Special Topics Research Articles

Preface: Special Topics on Ultra‐deep Oil and Gas Exploration

Preface: Special Topics on Ultra‐deep Oil and Gas Exploration

Message from the Incoming Editor-in-Chief

While I officially started to assume the role of the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Wireless Communications on July 1, 2022, Dr. Qian and I had been preparing for the transfer of the chief editorship for the past two months, and he had gracefully agreed to continue handling the special issues and submissions made while he was still the Editor-in-Chief. In my response to Dr. Qian's Farewell Message in the last issue (June 2022), I briefly laid out my plan for improving IEEE Wireless Communications. In this issue, I gladly report to you the progress on two fronts: the diversity of editors and the development of special topics. Five experts from diverse back-grounds have agreed to join the editorial board: Doru Calin (MediaTek US Inc., USA), Swades De (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India), Ai-Chun Pang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy (Orange Innovation, France), and Symeon Papavassiliou (National Technical University of Athens, Greece); one from America, two from Europe and two from Asia; two from industry and three from academia; two females and three males. They are all distinguished individuals in our technical community. I have also formed a small team of experts, viz. Special Topics Development Editors, to proactively identify credible guest editors in organizing special issues on cutting edge topics: Doru Calin, Swades De, Dusit Niyato (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore), Ai-Chun Pang, and Symeon Papavassilou. Prof. Niyato joined the editorial board in 2021 and is one of the most responsive members of the board. I entrust this team to work closely with me to attract the readership of our magazine by publishing quality guest-edited feature articles on emerging topics. Dr. Calin, an outstanding industrial scientist, also steps up to be the new column editor for Industrial Perspectives; he has brought with him very rich industrial experience to fulfill this role. I would also like to use this opportunity to express my appreciation to Dr. Chun-Yen Wang, our long-serving Column Editor for Industrial Perspectives, who was tirelessly providing our readers with many years of industrial insights on many topics. I am closing this message by presenting to you their brief bios, and I am confident that you would agree with me that these distinguished board members will help us advance IEEE Wireless Communications.

Monkeypox ― exotic infection outbreak or a new global challenge to global Health system?

BACKGROUND: Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, results in a smallpox-like or a chickenpox-like disease. Monkeypox in human was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently has spread to other regions of Africa (primarily West and Central). In 2003 the first monkeypox outbreak occurred outside of Africa in USA. The latest outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 is characterized by the simultaneous involvement of several hundred people. The appearance of cases outside of Africa highlights the risk for geographical spread and the global relevance of the disease requiring the epidemiologic studies and the search for effective methods of prevention and therapy.
 AIMS: To summarize and systematize the results of studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical picture, the role of vaccination and treatment of monkeypox, including taking into account the last outbreak of the disease in May 2022 in non-endemic regions.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), and the Google Scholar database published up to May 31, 2022, using the keywords "monkeypox" or "monkeypox virus" or "smallpox human monkeys". We primary selected 112 abstracts. After removing duplicates and irrelevant articles, 48 full-text articles have been selected. After reviewing the full-text article versions, 15 articles were excluded due to highly specialized biological topics, poor study design, quality of results, or their unavailability. Ultimately, this review included 33 articles, in addition to which 6 founding and supporting websites were cited.
 RESULTS: Monkeypox cases among humans have been on the rise since the 1970s, primarily in endemic areas. The median age at the time of treatment increased from 4 (1970s) to 21 (20102019). Since 2003, the spread of monkeypox outside Africa has been noted, associated with the importation of infected animals, migration and tourism. Transmission to humans occurs through close contact with an infected animal (70%), a person or material contaminated with the virus. Monkeypox presents with fever, vesicular rash, and lymphadenopathy lasting 2 to 4 weeks. Mortality is associated with the development of complications and is 10.6% for the Central African clade compared to 3.6% for the West African clade. There have been no deaths outside of Africa. Our review shows an escalation of monkeypox cases, especially in endemic Africa and spread to other countries, which is likely due to the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, which provided cross-protection against monkeypox. Unfortunately, smallpox vaccination is contraindicated in immunocompromised individuals, despite the availability of recommended vaccines. The effectiveness of existing antiviral drugs (tecovirimate and brincidofovir) has been little studied in humans.
 CONCLUSION: The weakening of population immunity, associated with the cessation of vaccination against smallpox, created the prerequisites for the outbreaks of monkeypox, including in non-endemic areas. Surveillance and detection programs are important tools for understanding the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease. In light of the emergence of cases outside of Africa, the potential for human-to-human transmission of the virus, the public health significance of monkeypox should not be underestimated.

On Keepin’ It Hushed and the Power of Black Mentorship

In a wave of serendipity, Vorris Nunley’s Keepin’ It Hushed: The Barbershop and African American Hush Harbor Rhetoric ushered me into the world of rhetorical studies. I read the book for the first time in my junior year at Claflin University while enrolled in a special topics course taught by Dr. Melissa Pearson.In Keepin’ It Hushed, Nunley historicizes how Black language has been circumscribed in the aftermath of the Middle Passage and in the shadow of White supremacy. Miraculously, Black rhetors have managed to cultivate spaces for the exchange of frank Black language beyond the “disciplining gaze of whiteness,” Nunley illuminates (3). He codifies this tradition of covert Black expressive culture as “African American hush harbor rhetoric” and traces the genealogy of its performance from enslavement onward, prioritizing an investigation of the Black barbershop.Unquestionably, reading Keepin’ It Hushed was a revelatory experience. I had never witnessed Black language and Black knowledge production treated with such brilliance and care. Noticing my interest in the book, Dr. Pearson informed me that Dr. Nunley would serve as a codirector of the newly created Lindon Barrett Scholars Mentoring Program at the University of California, Riverside. Created to recruit graduates from historically Black colleges and universities to pursue doctoral work in African American literature and culture, the program was set to run the summer after our class ended. With Dr. Pearson’s encouragement and recommendation, I was accepted into the program’s inaugural cohort.After arriving on campus, each Lindon Barrett scholar was assigned a research mentor from UC Riverside’s faculty. To my great luck, I became Dr. Nunley’s mentee, and, for several weeks, I conceptualized my honors thesis on the writings of Ida B. Wells-Barnett under his advisement. At the end of the program, sensing that I possessed questions whose answers would take longer than my final year at Claflin to explore, Dr. Nunley gifted me a list of graduate programs where he thought my research interests could be incubated. Acknowledging that his alma mater was one of the schools listed and nudging me to trust my own instincts on the matter, he offered earnestly, “I went to Penn State, but you don’t have to go there.”Ultimately, I did attend Pennsylvania State University, where I earned a PhD in English and African American and African Diaspora Studies. During my first semester, I met Dr. Keith Gilyard, who would become my doctoral advisor and mentor. On the first day of his Ethnic Rhetorics seminar, Dr. Gilyard asked students to introduce themselves. After I said my name and delivered the usual introductory monologue, Dr. Gilyard looked intently at me and responded playfully, “Yeah, someone told me about you already.”In the final analysis, I don’t think it is hyperbolic to posit that reading Keepin’ It Hushed created a domino effect that is the reason I became a rhetorician. If I had not read the book my junior year, I would not have applied to the Lindon Barrett Scholars Mentoring Program. I would not have met Dr. Nunley, and I would not have received his encouragement to pursue my doctoral training in the field of rhetoric-composition. I am eternally grateful that all these events, enabled by the power of Black mentorship, have passed.

A Note from the Editor

A Note from the Editor John Fletcher The past few years have taught me a humbling lesson: hold plans loosely. This issue began life as a special topics volume around the theme of "Attendance." The present collection of articles is not that special issue. We received several lovely submissions to our call, some of which appear here, but nothing like the flood of submissions we have gotten for past special issues. At the same time, several other essays reached the end of their long trip through the normal editing-revision pipeline. Rather than push these off until the next issue and produce an anemic special topics volume, we have chosen to make this a regular edition of the journal. Happily, though, we have a great issue here, with five stimulating articles to inspire productive discomfort, innovative reforms, and even delight. We could use a little delight right now. As I write this (March 2022), two news items dominate the headlines. The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine looms over everything, producing daily stories of violence, loss, and resilience. The ramifications of Russia's aggression (and NATO's possible responses) weight this already awful situation with apocalyptic baggage. Pessimistic as I am, I did not expect "World War III" and "nuclear devastation" to rejoin my active list of things to worry about. Whatever the outcome of this conflict, the larger international realignments at work promise a long, grim season of tension and anxiety. The second set of headlines sound a blaring alarm about global warming, with temperatures in the Antarctic shooting up to a shocking 70 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) above normal. We are hitting worst-case scenario benchmarks for catastrophic climate change even as the most powerful nations seem less likely than ever to work together for solutions. Of course, the other emergencies of the 2020s remain with us. COVID-19 continues to toss out new variants, seeding further spikes in a world increasingly resigned to semi-permanent pandemic. Authoritarian and anti-democratic tendencies continue to rise, lining up behind Putin's imperial aspirations. Racism, sexism, and transphobia continue to infect cultural and political systems. And while not everyone faces the same level of material threat, just about everyone seems bone-weary and spent. We begin this issue, then, with a dash of joy. Beth Osnes and Sarah Fahmy offer an ongoing consciousness-raising performance in "Keeping the Fun in Staying with the Trouble: Green Suits and Environmental Activist Pleasure." As the cover photo illustrates, Green Suits consists of someone donning an all-green bodysuit decked with a leafy sash. They do something—an action, a dance, a pose—in public, provoking questions and conversations in passersby and in those who see photos of the performance afterwards. The authors caution that Green Suits operates as micro-activism; it complements but cannot replace large-scale, systemic interventions to mitigate or reverse climate change. Yet such big shifts (governments incentivizing clean energy, for example, or corporations divesting from fossil fuels and plastics) often seem too large or too remote for individuals to connect to, just as global warming itself can seem like too hopeless a problem to address. Against such doom-and-gloom paralysis, Green Suits offers a set of accessible handholds to help people get a grasp on fighting climate change. I especially admire how Osnes and Fahmy recognize and grapple with the potential critiques of their work: Aren't the suits made from fossil fuels? What real difference are these performances making? Whose pleasure gets recognized here? Rejecting both the temptation to ignore such criticisms and the allure of stalling out because everything is so problematic, the authors "stay with the trouble" (Donna Haraway's phrase) to frame moments of joy as defiant and meaningful. [End Page vii] Although written before the Ukrainian refugee crisis emerged, Chen Alon and Sonja Kuftinec's "Dramatizing Displacement in Israel" provides a timely reminder of how people fleeing political violence often find themselves at the mercy of cultural and political narratives. Are they refugees or infiltrators? Should nations welcome them or turn them away? While the world rightfully attends to the plight of Ukrainians struggling to escape their besieged country, activists elsewhere note that...

Editors' Introduction

Editors' Introduction

THE SERTÃO WILL TURN INTO SEA: POSSIBILITIES PROVIDED BY IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN THE SERGIPE SEMI-ARID

Water is very vital to all living beings, whether on a small or large scale, all species need and use it. In places where there is a shortage of water, the population, animals and the economy are compromised. Since the territorial formation of Sergipe, the coast was the first place of interest for the colonizers, and the hinterland was occupied much later with the interiorization. The low rainfall made this climatic zone a hostile place, in which the economic base was only focused on cattle production. However, the evolution of the forms of space appropriation, led man to develop forms of irrigation, such as the one that occurs in the Alto Sertão Sergipano. This practice conditioned the idea that “the sertão will turn into sea”, popularized in the song Sobradinho (1999) by Trio Nordestino, because what was utopia becomes reality. Therefore, the present work analyzes the agricultural expansion in the Alto Sertão Sergipano, in face of the existing soil and climate conditions, considering its historical landmarks and socioeconomic potential. To develop this work, an empirical analysis was considered with a quali-quantitative and critical bias of the facts, based on literature worked in subjects such as Geography of Sergipe and Special Topics in Geography Teaching, with a focus on hydrogeography. These constraints helped to visualize the region as a real potential in agricultural production, through irrigation processes by water coming from the São Francisco River or tributaries

Applications of Neural Networks in Biomedical Data Analysis.

Neural networks for deep-learning applications, also called artificial neural networks, are important tools in science and industry. While their widespread use was limited because of inadequate hardware in the past, their popularity increased dramatically starting in the early 2000s when it became possible to train increasingly large and complex networks. Today, deep learning is widely used in biomedicine from image analysis to diagnostics. This also includes special topics, such as forensics. In this review, we discuss the latest networks and how they work, with a focus on the analysis of biomedical data, particularly biomarkers in bioimage data. We provide a summary on numerous technical aspects, such as activation functions and frameworks. We also present a data analysis of publications about neural networks to provide a quantitative insight into the use of network types and the number of journals per year to determine the usage in different scientific fields.

Review of the statement of purpose (SP) genre: A shared-understanding of rhetorical appeals in technical communication SPs

This study examines twenty-four statements of purpose (SPs) submitted to a master's program in technical communication at a US university. Primarily, this paper analyzes how the SPs performed rhetorical social action by using the rhetorical appeals (pisteis). To understand the SP writers' arguments, a textual analysis of their SPs was conducted by using the Aristotelian framework of pisteis: logos, pathos, and ethos. Subcodes—or special topics of invention— were further developed under each pistis. The results show that ethos was predominant in the SP corpus, and that each SP included arguments from at least four special topics. The heavy reliance on ethos suggests the writers' tacit assumption about the SP genre: if credibility is not established prominently, then rational and emotional appeals will not be effective. The qualitative nature of this study prevented generalization to the overall SP genre, but the twenty-six special topics that the writers used to construct their arguments can serve as an invention heuristic. The findings will help prospective master's students to use the rhetorical appeals effectively in their SPs, and educators in composition, technical communication, EAP, and ESP programs to discuss this academic genre with their undergraduate students.

Strategy Analysis of Wireless Internet of Things Technology in College English Teaching

The results of the enormous use of physical network security know-how in a wide range of fields are already visible in traffic, healthcare, logistics, and other important areas. According to the data obtained from the questionnaire, 56.16% of the students believe that the current teaching progress is relatively fast, while the students themselves are poor in learning, and they hope that teachers will adopt differentiated teaching. Through the Internet of Things technology, teaching methods, teaching resources, high-quality teachers, and other related resources are integrated to form an open teaching environment. It focuses on bringing together in one place via object network of things information about special topics such as international teachers, current methods of living and popular ways of knowing foreign cultures, and lessons taught in particular institutions, which is conducive to cultivating students’ autonomous learning ability and learning thinking. Through RFID technology, it is transmitted to data information, processing system, or physical environment to realize the interconnection and interoperability of the Internet of Things era. No matter where, when, or what objects can communicate smoothly, teaching can be worry-free.

Social Media as a Transformative Agent of Political Behavior Among Political Science Students in a Component City

The political future of the Philippines depends on young people getting involved. This study investigated the use of social media as a transformative agent in changing the political behavior of political science students in a component city. This study was done in the City of San Fernando, La Union. Marshall McLuhan's Media Ecology Theory and Herbert Blumer's Uses and Gratification Theory was used as the theoretical bases. Both descriptive-correlational and quantitative methods were employed in this study. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The researchers included 350 political science students. The results showed that the respondents were frequently exposed to political and election-related information on social media. Also, social media was regarded as relevant in changing respondents’ political participation. However, this information was only appropriate for a limited range and was not strong enough to change their political behavior. The findings suggest that social media is still significant to students' political lives. The findings revealed no critical link between the level of exposure to political and election-related content and its relevance in changing political behavior among respondents, with a p-value of 0.574 (Negligible Positive Relationship). A validated curriculum review and recommendation for special topics for Bachelor of Arts in Political Science is recommended to help improve the identified weaknesses.

Editorial Policy

Editorial Policy

Moving the Needle on Faculty Diversity in Times of Crisis

The Department ChairVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 21-23 Special Topics: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Moving the Needle on Faculty Diversity in Times of Crisis Brian Norman, Brian NormanSearch for more papers by this author Brian Norman, Brian NormanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/dch.30463Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue1Summer 2022Pages 21-23 RelatedInformation

Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives by Contextualizing Institution‐Wide Metrics

The Department ChairVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 26-27 Special Topics: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives by Contextualizing Institution-Wide Metrics Maria C. Garriga, Maria C. GarrigaSearch for more papers by this author Maria C. Garriga, Maria C. GarrigaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/dch.30465Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue1Summer 2022Pages 26-27 RelatedInformation

Guest Editorial Special Topic on Oxide Electronics for Beyond CMOS Logic and Memory

As is well known, the traditional electronics as well as exploratory logic and memory devices have relied on mono- or bi-elemental semiconductors for many decades. Oxides served an indispensable, but still secondary role of capacitor dielectrics, insulation, tunneling barriers, and so on. The functionality of oxides putting them at the center stage of computing (such as conduction, ferroelectricity, magnetic/spin, piezoelectric, ion drift, metal–insulator transitions, etc.) was researched from the material science side throughout this time. However, the work on realistic computing devices based on these properties really took off in the past decade. Oxides allow for a wider variety of phenomena which can be utilized (multiferroic materials, spin waves, to name a few). They require more sophisticated theoretical treatment (such as indirect exchange, Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, and topological materials) than traditional semi-conductors. In some cases, the single crystal state and close to atomically flat interfaces require novel fabrication methods. All these provide exciting opportunities to advance computing.

THE EXTENT OF ATTAINMENT OF INCLUSIVE KINDERGARTEN PROGRAM OBJECTIVES IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

An evaluation on how inclusive kindergarten schools implemented the inclusion of early learners with disabilities was the objective of this study. Specifically, it evaluated the extent of attainment of the inclusive kindergarten program toward achieving specific goals to expand inclusive education in terms of: Child Find, Assessment, Program Options, Curriculum Modification, and Parental Involvement. This research work employed the descriptive evaluative Results showed that the attainment of the inclusive kindergarten program objectives consistently yielded a high level of implementation with approximately 61%-80% target indicators implemented in Davao City Schools Division. Hence, the study concluded that inclusive education in Davao City Schools Division is highly implemented. It is recommended that intensive trainings and seminars on special education-related topics for both regular and Special Education teachers be designed; intensify support to kindergarten teachers in terms of professional and financial needs to help them perform their best; and child find should be conducted not only by Special Education teachers but by the regular teachers as well.

Pain Management in Special Situations and Special Topics

Pain Management in Special Situations and Special Topics

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures