Special Police Research Articles

Beyond the Bullet Proof Vest: Untold Stories of Philippine National Police Special Action Force (PNP SAF) Commandos

The ever-changing demographics of society, the rise in terrorism and its complexity, as well as agitations, violent protests, a variety of political activities, left-wing terrorism, insurgency, and militancy, as well as the enforcement of economic and social laws, have all contributed to the difficulty of achieving the peaceful society that we all desire. This study explored the lived experiences of Philippine National Police-Special Action Force (PNP-SAF) Commandos in Negros Island, Philippines through a qualitative research method. The participants of this study were the selected ten (10) PNP-SAF commandos. Four (4) participants were subjected to individual in-depth interviews, while the other six (6) participants were subjected to a focus group discussion. The findings of this study are described in emergent themes. Six (6) emergent themes described the positive and negative experiences of the participants in the implementation of counterterrorism programs. For the positive experiences, three (3) emergent themes were developed, namely: Personal Satisfaction and Job Fulfillment, Recognition from the Community, and Influence on Community Peace and Order. For the negative experiences, three (3) emergent themes were also developed, namely: Financial Constraints and Limited Resources, Familial Longings while on Mission, and Infiltration in Hotspot Areas. Meanwhile, two (2) emergent themes were formulated to explain how the participants address the challenges encountered in the implementation of counterterrorism programs, namely Coordination and Collaboration with Other Agencies and Community Engagement and Trust-Building Programs. Finally, two (2) emergent themes were created to express the aspirations of the participants to improve the implementation of counterterrorism programs, namely Continuous Training and Skills Development and Adequate Financial and Logistical Support. Based on the emergent themes identified, it is recommended that the PNP-SAF commandos be exposed to continuous training and ongoing collaboration between agencies and partners to ensure an efficient response to counterterrorism and counterinsurgency incidents. By allocating an appropriate budget and implementing the requisite enhancement training and programs, the SAF commandos may be able to increase their effectiveness in implementing these initiatives.

CYBERCRIME CHALLENGES: EXPERIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The study focuses on the problem of countering cybercrime in the context of the experience of international cooperation. The trend in the process of ongoing transformation from a post-industrial to an information society stands out: global informatization and digitalization of processes lead to the threat of interference in personal life, data theft, and violation of privacy. The analysis of international legal acts made it possible to conclude the need to expand cooperation between states in the fight against cybercrime under the auspices of the UN based on programmatic, strategic acts of international legal regulation of the relevant range of relations. The importance of creating and developing organizational and legislative measures to combat cybercrime, improving interaction between the competent authorities of various states, as well as the need to develop and adopt universal conventions to combat cybercrime, is noted. The authors of the article state that the large-scale growth in the volume of information transfer causes the need to ensure the maximum level of data protection, both by the interested ICT users themselves and by governments - guarantors of state information security and stability. The international legal framework provides a solution to the problem in three areas: reducing discrepancies between national laws, introducing new powers of bodies, and promoting international cooperation. It is stated that in the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are no comprehensive studies on combating cyberterrorism and cybercrime as phenomena that include the entire range of crimes that are committed today on the Internet. The study fills this gap: the activities of the legislative and law enforcement bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan are analyzed. The authors focus on such positive aspects as the creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan in April 2003 of the "K" department to intensify the fight against a wide range of crimes related to computer and Internet technologies, including cyberbullying, the production of counterfeit video discs, the dissemination of information that contributes to extremism, terrorism, cruelty, and violence. Chapter 7 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, devoted to criminal offenses in the field of informatization and communications, was subjected to scientific turnover; Cybersecurity Concept ("Cyber Shield of Kazakhstan"); a pilot project of 2023, which launched a special cyber police unit "Cyberpol Strike Task Force" to protect citizens and businesses of the country from cyber threats.

범행현장에서의 특별사법경찰관의 절차상 의무와 영상촬영의 적법성에 대한 검토

Unlike ordinary judicial police officers, special judicial police officers have the dual status of being enforcement officers for administrative criminal law violations and special judicial police officers for criminal proceedings, and it is a peculiarity that whether an investigation falls under administrative or criminal proceedings depends on the specific case at the time of initiation of the investigation, and the applicable law at each stage. Therefore, the applicable law and procedural obligations may vary depending on the nature of each specific act, and the special investigative police officer should fully consider this when making a judgment on the admissibility of evidence collected by the special investigative police officer. In addition, our precedents have recognized the legality of video recording by investigative agencies as a method of evidence collection at the scene of a crime, emphasizing that it is a substantial method of recording in a public place, and [the subject judgment] ruled to the same effect. In the reality that there is a growing need to regulate the verification behavior of investigative agencies according to the new compromise theory beyond the conflict between arbitrary and compulsory investigation theories, the point of precedent is extremely appropriate.

Gendering Security Sector Reform through Capacity Building? The MINUSMA Specialized Police Team on Crime Scene Management

ABSTRACT This article studies norm translation of the Women, Peace and Security agenda by interrogating the ways in which external support can contribute to gendering the security sector in conflict-affected countries. Through a case study of a Norwegian-led Specialized Police Team which provided capacity building in crime scene management to Malian Security Forces as part of the UN mission in Mali, it analyses how different understandings of gender inform gender mainstreaming practice. The analysis shows that while the Norwegian officers worked actively to promote gender equality and women’s participation, the possibilities for capacity building to contribute to a gendering of the security sector are limited by the lack of more transformative understandings of gender to inform practice.

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanganan dan Penanggulangan Kegiatan Penangkapan Ikan yang Merusak (Destructive Fishing) di Indonesia

Destructive fishing activities are a threat to the sustainability of fishery resources and harm fish stocks as well as environmental ecosystems. Comprehensive regulations are needed to cope with destructive fishing and ensure the regulations will be implemented well and appropriately. Using a qualitative approach, this study aims to scrutinize the implementation of policies issued by the central government in the regions, including laws and other national regulations related to coping with destructive fishing. North Maluku Province is the focus of the study to identify the implementation of national regulations in the region. In addition, this study also identifies the roles of maritime law enforcement agencies involved in efforts to supervise and implement national policies related to overcoming and preventing destructive fishing. The results reveal that existing laws are insufficient to cope with the destructive fishing criminal act. So far, eight actors have roles in the prevention and coping of destructive fishing activities, consisting of elements of maritime law enforcement agencies such as the Police, Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Coast Guard, and Directorate General of PSDKP, as well as civil or community elements such as the PWP3K Special Police, Forestry Police, Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, and Monitoring Community Supervisory Groups (Pokmaswas). Keywords: destructive fishing, Law, Maritime Law Agency, Gap

소방특별사법경찰의 수사에 관한 직무집행능력 향상 방안연구

This study focuses on fire special judicial police and measures to improve their ability to carry out their duties regarding investigations by securing expertise as the subject of investigation of violators of fire laws and regulations in the area of fire administration, improving the hiring system, establishing a unified investigation-only organization, and strengthening the education and training system. The purpose is to present. The research method was an exploratory analysis of related previous research papers, statistical yearbooks such as the National Fire Agency, operation cases in foreign countries such as the United States, various government reports, homepages of Korean government ministries, and media reports. As a result of the analysis, there are only a very small number of personnel dedicated to investigative work, most of them hold other positions concurrently, the investigative position does not have a division-level structure, so independence is not secured, there is no public recruitment or special recruitment system for fire chiefs or lower to perform front-line investigative work, and no training for job training. Course opening was also insufficient. In conclusion, avoid the new investigative field recruitment or special recruitment system and rotational personnel system, designate the fire and special judicial police duties as a specialized field, ensure job continuity, establish a unified organization, develop a job training course, and complete at least 6 months of professional training. The introduction of an education system should be implemented quickly.

Heart rate variability profile changes associated with specialist police selection activities: A case study.

Police Tactical Groups (PTGs) are specialist police units tasked with rigorous physical and psychosocial duties. Consequently, selection courses (SCs) for service in these units must also be rigorous. Given the intensity of SCs, holistic monitoring for potential overstress may be beneficial. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is one holistic stress measure that can be obtained in austere environments. The purpose of this study was to profile HRV during a PTG SC. Six (n = 6) qualified male police officers attempted a 36-hour PTG selection course held at an Australian state facility. HRV was obtained from Equivitaltrademark EQ02 + LifeMonitor bioharnesses. The selection course consisted of physically demanding events with minimal sleep (approx. 45 mins). Only one candidate completed the full selection course; whose results are reported here. A visual time-series of 384 consecutive 5 min HRV analyses was generated. Contextual analysis was applied to appreciate HRV changes between SC serials. HRV decline occurred during the planning of a navigation exercise and a pack march. Increases in HRV were observed throughout the pack march exercise and rest period. This case study demonstrates the potential utility for selection personnel to obtain additional insight into candidate responses to various occupational challenges throughout an SC. Information provided by HRV monitoring may support leadership decisions when evaluating personnel holistically. For example, the ability to continue occupational task execution even while experiencing potential overstress (as measured by HRV) and after food and sleep deprivation is desirable. HRV may potentially inform stakeholders regarding overstress in PTG candidates.

Juridical Review Of The Authority Of Civil Servant Investigators In Conducting Forced Searches Of Violators Of Local Regulations Based On The Provisions Of Indonesian Laws And Regulations

In this study the author discusses one of the problems regarding the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) in carrying out forced searches based on the provisions of laws and regulations in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) in conducting forced searches based on the provisions of laws and regulations in Indonesia and to determine and analyze civil servant investigators (PPNS) can make forced searches of perpetrators suspected of committing criminal violations of local regulations. The research method uses normative legal research, so the research approach taken is a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The results of this study are the first, the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) according to Indonesian legislation is regulated in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP) Government Regulation No. 43 of 2012 concerning Procedures for Implementing Coordination, Supervision, and Technical Guidance of Special Police, Civil Servant Investigators, and forms of Private Security, Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police Number 14 of 2012 concerning Management of Criminal Investigations, Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police Number 6 of 2010 concerning Investigation Management by Civil Servant Investigators. Secondly, the provisions of the above laws and regulations that in the event of a criminal offense in the region, civil servant investigators (PPNS) can search the perpetrator of the offense, but still the PPNS authority must be expressly regulated in the provisions of regional regulations because however PPNS in the regions must be subject to Regional Regulations that regulate their authority.

Formation and development of special police units: a retrospective analysis

The article analyses historical facts, requirements of laws and by-laws which regulated the activities of special police units in different periods through the prism of modern realities. It has been concluded that these units have gone through a rather long historical path of their formation and development, which we propose to divide into six stages. Stage I (1709–1917) – formation of the land militia, which can be considered the first example of the existence of modern special police units; Stage II (1917–1941) – characterised by the creation of Ukrainian voluntary militia and military formations; Stage III (1941–1978) – a period of stagnation in the history of the formation of special police units due to the events of the First and Second World Wars; Stage IV (1978–1991) – creation of the first special unit in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR at the official level – a special police detachment; Stage V (1991–2014) – associated with Ukraine’s independence and the creation of Berkut special police unit, Titan special police unit, Sokil rapid response unit; Stage VI (2014 – present) – formation of special police units that actively participate in armed conflicts; this stage was influenced by three key events: 1) the anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine, which was later called the “Joint Forces Operation”, which led to the creation of a number of volunteer special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine; 2) the creation of the National Police of Ukraine and the formation of special units within its structure (the Rapid Action Corps, the Special Police Patrol Service and the Tactical Response Unit); 3) Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which led to the creation of a militarised special police unit, the “Luty” Joint Assault Brigade of the National Police of Ukraine and the “Safari” assault regiment of the National Police.

Conditioning for Strength, Power, and Aerobic Fitness for Specialist Police Tactical Groups

ABSTRACT Police officers serving in specialist Police Tactical Groups (PTG), including Special Weapons and Tactics teams, are called on to perform tasks in highly volatile and unpredictable situations beyond those of general duties police officers. In addition to carrying loads of 20–25 kg, these officers have, and require, levels of fitness above that of the civilian population, general duties police, and even elite athletes. Through the PTGs' occupational lifespan, from initial selection to operational duties, candidates and serving officers require strength (both absolute and relative), power, and metabolic fitness (aerobic and anaerobic) to pass selection, mitigate injury, and perform occupational tasks. Given the complexities of conditioning these officers, including shift work and unpredictable job demands, a conjugate block periodization approach may be of value. Evidence suggests that a block periodization approach of 3 to 4 mesocycles, including an accumulation phase, a transmutation phase, a realization phase, and potentially a deloading or recovery phase may ensure an adequate training stimulus for these specialist officers. This is especially the case when supported by a dedicated and experienced strength and conditioning coach.

O impacto da implantação das DEAMs na violência contra a mulher no Brasil (2004-2018)

Violence against women, especially domestic violence, is a constantly debated issue in Brazil that generates great social and economic damage. Inspired by the article by Perova and Reynolds (2017), this article seeks to evaluate whether the implementation of the Specialized Women’s Police Stations helped to combat this type of violence. Using different databases from 2004 to 2018 and a flexible conditional differences-in-differences model, due to the heterogeneous application of these police stations over time, this study found a negative impact on the female homicide rate per hundred thousand inhabitants. The negative effect occurs between five and six years after the implementation of these units, compared to municipalities that did not receive a specialized police station. These results reinforce the importance of this type of public policy in combating violence against women.

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTIGATIONS AGAINST PEOPLE OF THE CRIME OF MONEY LAUNDERING BY THE DIRECTORATE OF SPESIAL CRIMINAL RESEARCH OF THE SOUTH SULAWESI REGIONAL POLICE

This research was conducted with the aim of (1) Knowing and analyzing the effectiveness of investigations into perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the special criminal investigation directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police, (2) Knowing and analyzing the factors that become obstacles, and efforts to overcome obstacles in investigations against perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the special criminal investigation directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police. This research method uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews, while secondary data was obtained through documents, scientific journals and scientific articles. The results of this research show that: (1) The effectiveness of investigations into perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the South Sulawesi Regional Police Special Directorate is said to be less effective because money laundering cases in 2022 experienced a three-fold increase in the number of cases from 2020 & 2021, even within a period of three years. Lastly, there are cases that are not processed because there are factors that become obstacles in the investigation of criminal acts of money laundering (2) Factors that become obstacles and efforts to overcome obstacles in the investigation of perpetrators of criminal acts of money laundering by the South Sulawesi Dirskremsus, where the factors Obstacles to investigations are: lack of human resources for police investigators handling money laundering cases, differences in law enforcement interpretations, high levels of bank secrecy, lack of compliance by financial service providers, technological capabilities misused by suspects to carry out their modus operandi in such a way as to disguise or even eliminate no trace at all in the transaction. Therefore, based on the research results, it was found that efforts to overcome obstacles in investigating perpetrators of money laundering crimes include: increasing human resources for police investigators, increasing understanding between law enforcers, increasing police access to banking, providing strict sanctions for banks that do not comply)

“If we're wrong, take us to court”: An analysis of special police services (SPS) arrangements for the policing of football in England and Wales

Under the Police Act 1996, Special Police Services (SPS) allow the police in England and Wales to partially cost recover for resources deployed to police events such as football, horse racing and music festivals. Historically, there have been numerous legal cases about SPS charges involving police forces and event organisers. Most recently Ipswich Town Football Club Company Limited vs. The Chief Constable of Suffolk Constabulary [2017] EWCA Civ 1484, resulted in clarification on points of law and a more restricted area within which police forces can charge for SPS. This qualitative research interviews police officers engaged in policing football, football club representatives and other key stakeholders involved in the SPS negotiation process. It finds that there are divisive approaches by both parties, which can result in compromising public safety. The notion of SPS being abolished is explored, despite potential benefits of this, further research is recommended to examine this further.

*EXPLORING NIGERIA`S ENDSARS MOVEMENT THROUGH THE NEXUS OF MEMORY*

On 3 October 2020, a 22 years young man, Joshua Ambrose, was shot dead by a team of the Nigerian Police Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) in Delta State, Nigeria, on the allegation that he was an Internet fraudster (Dambo et al., 2021). The SARS was established in 1992 to curb crimes. However, the SARS has been accused of gross humanrights violations (Wada, 2021). Joshua's shooting was captured in a video. The audio in the video states that the Police just shot and killed the owner of a Lexus SUV and zoomed off with his car (Agbo, 2021). In a few days, the viral video generated outrage that transformed into vast decentralised street protests in major cities in Nigeria, mainly organised through social media. EndSARS Movement continues to construct memories across time, an area dominated by Western studies (Daphi & Zamponi, 2019). Researchers (Nwakanma, 2022; Dambo et al., 2021; Nwabunnia, 2021; Ajaegbu et al., 2022) have explored the EndSARS Movement from diverse perspectives. Nonetheless, the literature is devoid of studies from the memory study perspective, a critical area in social movement studies (Smit, 2020; Merill & Lindgren, 2020). Besides, considering the online feature of the Movement, the current literature on EndSARS needs to include the novelty and methodological rigour of virtual ethnography. Consequently, this study attempts to understand how protesters use Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram Stories (Ephemeral; 24 hours $2 ) to construct a memory of the EndSARS Movement in Nigeria from 2020 until its Anniversaries in 2021, 2022, and 2023.

POLA PENCEGAHAN PENYEBARAN RADIKALISME ISLAM DI MEDIA SOSIAL

The spread of a lot of information and news about radicalism on social media will be fatal for someone if they are unable to filter information that is a hoax. People will tend to assume that all information is true, affecting their understanding and behavior. This research aims to identify the pattern of the spread of Islamic radicalism on social media Facebook and YouTube and describe the pattern of prevention by the NTB Police Special Criminal Investigation. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that in the spread of radicalism on social media, there are two types of media: closed and open, however, radicalism is more likely to use closed social media that can only be accessed by certain members. Prevention of radicalism involves three patterns: Pre-emptive (posting Indonesian love content), Preventive (providing information on the dangers of radicalism), and Repressive (collaboration with security agencies in the prosecution of radicalism).

The police as formal agents of change: Assisting desistance in individuals convicted of sexual offences

Comprehensive and multi-disciplinary public health approaches are necessary to prevent sexual re-offending. However, criminal justice solutions continue to dominate and the arrangement in England and Wales is no exception. The introduction of the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) in 2003 brought together the work of the police, prison and probation services in order to manage violent and sexual offenders. This paper focuses specifically on the work of the specialist police officers who are tasked under MAPPA with the Management of Sexual or Violent Offenders (MOSOVO) and whether or not they can assist desistance in those who have been convicted of a sexual offence. We argue that the risk-based, highly politicized model of public protection that MOSOVO staff operate within creates tensions more likely to hinder than facilitate desistance. As indicated by findings in an independent review of the police’s management of registered sex offenders (2023), successful desistance journeys are found in people who are supported by formal agents who actively promote hope and optimism and convey a belief that the person attempting desistance can change. In conclusion, we recommend that MOSOVO staff be willing and resourced to help individuals with sexual convictions develop a non-offending lifestyle and identity and support them in achieving this goal, which requires the provision ofcomprehensive support beyond risk management.

Procedural Law in Juvenile Justice

This research paper deals with the juvenile justice system of India and the procedure to be followed while trail of the children in conflict of law and describes about the various institutions relating to it like juvenile justice boards, child welfare committees, observation and shelter homes, special juvenile police units etc., while emphasizing on the emerging trends of the ideology of the youth and various problems they are facing in the society along with the recent statistics and provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act 2015

Heart Rate Variability Assessment of Land Navigation and Load Carriage Activities in Specialist Police Selection.

Police tactical group (PTG) personnel are exposed to physical, mental, and emotional stressors. Consequently, PTG selection courses (SCs) impart similar challenges, often resulting in candidate attrition. Holistic assessment may provide additional support to stakeholders given these risks. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is an objective holistic stress measure that may be applicable in PTG SCs but has not been thoroughly researched. Therefore, this study aimed to report HRV data in an end-user accessible format and determine the relationship between HRV and attrition. A total of 18 qualified Australian State law enforcement officers completed a 1-day physical readiness assessment. Of those, six males progressed to an additional two-day course, on which this study is focused. This two-day selection consisted of additional physical challenges and occupational assessments. HRV was obtained from 2-lead ECGs and defined as the percentage of R-R intervals that varied by ≥50 ms (pRR50). Data were summarized in a heat map of consecutive short-term analyses. Three candidates withdrew. A logistic regression based on heat map data found high HRV was significant for predicting attrition, χ2 (6) = 8.318, p = 0.004. HRV may provide insight for PTG stakeholders monitoring attrition. While the sample size was limited and replication is needed, this study tentatively establishes value for HRV monitoring in PTG SCs.

이원화 자치경찰제에 적합한 전국 특별사법경찰 발전방안에 관한 연구

This study aims to explore empirical factors and make concrete recommendations on how to develop the Korean special judicial police force in a dualized autonomous police system. Through the literature review, it was found that there are the same issues for the implementation of the autonomous police system as for the special judicial police, such as job satisfaction, work avoidance, and identity confusion. Regression analyses were conducted to determine whether these factors affect the extent to which special law enforcement officers actually practice cooperation with the general police. The results showed that the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the perception of cooperation with the general police, while controlling for variables such as gender, age, and departmentalization. Considering that job satisfaction should be approached in a very comprehensive manner, the results are sufficiently indicative of how the special judicial police should develop in the future. Based on our findings, we made three main policy recommendations to improve job satisfaction and enhance cooperation with the police. First, the overall job satisfaction, second, the improvement of job satisfaction according to regional differences, and third, the establishment of self-governance in cooperation with the Autonomous Police Commission and the future-oriented operation of the Special Judicial Police. These are policy recommendations that can directly lead to job satisfaction and are expected to provide a new roadmap for the cooperation between the police and the special judicial police and the development of the special judicial police.

철도특별사법경찰제도에 관한 법리적 쟁점과 논평

This paper was designed to derive legal issues on the railway special judicial police system, present comments on them, and ultimately promote policy suggestions.
 The main issues can be summarized as the appropriateness of the name, the basis for the exercise of administrative police authority, competition under the jurisdiction of general police officers, and compliance with the principle of legal reservation.
 The legal authority of the railway police was reviewed in the order of organizational laws, administrative police laws, judicial police laws, and administrative rules. And we looked at the cases of Britain, France, the United States, and Germany and drew implications.
 Railway police in developed countries were given both administrative police power and judicial police power within their jurisdiction, and security guards were helping regular railway police officers.
 The legal problems of the current railway special judicial police system are the railway police do not have a legal basis for exercising administrative police power and the Regulations on the Execution of Duties of Railway Judicial Police Officers are only administrative rules.
 In this paper, five issues were derived and the following comments were developed.
 First, the Railway Safety Act should be revised so that railway police can exercise their administrative police rights.
 Second, it is necessary to upgrade the Regulations on the Execution of Duties of Railway Judicial Police Officers to the level of legal orders.
 Third, There is a great need to reasonably coordinate object jurisdiction and regional jurisdiction with the general police.
 Fourth, railroad operators should be obligated to operate security personnel.
 Fifth, it is desirable to reorganize the organization of the Railway Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.