Special Training Methods Research Articles

Comparison of glutathione peroxidase-1 in free divers with their counterparts: A model study for sports informatics

Free diving is a popular sport because of many features such as sustainability, eco-friendly and challenges to nature. Due to increased interest in recent years, the number of competitions is also increasing gradually. On the other hand, scientific reports on the understanding of longer breath-holding mechanisms and metabolisms are still unclear. To provide contributions on this phenomenon, glutathione peroxidase was selected as a model enzyme because of its critical importance in breath-holding. The enzymes from both human and free diving animals were compared by using bioinformatics tools such as ProtParam, Swiss-Model, Clustal Omega and the results are discussed in the present paper. In conclusion, the specific amino acid sequences can be considered in the selection of elite free divers for international competitions to get the best results. However, it should be noted that special training methods should also be applied to have better breath-holding capacities.

Improving the skills of boxers through the use of lead-in exercises

The article addresses the pressing issue of refining the training system for boxers by emphasizing the need for innovative methodological approaches in organizing the training process and selecting specialized training methods aligned with competition trends. The authors highlight the inadequacy of general approaches in the existing literature, stressing the necessity of detailed investigation into the aspects pivotal for boxer preparation. The research's relevance lies in resolving the contradiction between the paramount importance of technical-tactical readiness for competitive activities and the insufficient development of methodologies for its enhancement during the training process using specific drills.
 The study aims to investigate the impact of incorporating guiding exercises on the physical preparedness indicators of boxers. A pedagogical experiment was conducted with a group of ranked boxers, integrating guiding exercises during training sessions throughout the preparatory period. Physical fitness was assessed through pedagogical tests encompassing pull-ups, push-ups, running at various distances, long jumps, and the number of strikes on a boxing bag. The experimental group exhibited statistically significant improvements in pull-ups, push-ups, short-distance running, and the number of strikes on the boxing bag. The results underscore the positive influence of guiding exercises on the physical performance of boxers. Additionally, the article emphasizes the significance of refining the technical-tactical preparedness of boxers and encourages further research in this domain. In conclusion, the findings contribute to the understanding of how targeted exercises positively impact the physical capabilities of boxers, shedding light on the need for a more nuanced and detailed approach to training methodologies. The article serves as a valuable resource for coaches, researchers, and practitioners involved in high-level boxing training.

Human Computer Interface (HCI) using EEG signals.

Abstract Human Computer Interface (HCI) is a field which studies about the applied information-processing psychology that occurs when humans interact with computers. A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is one method to achieve this, and a cursor-controlled application is proposed in this paper. This prototype allows users to control the cursor by converting real-time synaptic commands. An electroencephalogram (EEG) data collection exercise was conducted and the experimental subjects were trained to learn how to control the EMOTIV Insight. Each of them had to decide their mental commands and calibrate the headset before the experiment started. Two different training methods, namely normal training and special training, were applied to the experimental group and control group respectively, and the progress of learning and using the cursor-controlled application were recorded in questionnaires. The control group used the normal training method, which has been widely used in other studies while the experimental group used the special training method, which allows them to decide the content and strategy of mental commands. The objective of this project is to have all the subjects from both experimental groups control 2 commands with an accuracy above 80% after 4 hours of training and observe which group gets better results. It was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and double-blind trial, and one of the subjects turned his strategy from control group to experimental group during the experiment without informing the experimenter in advanced. In the outcome, the highest accuracy obtained by the 3 subjects in the experimental group are 50%, 81.25% and 100% respectively, and the highest accuracy obtained by the subject in the control group is 62.5%. In short, the accuracy of the experimental group is averagely higher compared to the control group, and 66.6% of the experimental group managed to control 2 commands with an accuracy above 80%.

Learnable Path in Neural Controlled Differential Equations

Neural controlled differential equations (NCDEs), which are continuous analogues to recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are a specialized model in (irregular) time-series processing. In comparison with similar models, e.g., neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs), the key distinctive characteristics of NCDEs are i) the adoption of the continuous path created by an interpolation algorithm from each raw discrete time-series sample and ii) the adoption of the Riemann--Stieltjes integral. It is the continuous path which makes NCDEs be analogues to continuous RNNs. However, NCDEs use existing interpolation algorithms to create the path, which is unclear whether they can create an optimal path. To this end, we present a method to generate another latent path (rather than relying on existing interpolation algorithms), which is identical to learning an appropriate interpolation method. We design an encoder-decoder module based on NCDEs and NODEs, and a special training method for it. Our method shows the best performance in both time-series classification and forecasting.

Entrepreneurial Competence Development Program: Implementing Efficiency through Knowledge Sharing

The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of introducing methods used in other countries on student success. The results suggested that the introduction of specific practices to improve entrepreneurial competence would be more effective forgoing such special training methods. This was validated by the results of a test survey conducted by an expert panel. According to the panel, the quality of knowledge among students in the groups in which new methods were introduced was as follows: 7.5 points on average out of 10 for the first group; 7.9 points on average out of 10 for the second group; 7.8 points on average out of 10 for the third group; and 6.4 points on average out of 10 for the fourth group. These data suggest that new practices improve students’ knowledge and skills. The students themselves also assessed the improvement in their quality of knowledge. More specifically, the students in the second group gave a very high average score of 4.4 out of a possible 5 for the effectiveness of the European methods. The same parameter was rated 3.4 out of 5 points by the fourth group.

Organization of the educational and training progress at the initial stage of beach soccer

The article examines the organization of the educational and training process of athletes at the initial stage of the long-term training system in the beach soccer. The emergence of this type of sport is due to increasing attention to a healthy lifestyle, popularization of physical activity, rational combination of work and rest. The search for new forms of leisure to combine sports and recreation led to the emergence of a new group of beach sports: beach volleyball, handball, football. These types are rapidly spreading in the world due to their availability, availability of geographical conditions for development in many countries of the world, spectacularity and commercial attractiveness, development of the resort business.
 Beach football is based on the rules of the game of big football. According to its characteristics, beach football combines two types of football – traditional and futsal. The physical training of the players is similar to football, and the tactical interaction is similar to futsal. The emergence of a new sport, an increase in the number of competitions, and the desire to increase sports achievements require scientific research in the training of high-class beach soccer athletes. The initial stage of preparation is an important phase for children to increase the interest in beach soccer and requires thorough planning. At the initial stage, the feeling of joy and satisfaction from practicing this sport is formed, which will give an opportunity to work hard to achieve sports peaks in the future. The main task at this stage is the harmonious physical development of pupils, increasing the level of their functional readiness and motivation for classes in the sports school. This stage requires the coach-teacher to have in-depth knowledge of the physiology of the child's body and age-related psychology and the use of special pedagogical training methods. Peculiarities of the dribbling technique and heavy physical exertion during the game on a sand court necessitate the development of special programs of physical, technical, and tactical training for this sport, which are reflected in the plan-scheme of the annual training cycle.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES OF TRIPLE JUMPERS’ BALANCE BOARD COMBINED WITH SPECIAL TRAINING BY DEEP LEARNING APPROACH

This study aims to improve the athletic performance of triple jumpers in special physical training. First, the triple jumper’s balance board is explained with the special training method. Second, three-dimensional tracking scan image analysis is used to videotape the training process of triple jumpers. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) perform image analysis of triple jumpers performing specific training with a balance board. Finally, the training of triple jumpers is subjected to image analysis. According to the special training speed, angle, and time of triple jumpers combined with the balance board, the physical fitness changes are analyzed. The results show that triple jumpers combined with the balance board training improved the technique of step jump from the aspects of take-off speed, landing speed, all angles of step jump, and support time. The combination of the balance board and the special training significantly improves the speed of the triple jumpers, and the changes of various angles during the training process are also relatively improved, which improves the balance and coordination of the training limbs of the triple jumpers. The balance board combined with special training can significantly improve the physical fitness of triple jumpers. CNN is used to analyze and validate triple jumpers combined with balance board training images. The experimental training analysis has achieved the ideal effect. This study uses the image analysis method to analyze the training process of athletes based on deep learning and provides direction for athletes’ special physical training.

Anomaly detection in images with shared autoencoders.

Anomaly detection is a classical problem in computer vision, namely the determination of the normal from the abnormal when datasets are highly biased toward one class (normal) due to the insufficient sample size of the other class (abnormal). We introduce a novel model that utilizes two decoders to share two encoders, respectively, forming two sets of network structures of encoder-decoder-encoder called EDE, which are used to map image distributions to predefined latent distributions and vice versa. In addition, we propose an innovative two-stage training mode. The first stage is roughly the same as the traditional autoencoder (AE) training, using the reconstruction loss of images and latent vectors for training. The second stage uses the idea of generative confrontation to send one of the two groups of reconstructed vectors into another EDE structure to generate fake images and latent vectors. This EDE structure needs to achieve two goals to distinguish the source of the data: the first is to maximize the difference between the fake image and the real image; the second is to maximize the difference between the fake latent vector and the reconstructed vector. Another EDE structure has the opposite goal. This network structure combined with special training methods not only well avoids the shortcomings of generative adversarial networks (GANs) and AEs, but also achieves state-of-the-art performance evaluated on several publicly available image datasets.

MONITORAMENTO DE FREQUÊNCIA CARDÍACA EM TREINO ESPECIAL PARA BOXEADORES

ABSTRACT Introduction Chinese boxing is an aggressive, competitive, and combative sport. During its performance, good physical fitness and a stable heart rate can determine the athletes’ sports performance. Objective Study special physical training methods of Chinese boxing athletes by monitoring their heart rates. Methods The implementation period of the experiment totaled eight weeks, performed three times a week. The control group did not get any specific physical training while the experimental group received special physical training, properly protocoled. Their indices were measured before, during, and after the experiment, with classification and data analysis by Excel and SPSS software. Results The fitness data of the experimental group were significantly improved, with the heart rate more stable, corroborating the effectiveness of the special training. Conclusion The use of special physical training can optimize and better adjust the pre-existing protocol according to the athletes’ real competition needs, improving the specialized physical fitness and the athletes’ competitive level. It also helps stabilize the heart rate, helping athletes get better results in combat. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

MÉTODOS DE TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA PARA ESQUIADORES

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ski jumping sequence can be divided into four steps: support, take-off, flight, and landing. Each stage has specific tasks and functions and is closely related, with the completion of each stage depending on the previous one. Objective: Explore the effectiveness of special strength training methods for ski sportsmen. Methods: Using the method of scientific literature review, expert interview, experience, and mathematical statistics to perform the special strength training for Chinese ski athletes, comparing the changes in the jump speed and take-off of the big jumps before and after 16 weeks of strength training with a specially developed protocol. Results: There were significant differences in take-off speed and air height before and after the experiment (P<0.05). The athletes in the experimental group significantly differed in takeoff speed before and after participation in the experiment (P=0.01). Conclusion: The experimental results fully evidence that by improving the rapid contraction strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk and hip joints, modern abdominal center strength training methods are more effective than traditional methods. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Research on the Special Physical Characteristics and Training Methods of Curling Events

Research on the Special Physical Characteristics and Training Methods of Curling Events

CARACTERÍSTICAS DO METABOLISMO E APTIDÃO FÍSICA EM JOGADORES DE TÊNIS DE MESA

ABSTRACT Introduction: The physical fitness of Chinese table tennis players is critical as the continuous development in sports technologies increases the demands for physical fitness during competitions. And the physical quality of table tennis players is a problem that cannot be ignored. Objective: Analyze the energy supply characteristics of table tennis and its special training methods based on the sport's temporal and spatial characteristics of the actual load. Methods: Sport performance is analyzed by the scoring system using video kinematic analysis, scientific literature research, and logical analysis methods. The research on energy supply in Chinese athletes according to the characteristics of the three energy metabolism systems is developed. Considering the different metabolic characteristics and physical content for a specific training protocol experiment. Results: Female table tennis players obtained significantly higher time, density, and hitting efficiency than male players (P<0.05). Table tennis is a sport that uses mainly aerobic energy, complemented by anaerobic exercises. Conclusion: Table tennis is a medium-intensity intermittent sport composed of short-term bursts with the ball and low-intensity activities without the ball. Competition in table tennis is based on aerobic energy delivery, with no oxygen-based movement. Athletes need to combine aerobic and anaerobic exercises during exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Reconstructing Images Through Multimode Fibers From the Up-Conversion Speckle Patterns via Deep Learning

The mode mixing and mode dispersion in the multimode fiber (MMF) will produce complex speckle patterns in the distal end of the fiber as an object passes through the MMF, rendering image reconstruction to be a challenging task. In recent years, convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied to image reconstruction from speckles. However, the imaging spectra of these studies are mostly in the visible spectrum range and require complete speckle information for reconstruction. In this paper, researchers build an optical imaging system that employs up-conversion imaging technology to collect speckle patterns generated by infrared light transmitting through a multimode fiber and a frequency-doubling crystal. They propose a speckle restoration network (SRNet) based on a generative adversarial network (GAN) to reconstruct speckle images. The generator of GAN uses ResNest and atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) to extract multi-level features and multi-scale context information, respectively. The discriminator of GAN significantly improves the quality of the reconstructed image generated by the generator. In addition, researchers adopt a special training method named pre-training generator to avoid gradient disappearance or gradient explosion in the training process. With the designed network, high-quality images were successfully reconstructed even with only a portion of the speckle information.

Application of Mobile Information Technology in High-Intensity Resistance Training System for Cross-Country Skiing

Cross-country skiing is one of the most important competitive events in the Winter Olympics, and it is also the earliest competitive sports event in China’s winter snow events. However, due to the influence of factors such as economic development, climatic conditions, and regional resources, cross-country skiing has developed slowly in China and is still in a relatively backward position compared with developed countries such as Europe and the United States. In this paper, the modeling and analysis of the attitude calculation system is proposed, and the attitude recognition technology is applied to the high-intensity resistance training system of cross-country skiing. Several training elements such as special endurance training goals, training content, training methods, and training monitoring are presented. It demonstrates the rationality and feasibility of the high-intensity resistance training system for excellent cross-country skiers in cross-country skiing and arranges the strengthening training of the upper and lower limbs and waist and abdominal muscles of the athletes in a targeted manner. For 6–9 times a week, each endurance training is about 1–4 hours or strength training is about 15–90 minutes. The fastest time for men is 31 minutes 29 seconds 21, which is 1 second 88 higher than that before training, and the average score has improved by 6 seconds 80; the women’s fastest time was 24 minutes 06 seconds 21, which was 4 seconds 22 higher than that before training, and the average score increased by 7 seconds 70.

Особенности психологической подготовки лыжника-гонщика

Modern sport is a competitive environment where the bar for the athletes in every aspect of the training is set very high. Psychological preparation of an athlete, along with other types of training, is one of the most important factors in the training process that demands a close attention and should be included in the annual training plan. Ski racing specifics influence the psychologic part of the training process in its own way. The athlete prepares to cope not only with the objective obstacles mostly depending on the weather conditions during the competitions, but with the challenges of a subjective nature due to a human factor. The latter is particularly important during the period of competitions and at the stage immediately preceding the competition. The process of psychological training should be aimed at the adaptation to the process of competitions. The optimal level of arousal and emotional agitation – mental readiness – directly affects the ski racing sport results. Modeling the competitive situation during a training process is a method of reaching that optimal state. The author explores the general and special psychological training methods, discusses the tasks and conditions for their implementation, and highlights the stages of special training.

Multiagent-based deep reinforcement learning for risk-shifting portfolio management

The growing popularity of quantitative trading in pursuit of a systematic and algorithmic approach to investment has drawn considerable attention among traders and investment firms. Consequently, an effective computational method for evaluating potential risk factors and returns is crucial for the development of algorithmic trading strategies. In traditional finance and financial engineering research, statistical approaches have been widely applied to quantitative analysis. Meanwhile, investor demand for quantitative hedge funds has surged worldwide. In the current study, the multiperiod portfolio selection problem was considered in terms of the realistic transaction cost model, which is a major concern for quantitative hedge fund managers. We developed a dedicated multiagent-based deep reinforcement learning framework with a two-level nested agent structure to determine effective portfolio management methods with different objectives. In addition, we proposed a specially-designed reward function for investment performance evaluation and a novel policy network structure for trading decision-making. To efficiently identify specific asset attributes in a portfolio, each agent is equipped with a refined deep policy network and a special training method that enables the proposed reinforcement learning agent to learn risk transfer behaviors. The results revealed the effectiveness of our proposed framework, which outperformed several established or representative portfolio selection strategies.

COVID-19 Return to Sport: NFL Injury Prevalence Analysis

BackgroundSport injuries have been common among athletes across the globe for decades and have the potential to disrupt athletic careers, performance, and psyche. Many health professionals and organizations have undertaken injury mitigation strategies to prevent sport injuries through protective equipment, training protocols, and a host of other evidence-based practices. Many of these specialized training methods were disrupted due to protocols to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This research examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to the prevalence of athletic injuries in the National Football League (NFL).ObjectiveDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, NFL teams and athletes across all levels of sport were reported to have reduced training in preparation for their seasons due to protocols to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This study compares the prevalence of injury during the 2018, 2019, and 2020 NFL seasons, with the aim to determine the potential causes of the differences in injury prevalence.MethodsOfficial injury reports from each team were counted during the 17-week regular season of each year (2018, 2019, and 2020). The data were analyzed using an unpaired t test to compare the injury prevalence between each of the three seasons.ResultsThe 2018 season produced a total of 1561 injuries and a mean of 48.8 injuries per team. The 2019 season produced a total of 1897 injuries and a mean of 59.3 injuries per team, while the 2020 season produced a total of 2484 injuries and a mean of 77.6 injuries per team. An unpaired t test was performed using the data to compare the mean number of injuries per team during each of the seasons. Comparison of the 2020 season against the 2019 season showed a statistically significant difference (P<.001); comparison of the 2020 season to the 2018 season found a statistically significant difference (P<.001); and comparison between the 2019 and the 2018 seasons found a statistically significant difference (P=.03).ConclusionsAlthough the 2019 and 2018 seasons showed a statistically significant difference (P=.03), this difference is not as large when we compare the 2020 seasons versus the 2019 (P<.001) and 2018 (P<.001) seasons. The astronomical increase in injury prevalence during the 2020 season over the previous years raises the possibility that there was a reduced physiological adaptation to stress, due to the limited amount of training as a result of the closure of practice facilities in order to slow the spread of COVID-19.

Modelling and simulation analysis of training effect and electromyogram change of track and field athletes based on biomechanics

In view of the serious knee injuries of elite track and field athletes in China, this paper discusses the characteristics of knee injury of track and field athletes, the mechanism of knee injury and the relationship between specific actions and training methods from the perspective of medicine, biomechanics and training, so as to provide basis for coaches to improve their skills and training. Taking the serious knee injuries of Chinese elite track and field athletes as the research object, this paper discusses the characteristics and mechanism of knee injury and its relationship with special sports and training methods. The changes of bioelectricity during the activity of local neuromuscular system were guided, amplified, displayed and recorded by surface electromyography (iEMG--Integral EMG value) through surface electrodes on the skin surface. The results show that fast muscle movement unit is easy to fatigue, and the muscle working ability of fast muscle movement unit decreases after fatigue. It is suggested that in the future training, we should strengthen the training of lower limb support and buffering ability, and gradually improve the level of athletes' special strength.

Readiness of teachers to work in conditions of psychological and pedagogical support of children with special educational needs

Modern theoretical directions in the field of special (correctional) pedagogy allowed us to study the content and technologies of teachers' readiness for correctional and pedagogical activity in the educational process. The priority in teaching children with special educational needs is the introduction of inclusive education into the school system, which is part of general secondary education and includes its accessibility. The main issue in the complex of studies related to vocational education is the readiness of teaching staff to work with children in inclusive education. Today, the necessary reforms in the field of inclusive education in Kazakhstan have a humanistic orientation. Special attention is paid to the education of these children. Monitoring of education reforms in Kazakhstan has revealed persistent negative trends in the physical and mental health of children of all ages. The priority in teaching children with special educational needs is the introduction of inclusive education into the school system, which is part of general secondary education and includes its accessibility. The main issue in the complex of studies related to vocational education is the readiness of teaching staff to work with children in inclusive education. Purpose: to use the experience of special and integrated education as a technological experience of psychological and pedagogical support of participants in the inclusive educational process. Methods: we used technological maps (created by a teacher for a student), methods of cooperation and methods of joint group learning, methods of mutual learning, method of psychological comfort, methods of teaching social skills, adaptive technologies, accessible digital media, additional communication technologies, technologies for special training and development techniques and methods of "barrier-free environment" ramps, single-storey schools, the introduction of sign language translators, etc. The results, their significance: Our research has shown at the moment that there is also a positive attitude towards access to education for children with special educational needs who have difficulties with motor skills, as well as hearing, speech or vision. The analysis showed that children with musculoskeletal disorders find quick contact with the environment (12,4 %), as well as children with intellectual disabilities - with mental retardation (12,9 %). Hearing and visual impairments are rare among respondents (9,1 %), more children with external impairments (40.5). Thus, 70% of respondents learned about the problem of disability of their children. Only a third of the students at the school had experience and access to communication with a disabled child, who, in our opinion, is not familiar with institutional constraints, especially in the education system.

EVALUATION METHOD OF ATHLETES’ SPECIAL PHYSICAL FITNESS BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS

ABSTRACT Special physical fitness plays an important role in sports skills, improving athletic performance and preventing injuries. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT), the method of assessing athletes’ specific physical fitness is studied using the linear acceleration energy estimation model. After relevant research on the athletes’ real training environment, a real-time monitoring platform is designed. Besides, the MQVA algorithm is proposed, and the simulation experiment is designed. Finally, the accuracy of several algorithms is verified by the practical method of evaluating the application. The verification results show that the precision of the algorithm and the model achieve the expected results. An evaluation model is proposed for individual athletes of the training effect based on the energy consumption rate; for multi-athletes, the indicators used are the progress of energy transfer. This model is compared and verified employing examples. The results show that the evaluation model is accurate and reliable. This investigation is part of the contents of the investigation of the physical fitness training system of the potential advantage project in China. It can provide a theoretical basis for coaches to adopt effective special physical training approaches and methods.