in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany

Abstract The type specimens of fossil land and freshwater gastropods deposited in the Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS), Germany, are listed and illustrated herein, comprising circa 180 nominal species-group taxa from Cenozoic fossil sites, mainly in the Baden-Wurttemberg and Bayern states in southern Germany. The list is arranged in alphabetical order of the specific epithets, with information on the original description, taxonomical status, type locality, record number in the collection and comments. A systematically arranged list of the taxa is also given, as well as a list arranged by authorship of the species-group names. At least one type specimen (holotype, lectotype, syntype or neotype) of each nominal species/subspecies is figured here, and further specimens were figured when they added information. In some cases lectotypes are designated herein.

Case 3704Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Zygentoma, lepismatidae): proposed reversal of Direction 71 (1957) regarding the gender of the name

The purpose of this application, under Articles 78.1, 78.2.3 and 80.2 of the Code, is to resolve an ongoing issue involving the gender of the name of the silverfish genus Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 and other generic names derived from Lepisma. Under Direction 71 issued by the Commission in 1957, Lepisma is deemed to be of feminine gender despite being etymologically neuter. Unfortunately, Direction 71 did not explicitly advise on the treatment of genus-group names derived from Lepisma, all of which are neuter under Article 30.1.2 of the Code but nonetheless have generally been treated as feminine. Under Article 29.5 of the Code, prevailing use of the family name lepismatidae so spelled is not affected by the generic-level gender problem, but the scope of the gender-related confusion extends to almost half of the generic and specific names in the family lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, including such cosmopolitan peridomestic pests as Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus, 1758 and Ctenolepisma longicaudata Escherich, 1905. Three possible resolutions are proposed: that the Commission confirm that Direction 71 stands and the gender of Lepisma is feminine and also either (1) confirm that under Article 30.1.2 of the Code all generic names derived from Lepisma are of neuter gender, thereby filling the gap in Direction 71, or (2) rule under the plenary power that all generic names derived from Lepisma are of feminine gender, thereby endorsing current usage; or (3) that the Commission use their plenary power to rescind Direction 71 such that Lepisma assumes its etymologically correct neuter gender, while also confirming that under Article 30.1.2 of the Code all genera with names derived from Lepisma are of neuter, not feminine, gender. Reasons are given for preferring the third option, despite the resulting need to emend at least 129 species-group names in the genera involved.

G. J. Billberg's (1833) 'On the ichthyology, and description of some new fish species of the pipefish genus Syngnathus'.

Gustaf Johan Billberg's review of ichthyology, published in Swedish in 1833 in the Linnéska samfundets handlingar, mentions 92 fish taxa at genus and species level, 41 of which represent new taxa, unnecessary replacement names, or unjustified emendations. Billberg presents his own classification of fishes, in which five new family names are introduced: Ballistidae, Diodontidae, Ooididae, Chironectidae, and Macrorhyncidae. Diodontidae has priority over Diodontidae Bonaparte, 1835. Macrorhyncidae was published earlier than Gempylidae Gill, 1862, but the latter has priority by prevailing usage. Billberg mentions 61 genera of fishes, 41 of them listed only by name. Six generic names proposed by Billberg are available as unjustified emendations: Myxinus, Petromyzus, Scylia, Mustellus, Zyganna, and Ballistes. Brachionus is an unnecessary replacement name. Aphrus, Capriscus, Exormizus, Enneophthalmus, and Oedaus are nomina nuda. Eight new genera of fishes are proposed: Anodon, Posthias, Orbis, Sphaeroides, and Ooides are junior synonyms; Cotilla is a nomen oblitum in relation to Sufflamen Jordan, 1916; Tropigaster a nomen oblitum in relation to Aracana Gray, 1835; and Tetragonizus a nomen oblitum in relation to Lactoria Jordan & Fowler, 1902. Billberg lists 31 species of fishes. Three represent new combinations; two are nomina nuda. The following 14 new species are described based on literature: Raja forskohlii, Cephaloptera dumerillii, Myliobatis lacepedei, Scylia russelii, Anodon macropterus, Cotilla frenata, Monacanthus blochii, M. sebae, M. cuvieri, M. marcgravii, Tetraodon striatus, Orbis psittacinus, Orbis punctulatus, and Orbis guttatus. All of those are invalid, except Scylia russelii, which is a species inquirenda. The following nine species group names are unnecessary replacement names and consequently invalid: Raja arabica, Myliobatis rissoi, Scylia isabellina, Anodon cirrhosus, Anodon cornutus, Zyganna voracissima, Centrina broussonetii, Acipenser vulgaris, and Acipenser ichthyocolla. Three species of pipefishes of the family Syngnathidae are described and figured by Billberg from drawings of specimens observed on the Swedish West Coast. Syngnathus virens and S. pustulatus are junior synonyms of S. typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathus palmstruchii is a junior synonym of Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Manual for proposing a Part of the List of Available Names (LAN) in Zoology.

Article 79 of the Fourth Edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (henceforth Code) describes an official List of Available Names in Zoology (henceforth LAN), consisting of a series of “Parts” (of defined taxonomic and temporal scope), compiled by relevant experts. The LAN represents a comprehensive inventory of names available under the Code. The aim of this manual is to define a procedure for implementing Article 79, with format suggestions for zoologists aiming to create a Part of the LAN for family-group, genus-group, or species-group names in zoological nomenclature. Because the LAN may serve as an important basis for retrospective content in ZooBank, the structure outlined here is designed to allow easy importation to ZooBank. A Part ultimately adopted for the LAN will contain nomenclaturally available names but not necessarily all those within the scope of the Part: the comprehensiveness of the candidate Part is at the discretion of the experts proposing the Part. They may choose to include all nomenclaturally available names or use the proposal of a Part to pare away nomina dubia so they lose “status in zoological nomenclature despite any previous availability” (to quote Articles 10.7 and 79.4.3; that this was the intention of the framers of Article 79 is clear from the Preface to the Code). Nonetheless, we advocate that the proposing body include an inventory of all known names deemed to be available so it will be obvious that names not advocated for inclusion in the Part have not simply been overlooked. Because a candidate Part of the LAN is for an entire taxon at the specified rank and for the specified period, it must include the names of both living and fossil representatives of the taxon. In the proposal for adding a Part to the LAN, an unavailable name corresponding to a later available one should be included in the Remarks section of the available name. Unavailable names that have not subsequently been made available can be added at the end of the candidate Part, along with information explaining them. The Commission and reviewers of the candidate Part will thereby have a list of such names and an understanding of why they are not available. Moreover, these names can be discussed during the periods required by Article 79 for input by the zoological community, when change in their status can be advocated by members of the community interested in the taxon under consideration.

Period of public commentary begins on the revised proposal of species-group level names, and on the proposal of genus-group level names of the Candidate Part of List of Available Names (LAN) in the phylum Rotifera

Following ICZN (1999) Article 79 Chapter 17 http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/), we, with the full support of the international community of rotifer researchers as expressed during subsequent international Rotifera symposia, developed a Candidate Part of the List of Available Names for species and genera of Rotifera from the start of zoological nomenclature to the year 2000.

Review of the southern South American Macrodactylini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) with descriptions of new genera and species.

The tribe Macrodactylini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) is reviewed from southern South America. A total of 13 genera and 33 species were found in the study area consisting of Argentina from Neuquén south and Chile from IV Región de Coquimbo south. The following three new genera are described: Extenuoptyophis, Insimuloissacaris, and Neuquenodactylus. The following 11 new species are described: Ampliodactylus elguetai, Ampliodactylus guinezi, Ampliodactylus inusitus, Ampliodactylus panguipullensis, Extenuoptyophis horridulus, Extenuoptyophis metropolitensis, Insimuloissacaris nahuelbutensis, Issacaris falsa, Issacaris sola, Neuquenodactylus ramus, and Phytholaema fenestra. The species Schizochelus modestus Philippi, 1861 is transferred to the genus Ampliodactylus. Lectotypes are designated for the following five species-group names (species names given in their original combination): Dicrania aeneobrunnea Philippi, 1861, Modialis prasinella Fairmaire & Germain, 1860, Phytholaema elaphocera Redtenbacher, 1868, Phytholaema herrmanni Germain, 1901, and Schizochelus modestus Philippi, 1861. Neotypes are designated for the following four species-group names (species names given in their original combination): Acanthosternum splendens Philippi, 1861, Areoda mutabilis Solier, 1851, Issacaris petalophora Fairmaire, 1889, and Phytholaema flavipes Philippi, 1861. The genera Modialis Fairmaire & Germain, 1860 and Phytholaema Blanchard, 1851 are here transferred to the tribe Macrodactylini. The species-group names Phytholaema pallida Saylor, 1937 and Phytholaema peccans Blackwelder, 1944 are placed in synonymy with Phytholaema herrmanni Germain, 1901. Descriptions or diagnoses, keys, and distributional data are given for all species.

Catalog of the adelgids of the world (Hemiptera, Adelgidae)

A taxonomic and nomenclatural Catalogue of the adelgids (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) is presented. Six family-group names are listed, five being synonyms of Adelgidae. Twenty-two genus-group names, of which nine are subjectively valid and in use, are presented with their type species, etymology, and grammatical gender. One hundred and six species-group names are listed, of which 70 are considered subjectively valid.

Types of Ampullariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, with Lectotype Designations

The caenogastropod family Ampullariidae Gray, 1824, is a family of freshwater snails predominantly distributed in humid tropical and subtropical habitats in Africa, South and Central America, and Asia. The family includes the largest of all freshwater snails and frequently constitutes a major portion of the native freshwater malacofauna of these regions. Ampullariid taxonomy is confused primarily because most species were described on the basis of only shell morphology, which is highly variable within species yet relatively conservative among species within the family. The need for rigorous taxonomic treatment of the group is acute, and a starting point for such research is a comprehensive study of type material. With type or possible type material of 20 nominal species-group taxa of Ampullariidae, belonging to the genera Afropomus Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927 (1 taxon, from Africa), Felipponea Dall, 1919 (2, South America), Forbesopomus Bequaert and Clench, 1937 (1, Asia), Lanistes Montfort, 1810 (2, Africa), Pila Röding, 1798 (2, Asia), and Pomacea Perry, 1810 (11, South, Central, and North America), as well as 1 incertae sedis taxon in Pila or Pomacea, the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, has significant holdings, for which this annotated catalogue is provided. To stabilize the nomenclature, lectotypes are designated for eight species-group taxa. No new synonyms are proposed, other than as a result of the provision of a replacement name for elongata Dall, 1921, non d’Orbigny, 1842, nec Rochebrune and Germain, 1904. Accounts are arranged alphabetically by original published species-group name. Information in each account includes original name and combination, citation to the original description, current taxonomic status, type material held by the U.S. National Museum (holotypes, paratypes, syntypes, lectotypes, paralectotypes, and one neotype) with catalogue number(s) and number of specimens in each catalogue lot, type locality, and other remarks or additional information as appropriate. All name-bearing types are illustrated.