Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project Research Articles

Association of Serum Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Concentration from Childhood to Early Adulthood with Age and Sex.

Primary prevention is the cornerstone of cardiometabolic health. In the randomized, controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), dietary counseling intervention was given to children from infancy to 20 years of age and a follow-up was completed at age 26 years. We investigated the associations of age, sex, gut microbiome, and dietary intervention with the gut metabolite and the cardiac biomarker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Overall, 592 healthy participants (females 46%) from STRIP were investigated. Compared to the control group, the intervention group had received dietary counseling between ages 7 months and 20 years focused on low intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol and the promotion of fruit, vegetable, and whole-grain consumption. TMAO serum concentrations were measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method at ages 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 26 years. Microbiome composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at 26 years of age. TMAO concentrations increased from age 11 to 26 years in both sexes. At all measurement time points, males showed significantly higher serum TMAO concentrations compared to females, but concentrations were similar between the intervention and control groups. A direct association between TMAO concentrations and reported fiber intake was found in females. Gut microbiome analysis did not reveal associations with TMAO. TMAO concentration increased from childhood to early adulthood but was not affected by the given dietary intervention. In females, TMAO concentrations could be directly associated with higher fiber intake suggesting sex-specific differences in TMAO metabolism.

Association of Long-Term Habitual Dietary Fiber Intake since Infancy with Gut Microbiota Composition in Young Adulthood

BackgroundDietary fiber is an important health-promoting component of the diet, which is fermented by the gut microbes that produce metabolites beneficial for the host’s health. ObjectivesWe studied the associations of habitual long-term fiber intake from infancy with gut microbiota composition in young adulthood by leveraging data from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project, an infancy-onset 20-y dietary counseling study. MethodsFiber intake was assessed annually using food diaries from infancy ≤ age 20 y. At age 26 y, the first postintervention follow-up study was conducted including food diaries and fecal sample collection (N = 357). Cumulative dietary fiber intake was assessed as the area under the curve for energy-adjusted fiber intake throughout the study (age 0–26 y). Gut microbiota was profiled using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid amplicon sequencing. The primary outcomes were 1) α diversity expressed as the observed richness and Shannon index, 2) β diversity using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity scores, and 3) differential abundance of each microbial taxa with respect to the cumulative energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake. ResultsHigher cumulative dietary fiber intake was associated with decreased Shannon index (β = –0.019 per unit change in cumulative fiber intake, P = 0.008). Overall microbial community composition was related to the amount of fiber consumed (permutational analysis of variation R2 = 0.005, P = 0.024). The only genus that was increased with higher cumulative fiber intake was butyrate-producing Butyrivibrio (log2 fold-change per unit change in cumulative fiber intake 0.40, adjusted P = 0.023), whereas some other known butyrate producers such as Faecalibacterium and Subdoligranulum were decreased with higher cumulative fiber intake. ConclusionsAs early-life nutritional exposures may affect the lifetime microbiota composition and disease risk, this study adds novel information on the associations of long-term dietary fiber intake with the gut microbiota.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00223600.

Association of tobacco smoke exposure with metabolic profile from childhood to early adulthood: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project.

To investigate the associations between passive tobacco smoke exposure and daily smoking with a comprehensive metabolic profile, measured repeatedly from childhood to adulthood. Study cohort was derived from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP). Smoking status was obtained by questionnaire, while serum cotinine concentrations were measured using gas chromatography. Metabolic measures were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics at 9 (n = 539), 11 (n = 536), 13 (n = 525), 15 (n = 488), 17 (n = 455), and 19 (n = 409) years. Association of passive tobacco smoke exposure with metabolic profile compared participants who reported less-than-weekly smoking and had serum cotinine concentration <1 ng/mL (no exposure) with those whose cotinine concentration was ≥10 ng/mL (passive tobacco smoke exposure). Associations of daily smoking with metabolic profile in adolescence were analysed by comparing participants reporting daily smoking with those reporting no tobacco use and having serum cotinine concentrations <1 ng/mL. Passive tobacco smoke exposure was directly associated with the serum ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids [β = 0.34 standard deviation (SD), (0.17-0.51), P < 0.0001] and inversely associated with the serum ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Exposure to passive tobacco smoke was directly associated with very-low-density lipoprotein particle size [β = 0.28 SD, (0.12-0.45), P = 0.001] and inversely associated with HDL particle size {β = -0.21 SD, [-0.34 to -0.07], P = 0.003}. Daily smokers exhibited a similar metabolic profile to those exposed to passive tobacco smoke. These results persisted after adjusting for body mass index, STRIP study group allocation, dietary target score, pubertal status, and parental socio-economic status. Both passive and active tobacco smoke exposures during childhood and adolescence are detrimentally associated with circulating metabolic measures indicative of increased cardio-metabolic risk.

Associations of breastfeeding duration with serum lipid values from infancy until age 20 years - the STRIP study.

The effect of breastfeeding duration on childhood lipid levels has remained controversial. In this study, we aimed to establish the long-term associations of breastfeeding duration with future levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, we report lipid levels at the age of seven months depending on the child receiving any breastmilk. The sample comprised 999 children participating in the prospective Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP). Serum lipid profile was studied at the ages of seven months and 13 months, and annually thereafter until the age of 20 years. Duration of breastfeeding was inquired, and infants were divided into those who received or did not receive any breast milk at the age of seven months (n=533 and n=466, respectively). In addition, breastfeeding duration groups (any breastfeeding for 0-4 months, 4-6 months, 6-9 months, and >9 months) were formed. At the age of seven months infants who at that time received breast milk had higher serum HDL cholesterol (0.95±0.21mmol/l vs. 0.90±0.19 mmol/l; p=0.0018), non-HDL cholesterol (3.38±0.78 mmol/l vs. 3.01±0.67 mmol/l; p<0.001) and total cholesterol levels (4.33±0.80 mmol/l vs. 3.91±0.69 mmol/l; p<0.001) than their peers who did not receive breast milk. From two to 20 years of age serum lipid levels showed no consistent differences between the breastfeeding duration groups. Our long-term data showed that duration of breastfeeding has no consistent associations with serum lipid concentrations in healthy individuals aged two to 20 years. www.clinicaltrials.gov, unique identifier NCT00223600.

An Infancy-Onset 20-Year Dietary Counselling Intervention and Gut Microbiota Composition in Adulthood.

The randomized controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) has completed a 20-year infancy-onset dietary counselling intervention to reduce exposure to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors via promotion of a heart-healthy diet. The counselling on, e.g., low intake of saturated fat and cholesterol and promotion of fruit, vegetable, and whole-grain consumption has affected the dietary characteristics of the intervention participants. By leveraging this unique cohort, we further investigated whether this long-term dietary intervention affected the gut microbiota bacterial profile six years after the intervention ceased. Our sub-study comprised 357 individuals aged 26 years (intervention n = 174, control n = 183), whose gut microbiota were profiled using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We observed no differences in microbiota profiles between the intervention and control groups. However, out of the 77 detected microbial genera, the Veillonella genus was more abundant in the intervention group compared to the controls (log2 fold-change 1.58, p < 0.001) after adjusting for multiple comparison. In addition, an association between the study group and overall gut microbiota profile was found only in males. The subtle differences in gut microbiota abundances observed in this unique intervention setting suggest that long-term dietary counselling reflecting dietary guidelines may be associated with alterations in gut microbiota.

Dietary Intervention in Infancy and Cognitive Function in Young Adulthood: The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Consumption of saturated fatty acids (SAFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), cholesterol, and fiber have been linked with cognitive function in adults. We evaluated these associations from childhood by leveraging data from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP). STRIP recruited children aged 5months and randomly assigned them into intervention/control groups. The intervention introduced a heart-healthy diet, characterized mainly by low consumption of SAFAs and cholesterol, through counseling at least biannually between age 7months and 20years. Diet was assessed repeatedly using food diaries. Sixyears after the end of the intervention phase, at age 26years, the participants were invited to the first postintervention follow-up, which included cognitive testing that covered learning and memory, verbal memory, short-term working memory, reaction time, information processing, and cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. We studied the associations of the STRIP intervention and the consumptions of SAFAs, PUFAs, cholesterol, and fiber within these cognitive domains. Participants in the STRIP intervention group had better cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control and were better able to manage conflicting information and ignore task-irrelevant information (0.18 SD higher in the intervention group, adjusted for sex and socioeconomic status). No associations were observed with the dietary components studied. The infancy-onset STRIP intervention, which promoted a heart-healthy diet, was favorably associated with cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control at age 26years. No associations were found for the intervention targets studied, indicating that these specific dietary components did not underlie the observed effect of the intervention.

Achievement of the Targets of the 20-Year Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention-Association with Metabolic Profile from Childhood to Adulthood.

The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) is a prospective infancy-onset randomized dietary intervention trial targeting dietary fat quality and cholesterol intake, and favoring consumption of vegetables, fruit, and whole-grains. Diet (food records) and circulating metabolites were studied at six time points between the ages of 9–19 years (n = 549–338). Dietary targets for this study were defined as (1) the ratio of saturated fat (SAFA) to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA) < 1:2, (2) intake of SAFA < 10% of total energy intake, (3) fiber intake ≥ 80th age-specific percentile, and (4) sucrose intake ≤ 20th age-specific percentile. Metabolic biomarkers were quantified by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics. Better adherence to the dietary targets, regardless of study group allocation, was assoiated with higher serum proportion of PUFAs, lower serum proportion of SAFAs, and a higher degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. Achieving ≥ 1 dietary target resulted in higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, lower circulating LDL subclass lipid concentrations, and lower circulating lipid concentrations in medium and small high-density lipoprotein subclasses compared to meeting 0 targets. Attaining more dietary targets (≥2) was associated with a tendency to lower lipid concentrations of intermediate-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein subclasses. Thus, adherence to dietary targets is favorably associated with multiple circulating fatty acids and lipoprotein subclass lipid concentrations, indicative of better cardio-metabolic health.

Effects of Randomized Controlled Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention on Leukocyte Telomere Length-The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP).

Reduced telomere length (TL) is a biological marker of aging. A high inter-individual variation in TL exists already in childhood, which is partly explained by genetics, but also by lifestyle factors. We examined the influence of a 20-year dietary/lifestyle intervention on TL attrition from childhood to early adulthood. The study comprised participants of the longitudinal randomized Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) conducted between 1990 and 2011. Healthy 7-month-old children were randomized to the intervention group (n = 540) receiving dietary counseling mainly focused on dietary fat quality and to the control group (n = 522). Leukocyte TL was measured using the Southern blot method from whole blood samples collected twice: at a mean age of 7.5 and 19.8 years (n = 232; intervention n = 108, control n = 124). Yearly TL attrition rate was calculated. The participants of the intervention group had slower yearly TL attrition rate compared to the controls (intervention: mean = −7.5 bp/year, SD = 24.4 vs. control: mean = −15.0 bp/year, SD = 30.3; age, sex and baseline TL adjusted β = 0.007, SE = 0.004, p = 0.040). The result became stronger after additional adjustments for dietary fat quality and fiber intake, serum lipid and insulin concentrations, systolic blood pressure, physical activity and smoking (β = 0.013, SE = 0.005, p = 0.009). A long-term intervention focused mainly on dietary fat quality may affect the yearly TL attrition rate in healthy children/adolescents.

Attainment of Targets of the 20-Year Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention and Blood Pressure Across Childhood and Young Adulthood: The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP).

We examined whether success in achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention was associated with blood pressure (BP) from infancy to young adulthood. In the prospective randomized STRIP (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project; n=877 children), dietary counseling was provided biannually based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations primarily to improve the quality of dietary fat in children's diets and secondarily to promote intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Dietary data and BP were accrued annually from the age of 13 months to 20 years. The dietary targets for fat quality were defined as the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids <1:2 and intake of saturated fatty acids <10 E%, dietary fiber intake in the top age-specific quintile, and dietary sucrose intake as being in the lowest age-specific quintile. Attaining a higher number of the dietary targets was associated with lower systolic BP (mean [SE] systolic BP, 107.3 [0.3], 107.6 [0.3], 106.8 [0.3], and 106.7 [0.5] mm Hg in participants meeting 0, 1, 2, and 3 to 4 targets, respectively; P=0.03) and diastolic BP (mean [SE] diastolic BP, 60.4 [0.2], 60.5 [0.2], 59.9 [0.2], and 59.9 [0.3] mm Hg; P=0.02). When the lowest age-specific quintile of dietary cholesterol was added as an additional target, the association with systolic BP remained significant (P=0.047), but the association with diastolic BP attenuated (P=0.13). Achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention, reflecting dietary guidelines, was favorably albeit modestly associated with systolic and diastolic BP from infancy to young adulthood. Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00223600.

Effects of 20-year infancy-onset dietary counselling on cardiometabolic risk factors in the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP): 6-year post-intervention follow-up

Primordial and primary prevention is the cornerstone for cardiometabolic health. In the randomised, controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP; n=1116), a 20-year dietary counselling intervention was given to children biannually from infancy, and cardiometabolic health benefits had been observed among the participants in the intervention group. Here, we report on the key results of the first follow-up done 6 years after the end of the intervention, at age 26 years. The randomised controlled STRIP study recruited children at age 5 months from well-baby clinics in Turku, Finland, and randomly assigned them to either an intervention or control group; group allocation was unmasked. The intervention introduced participants to a heart-healthy diet, characterised by low proportional intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, by dietary counselling and nutrition education sessions to parents and children from the age of 7 months to 20 years. Children in the control group received only the basic health education given at Finnish well-baby clinics and school health care. We assessed diet, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic risk factor data, including blood pressure, anthropometry, serum biochemistry (lipids, apolipoproteins, glucose, and insulin), and homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the participants at age 26 years. 1116 children were included in the original STRIP study, of whom 551 provided data at the age 26 years follow-up, and data for 507 participants were analysed (243 in the intervention group and 264 in the control group). At follow-up, those who had been in the intervention group had slightly lower mean intake of saturated fat as a proportion of total energy intake than the control group (13·0% [SD 3·3] vs 13·7% [3·6], p=0·049). A higher proportion of participants in the intervention group achieved the targeted monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio of more than 2:1 than the control group (78 [39%] of 200 vs 70 [30%] of 235; risk ratio [RR] 1·16 [95% CI 1·01-1·33]; p=0·035). A higher proportion of intervention group participants met the ideal total cholesterol concentration of less than 5·17 mmol/L (194 [81%] of 240 vs 187 [72%] of 261; RR 1·45 [1·05-2·01], p=0·024) and optimal LDL cholesterol concentration of less than 3·0 mmol/L (166 [69%] of 240 vs 158 [61%] of 251; RR 1·30 [1·03-1·66], p=0·031). Those who received the intervention had lower glucose (5·00 mmol/L [SD 0·43] vs 5·07 mmol/L [0·46], p=0·040) and HOMA-IR (median 1·44 [IQR 1·09-1·91] vs 1·62 [1·22-2·09], p=0·037) than the participants in the control group. Previously observed intervention effects during the 20-year counselling were largely maintained into adulthood 6 years after the withdrawal of the intervention. Dietary counselling introduced in infancy thus provided a sustained benefit to diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factor levels. Academy of Finland, Juho Vainio Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, Finnish Cultural Foundation, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Special Governmental grants for Health Sciences Research (Turku University Hospital), Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, Finnish Medical Foundation, and Turku University Foundation.

Longitudinal effect of 20-year infancy-onset dietary intervention on food consumption and nutrient intake: the randomized controlled STRIP study.

Coronary heart disease begins in childhood and warrants prevention strategies such as dietary modification. The objective was to determine the effect of the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) dietary intervention on food consumption and nutrient intake over 20-year intervention period. The STRIP is a prospective, randomized trial conducted between 1990 and 2011. Enrolled 6-month-old infants (n = 1062) were randomized to an intervention group (n = 540) receiving dietary counseling biannually from age 7 months to 20 years or control group (n = 522) not receiving any intervention. Food and nutrient intake was assessed annually using 4-day food records. A food-based diet score was calculated. The intervention led to (1) higher consumption of low-fat unsweetened dairy (β = 177.76, 95% CI 157.36-198.16 g/day), vegetable-oil based fats (β = 6.00, 5.37-6.63 g/day), fish (β = 2.45, 1.44-3.45 g/day), fiber-rich grain products (β = 5.53, 3.17-7.89 g/day), fruits/berries (β = 9.93, 4.44-15.43 g/day), vegetables (β = 11.95, 7.74-16.16 g/day); (2) lower consumption of desserts (β = - 4.10, 95% CI - 6.50 to - 1.70 g/day); (3) lower intake of sucrose (β = - 1.61, 95% CI - 2.88 to - 0.35 g/day), and higher intake of fiber (β = 0.83, 0.55-1.11 g/day), folate (β = 11.14, 95% CI 8.23-14.05 μg/day), vitamin D (β = 0.52, 0.39-0.64 μg/day), C (β = 8.08, 4.79-11.38 mg/day), E (β = 0.93, 0.81-1.05 mg/day), iron (β = 0.31, 0.18-0.44 mg/day), zinc (β = 0.29, 0.17-0.40 mg/day), magnesium (β = 12.17, 9.02-15.33 mg/day), sodium (β = 55.00, 24.40-85.60 mg/day), potassium (β = 157.11, 107.24-206.98 mg/day). No effect was found on nut/seed, red/processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverage, salty snack consumption, or vitamin A and calcium intake. Intervention effect was more pronounced in boys. The STRIP intervention improved children's diet quality over 20 years, indicating that beneficial dietary changes can be introduced and sustained in youth.

Success in Achieving the Targets of the 20-Year Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention: Association With Insulin Sensitivity and Serum Lipids.

We examined whether success in achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention associated with insulin sensitivity and serum lipids from early childhood to young adulthood. The sample comprised 941 children participating in the prospective, randomized Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP). Dietary counseling was given biannually based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations with the main aim to improve the quality of dietary fat in children's diets and the secondary aim to promote intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products. Food records and serum lipid profile were studied annually from 1 to 20 years of age, and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was assessed between 7 and 20 years of age. Meeting the intervention targets for quality of dietary fat was defined as the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA) <1:2 and intake of SAFA <10% of total energy intake (E%). Meeting the target for intake of whole-grain products, fruits, and vegetables was indicated by a fiber intake ≥3 g/MJ. Participants in the intervention group had a higher probability of meeting the targets of SAFA/(PUFA + MUFA) <1:2 (risk ratio [RR] 3.91 [95% CI 3.33-4.61]), intake of SAFA <10 E% (RR 3.33 [95% CI 2.99-3.96]), and intake of fiber >3 g/MJ (RR 1.37 [95% CI 1.04-1.80]). Participants who achieved more targets had lower HOMA-IR, lower concentrations of fasting serum glucose, insulin, LDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol, and a lower ratio of apolipoprotein (Apo) B/ApoA1 (P values all ≤0.003). Achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention was associated with better insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profile throughout the early life course.

Effect of Dietary Counseling on a Comprehensive Metabolic Profile from Childhood to Adulthood

ObjectivesTo study the effects of repeated, infancy-onset dietary counseling on a detailed metabolic profile. Effects of dietary saturated fat replacement on circulating concentrations of metabolic biomarkers still remain unknown.Study designThe Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) study is a longitudinal, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial in which repeated dietary counseling aimed at reducing the proportion of saturated fat intake. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics quantified circulating metabolites from serum samples assessed at age 9 (n = 554), 11 (n = 553), 13 (n = 508), 15 (n = 517), 17 (n = 457), and 19 (n = 417) years.ResultsThe intervention reduced dietary intake of saturated fat (mean difference in daily percentage of total energy intake: −2.1 [95% CI −1.9 to −2.3]) and increased intake of polyunsaturated fat (0.6 [0.5-0.7]). The dietary counseling intervention led to greater serum proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < .001), with greater proportions of both circulating omega-3 (P = .02) and omega-6 (P < .001) fatty acids. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in serum was lower for both boys and girls in the intervention group (P < .001), whereas the serum proportion of monounsaturated fat was lower for boys in the intervention group only (P < .001). The intervention also reduced circulating intermediate-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein lipid concentrations (P < .01). Dietary intervention effects on nonlipid biomarkers were minor except from greater concentrations of glutamine in the intervention group.ConclusionsRepeated dietary counseling from infancy to early adulthood yielded favorable effects on multiple circulating fatty acids and lipoprotein subclass lipids, particularly in boys. These molecular effects substantiate the beneficial role of saturated fat replacement on the metabolic risk profile.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00223600.

Longitudinal child-oriented dietary intervention: Association with parental diet and cardio-metabolic risk factors. The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project.

Background The child-oriented dietary intervention given in the prospective Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) has decreased the intake of saturated fat and lowered serum cholesterol concentration in children from infancy until early adulthood. In this study, we investigated whether the uniquely long-term child-oriented intervention has affected also secondarily parental diet and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods The STRIP study is a longitudinal, randomized infancy-onset atherosclerosis prevention trial continued from the child's age of 8 months to 20 years. The main aim was to modify the child's diet towards reduced intake of saturated fat. Parental dietary intake assessed by a one-day food record and cardio-metabolic risk factors were analysed between the child's ages of 9-19 years. Results Saturated fat intake of parents in the intervention group was lower [mothers: 12.0 versus 13.9 daily energy (E%), p < 0.0001; fathers: 12.5 versus 13.9 E%, p < 0.0001] and polyunsaturated fat intake was higher (mothers: 6.1 versus 5.4 E%, p < 0.0001; fathers: 6.3 versus 5.9 E%, p = 0.0003) compared with the control parents. Maternal total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower in the intervention compared with the control group (mean ± SE 5.02 ± 0.04 versus 5.14 ± 0.04 mmol/l, p = 0.04 and 3.19 ± 0.04 versus 3.30 ± 0.03 mmol/l, p = 0.03, respectively). Paternal cholesterol values did not differ between the intervention and control groups. Other cardio-metabolic risk factors were similar in the study groups. Conclusions Child-oriented dietary intervention shifted the dietary fat intakes of parents closer to the recommendations and tended to decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intervention mothers. Dietary intervention directed to children benefits also parents.

Cardiometabolic Determinants of Carotid and Aortic Distensibility From Childhood to Early Adulthood.

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00223600.

Ideal cardiovascular health in childhood—Longitudinal associations with cardiac structure and function: The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS)

BackgroundIdeal cardiovascular health (CVH), defined by the American Heart Association, is associated with incident cardiovascular disease in adults. However, association of the ideal CVH in childhood with current and future cardiac structure and function has not been studied. Methods and resultsThe sample comprised 827 children participating in the longitudinal Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) and The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS). In STRIP, complete data on the seven ideal CVH metrics and left ventricular (LV) mass measured with echocardiography were available at the age of 15 (n=321), 17 (n=309) and 19 (n=283) years. In YFS, the cohort comprised children aged 12–18years (n=506) with complete ideal CVH metrics data from childhood and 25years later in adulthood, and echocardiography performed in adulthood. In STRIP, ideal CVH score was inversely associated with LV mass during childhood (P=0.036). In YFS, childhood ideal CVH score was inversely associated with LV mass, LV end-diastolic volume, E/e′ ratio, and left atrium end-systolic volume in adulthood (all P<0.01). In addition, improvement of the ideal CVH score between childhood and adulthood was inversely associated with LV mass, LV end-diastolic volume, E/e′ ratio, and left atrium end-systolic volume (all P≤0.03). ConclusionsChildhood ideal CVH score has a long-lasting effect on cardiac structure and function, and the association is evident already in childhood. Our findings support targeting the ideal CVH metrics as part of primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Advanced dental maturity of Finnish 6- to 12-yr-old children is associated with high energy intake.

We studied the association of dental maturity with body mass index (BMI), energy intake, and macronutrient intake. A randomly selected subset (n = 148) of the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) was invited to an oral follow-up study, and the 6- and 12-yr-examination data (n = 111, 60 boys) were used. Food records for four consecutive days and BMI values were extracted from the databank of the main STRIP project. The developmental stage of seven permanent mandibular teeth was assessed using panoramic radiographs. The resulting maturity scores were converted to dental age estimates. Three dental-maturity groups (delayed, average, and advanced) and two BMI groups [normal BMI (≤mean+1SD) and high BMI (>mean+1SD)] were formed. The dental age was higher than the chronological age by 0.6-0.8 yr. Maturity scores for girls were statistically significantly higher than for boys. The distribution of girls into dental-maturity groups at age 12 yr was different from that of the boys and there were more boys than girls among the high-BMI group. Children of the advanced dental-maturity group had a statistically significantly higher energy intake than children in the other groups. We conclude that advanced dental maturity is associated with higher energy intake.

Optimizing Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course.

Optimizing Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course.

Psychological wellbeing in 20-year-old adults receiving repeated lifestyle counselling since infancy.

This study examined whether there was an association between a repeated dietary and lifestyle intervention that began in infancy and participants' psychological wellbeing at the age of 20. We examined the psychological wellbeing of 457 young adults participating in the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), a randomised controlled trial conducted in Finland between 1989 and 2011. We assessed potential differences in psychological wellbeing between the intervention and control groups by examining participants' satisfaction with life, how they rated their health, their experiences of stress and the consequences of experiencing stress and symptoms of depression at the age of 20. We also assessed socio-economic status during childhood as a potential confounding factor. We found no association between the long-term dietary and lifestyle intervention and participants' psychological wellbeing in adulthood. Adjusting for sex and childhood socio-economic status did not affect the results and socio-economic status did not moderate the association between the intervention and psychological wellbeing. Our findings showed no association between intensive dietary and lifestyle counselling that was initiated in infancy with psychological wellbeing in adulthood and the initiative did not appear to pose any psychological risks.

Interactions between genetic variants and dietary lipid composition: effects on circulating LDL cholesterol in children

Elevated serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a predictor of cardiovascular disease events, and the quality of dietary fat is known to influence serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol in children. Interindividual differences in response to diet exist, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. We aimed to identify genetic variants that modify the variation in serum lipid response to dietary fat quality. We used data from 2 longitudinal Finnish cohorts designed to study risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Large-scale genotyping was performed with Metabochip in a long-term randomized controlled dietary intervention trial, the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), for discovery of genetic polymorphisms. The observational Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) with genome-wide genetic data was used as a replication sample for the initial findings. Dietary records were used to calculate the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fats. Interaction models and multiple follow-ups were used in the analysis. In the STRIP cohort, a variant within the PARK2 locus, rs9364628, showed moderate interaction with dietary fat quality and a consistent direction of effect in both scans on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in children aged 5 and 7 y (P < 0.0084 and P < 0.0057, respectively). In the YFS cohort, we were unable to replicate the initial discovery signal, but rs12207186 within the PARK2 locus and dietary lipid quality had a stronger interaction effect on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration (P < 9.44 × 10(-5)) than did rs9364628 in children aged 6 y. This genotyping study involving 2 cohorts of healthy Finnish children indicates a possible interaction between PARK2 variants and dietary fat quality on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00223600.