Jargon Research Articles

Standardization Gaps in European Disaster Management

Abstract The management of large-scale disasters, caused for example by natural hazards, industrial accidents or terror attacks, requires collaboration of different types of organizations. The organizations can use different equipment and tools, follow different strategies and procedures, or have different understandings of relevant terms. These differences, increasingly complex when it comes to international cooperation, can cause severe lack of interoperability that can result in vital time delays. An approach to increase interoperability in European disaster management is to standardize solutions, such as technical tools, procedures or terminology. However, standardization is not always trivial, in some cases it is impossible, in others there are challenges to overcome. In context of an EU initiative to facilitate and push standardization across all fields of European disaster management, an initial step was to gather standardization gaps in a comprehensive manner. Standardization gaps are the result of comparing end-users’ standardization needs with existing standards. Selected results of the gap analysis are presented in this article, and put into context of the general structure of disaster management standardization. Related challenges such as the proper involvement of all relevant stakeholders, and specific characteristics of the disaster management domain are addressed, and suggestions for a way forward are provided.

Anatomical Description of the Spring Ligament Articular Facet.

The spring ligament fibrocartilaginous complex (SLFC), which is essential for stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch, features a little-explored fibrocartilaginous facet within its superomedial aspect, articulating with the talar head. This research aimed to provide a detailed anatomical description of this facet, designated as the spring ligament articular facet (SLAF). Nine normally aligned cadaveric lower limbs were dissected, approaching the SLFC from a superior direction. Following talus disarticulation, high-resolution images of the ligament complex were captured and analyzed. ImageJ software was used to determine the areas and dimensions of the superomedial calcaneonavicular (SMCN) spring and SLAF. The fibrocartilage facet exhibited a trapezoid shape in all specimens. The mean area for SMCN spring was 280.39 mm², and for SLAF, it was 200 mm². The proximal-to-distal length for SLAF averaged 11.78 mm at its longest and 5.34 mm at its shortest. Attachment of the SLAF to the calcaneum and the navicular showed robust fibrous structures, with average measurements of 3.75 and 1.75 mm at the medial and lateral calcaneal margins, and 2.75 and 2.98 mm at the medial and lateral navicular margins, respectively. This study clearly delineated the individual structural components of the SLFC articulating with the talar head and detailed its dimensions, emphasizing the need for more specific anatomical terminology that respects the intricate anatomy of the SLFC. Level III, descriptive study.

Variability of teaching foreign language aerospace terminology to future engineers

Introduction. The accelerated development of knowledge-intensive industries in the aerospace industries requires an influx of highly professional engineers capable of international professional communication. However, mastering highly specialized terminology in a foreign language when teaching students at an aerospace higher education institution remains a weak link in the chain today. The purpose of the study is the scientific substantiation, development and implementation of educational and methodological material for teaching a foreign language to future aerospace engineers based on variable approaches. Materials and methods. The study involved 87 first-year students of the technical departments of the Moscow Aviation Institute (the Russian Federation). Methods of source analysis, sequential experiment, student selfassessment, repeated questioning, comparative analysis, statistical methods (Fisher criterion) were used. Results. A set of exercises has been developed and tested to enhance mastery of a foreign language engineering and environmental vocabulary of aerospace specialties. It was found that the basic request of students is to master highly specialized terminology as a tool for increasing competitiveness (92%) with recognition of the effectiveness of a variable approach to studying the vocabulary of a specialty (97%). The maximum level of assessment of the need to study highly specialized vocabulary for research work (100%) and increased interest in the study of environmental issues based on mastering foreign language terminology (92%) were identified. The highest average value was obtained in students' assessment of the importance of using authentic texts of engineering and environmental orientation (52%), as well as in the growth of interest in participating in scientific conferences on aerospace issues in a foreign language (48%). However, the level of development of listening skills in terms of understanding highly specialized terms when watching video materials remains low (46%). The problem of low motivation of students to independently study specialty materials in a foreign language also requires a solution (62%). Despite the proposed variable approaches, only 57% of respondents are ready to diversify traditional individual forms of learning by working in pairs, mini-groups, and only 64% agree to study in the form of panel discussions and business games. The results of statistical processing of the results based on the Fisher angle coefficient showed the feasibility of using a set of exercises to increase students’ involvement in studying international news (φ*emp = 5.415; p < 0.01), to motivate students to analyze foreign language materials on engineering and environmental issues in addition to basic textbook (φ*emp = 7.413; p < 0.01). Conclusion. The proposed educational and methodological materials for variable teaching of aerospace engineering and environmental vocabulary make it possible to increase the effectiveness of the formation of communication skills in professional international communication in terms of young people’s understanding of the harm from the impact of aerospace on the environment and possible ways to reduce risks.

Language Learning for Specific Purposes in Higher Education – Experiences and Trends

In today‘s “global village”, any kind of information spreads faster than ever before and reaches every corner of the world. Scientific information is no exception in this regard. Therefore, the need to learn a foreign language for specific purposes to serve as a means of scientific communication and production is more than obvious. The development of research in the field of science and technology illustrates the progress in the 21st century and the fundamental change in the language of this field. It is a major factor for drawing the attention of learners to specific terminology and for acquiring communication skills that are required by young professionals internationally.

I. Die Herzmetaphorik im babylonischen Vertragsrecht – Ina ḫūd libbišu und der freie Wille beim Kaufvertrag

Summary Metaphor theories can provide new methodological means for the analysis of Akkadian cuneiform legal documents, especially with regard to the interpretation of terms and legal concepts in Babylonian contracts. In this article we examine the metaphorical phrase of ina ḫūd libbišu (from/in the joy of his heart), which becomes a terminus technicus in the Neo-Babylonian contracts and show that it did not only supersede the traditional waiver of action clauses but also introduced a real voluntative element, by which a seller consented to the transfer of ownership.

Tables and families. Value, emotions and aesthetics of conviviality in two culinary manuscripts of the Mexican elites of the 19th century

ABSTRACT The attributes and cultural meanings of the table as a place for coexistence around food are sources of relevance for the study of the history and daily life of families from the past. The aim of this article is to analyze the social value given by families to the shared act of consuming food at elite 19th-century Mexican tables. This is done through the documentary study of two early and unpublished family culinary manuscripts, handwritten cookbooks created and in use in the period around the declaration of independence of Mexico in 1821. The identification of technical language and words that express affection in recipes, as well as table-mounting related sections in these manuscripts, allows for the assessment of females’ practice or male’s intention of transmitting culinary knowledge orally and in writing. The importance of seasoning as a cultural identity trait is also evident, as well as the weight given by families to affection and aesthetics when transforming, serving, and sharing food in both intimate and public tables. The capacity of Mexican consumption spaces and their associated practices to communicate, maintain or increase prestige is observed as well. These results could be comparable with other environments and historical contexts with similar characteristics and deserve further study.

Evaluating Zero-Shot Chatgpt Performance on Predicting CVE Data From Vulnerability Descriptions

Vulnerability management is a critical industry activity driven by compliance and regulations aiming to allocate best-fitted resources to address vulnerabilities efficiently. The increasing number of vulnerabilities reported and discovered by a diverse community results in varying quality of the reports and differing perspectives. To tackle this, machine learning (ML) has shown promise in automating vulnerability assessments. While some existing ML approaches have demonstrated feasibility, there is room for improvement. Additionally, gaps remain in the literature to understand how the specific terminology used in vulnerability databases and reports influences ML interpretation. Large Language Model (LLM) systems, such as ChatGPT, are praised for their versatility and high applicability to any domain. However, how well or poorly a state-of-the-art LLM system performs on existing vulnerability datasets at a large scale and across different scoring metrics needs to be clarified or well-researched. This paper aims to close several such gaps and present a more precise and comprehensive picture of how ChatGPT performs on predicting vulnerability metrics based on NVD's CVE vulnerability database. We analyze the responses from ChatGPT on a set of 113,228 (~50% out of all NVD vulnerabilities) CVE vulnerability descriptions and measure its performance against NVD-CVE as ground truth. We measure and analyze the predictions for several vulnerabilities in metadata and calculate performance statistics.

Проблема формирования стиля специального языка (на материале английского языка радиообмена в авиации)

The aim of the study is to demonstrate that the presence of an independent functional style of Aviation English indicates the existence of prerequisites for the formation of functional styles inherent in other professional languages, taking into account the peculiarities of their architectonics and the conditions in which they are used. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that until now, the specific characteristics of the functional style of a professional language that make it an independent linguistic phenomenon have not been defined. The paper is the first to formulate the mandatory requirements for the architectonics of a professional language as a combination of its lexical, grammatical and phonetic systems used for communication by specialists in various fields and for the characteristic features of speech situations in a domain of professional activity. As a result, it is proven that only a fully formed architectonics of a particular professional language, allowing it to be used effectively in typical speech situations, makes it possible to determine whether this professional language has a full-fledged independent functional style.

Корпусная интерпретация англоязычного экологического дискурса: лингвистические закономерности и функциональные особенности

English-language environmental speech has its own linguistic features. Ecological discourse is a relevant, self-sufficient, and highly identical communication continuum. This article introduces a corpus analysis of the English-language environmental discourse with its linguistic patterns and functional interpretation. The texts were considered not as static linguistic objects, but as a system of functional features in speech. The English-language research material was authentic and featured various environmental issues. Corpus analysis is a popular and reliable tool for big linguistic data while the corpus-discursive methodology proved to be an effective interdisciplinary tool. It was applied to the EuroNews Green Corpus, aggregated from 506 English-language texts on environmental issues. This innovative type of corpus can be qualified as instrumentally independent. The research proved the effectiveness of universal case managers or case shells of open architecture, e.g., Sketch Engine. Not only did it manage to collect the data, but also performed quite a complex structure analysis, interpreting, and discourse modeling. Corpus linguistics is looking for qualitatively new opportunities to identify complex linguistic relations. The case study provided a comprehensive description of environmental discourse as an object of linguistic research. Based on statistic details, the authors analyzed the categories of tokens, keywords, and terms to structure them as lemmas, collocations, and n-grams, which were presented as metadata. The metadata modeling provided concordances, thesauruses, and frequency glossaries. Environmental discourse had a pronounced lexical and semantic uniqueness resulting from specific ecological terminology. However, the multidimensional corpus analysis revealed an extremely low frequency of the key concept of ecology. Thus, this corpus study of the English-language ecological discourse demonstrated a good potential for further linguistic research.

Re-positionings and reductions: A case of curriculum evolution in senior secondary music in Victoria, Australia

The impact of neoliberal and postmodern agendas on teaching and learning is explored in this paper through a systematic document analysis of the case of current and recent curricula for the Victorian Certificate of Education Study Designs for Music spanning accreditation periods 2011 to 2027. Careful reading and analysis were conducted to develop emerging themes that revealed patterns of reinvention. It was found that changing language and expectations are intended to be broadly inclusive and focused on student wellbeing. Despite this seemingly noble shift in focus driven by curriculum reform, there is an undercurrent of curriculum reduction and marginalisation that glosses over musically specific terminology, difficult knowledge, understanding and practice. The situation in Victoria, Australia is not unique, but a careful analysis and consideration of this serious issue will reassure school music educators that they are experiencing considerable challenge driven by neoliberal and postmodern agendas. This paper is intended to offer insight and possibly raise caution to those in positions of authority and influence concerning curriculum design and expectations about senior music education.

Exploring China's "The Belt and Road" Sports Foreign Aid Initiatives

This study conducted interviews with coaches from Hunan Institute of Science and Technology who participated in the foreign aid management of the " Belt and Road " sports foreign aid project and athletes from aided countries, discussed the opportunities and challenges faced by foreign sports aid, and evaluated the experiences of foreign athletes from foreign aid in sports foreign aid. The results showed that Hunan Institute of Science Technology provided technical assistance to recipient countries and provided high-quality training facilities and systematic training plans to enhance the competitive ability of athletes in recipient countries. In terms of management mechanism, the university has established a team leader responsibility system and multi-department coordination and management to ensure the smooth progress of the project. Regarding the training plan, coaches formulate scientific and systematic plans in strict accordance with the characteristics of the project and the athlete's skill level to ensure the steady improvement of athletes' training performance. In terms of cultural exchanges, the university actively participates in international cooperation to promote national sports. However, the translator team faced the challenge of language and cultural differences and needs to strengthen foreign language communication and professional translation skills. Coaches had solid basic theoretical knowledge and professional technical level, but language, culture and other factors may cause communication and understanding barriers. The university provided comprehensive logistical support, but needed to adapt to the needs of different cultural backgrounds. Future research directions mainly focus on the following aspects, explore more diverse athletes and coaches, consider the responses of underage athletes, use focus groups to conduct research, pay attention to the sustainable development of projects, strengthen technological innovation, and strengthen cultural exchanges to promote the development of sports foreign aid projects.

Rethinking Curriculum through Trainees' Eyes: Investigating Perceptions of Technical and Vocational Trainees' English Proficiency

This study investigates English language proficiency and difficulties among trainees at Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Technical and Vocational Training Institute (TVTI). As English proficiency becomes increasingly vital for career success, particularly in technical fields like garment and apparel fashion, understanding the specific language needs within the Ethiopian TVET context is crucial. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were gathered from 108 trainees through questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 25, and qualitative data with NVivo. Results indicated that writing is perceived as the most challenging skill, with variability in responses influenced by individual factors. Note-taking, technical reports, and understanding instructions were also rated as difficult. These findings align with previous research, emphasizing the impact of cultural and confidence factors on language perceptions. The study underscores the importance of contextualized skill development to meet the technical terminology demands in this context.

CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL MARITIME EDUCATION (NAVIGATING ENGLISH USAGE)

This qualitative study investigates cultural and linguistic challenges faced by 45 junior cadets in global maritime education, focusing on English usage. Through interviews and focus group discussions, diverse English proficiency levels were identified among participants, highlighting the need for tailored language training programs. Communication challenges, particularly in understanding technical terminology and navigating cultural differences, emphasize the importance of targeted language instruction and cross-cultural training initiatives. Aligning with the International Maritime Organization's Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW), the study emphasizes the significance of linguistic competence and cultural awareness in ensuring safety and efficiency within maritime crews. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating language training initiatives into maritime education curriculum and fostering a culture of inclusivity and professionalism within the maritime industry.

How the readability of manuscript before journal submission advantages peer review process: Evidence from biomedical scientific publications

The practice of uploading preprints of scientific manuscripts prior to journal submission has become increasingly popular. As such, it is essential to understand the impact of the preprint version of a manuscript on the peer review process to facilitate the development of open peer review practices. In the current research, we analyze a dataset comprising 1,078 biomedical papers published in Nature Communications and eLife in 2019, along with their manuscript information posted on preprint servers and their peer review histories. Our investigation focuses on the relationship between the readability of manuscript before journal submission, as represented by preprints, and the sentimental features expressed by reviewers. Based on empirical analysis utilizing a linear regression model, it has been found that reviewers are inclined to express positive sentiments towards preprints characterized by technical language, as indicated by low value on the readability indices. Additional subgroup analysis suggests that this positive effect is more pronounced in papers with lower social and scientific impact, as indicated by online attention scores and scholarly views after publication, respectively. Overall, results of our analysis reveals that the utilization of technical language characterized by lower readability level in academic papers does not seem to hinder the peer review process in biomedical science, which has significant implications for the open peer review practice.

Infiltrating Functional English for Technical Students with the Concomitant of Project Transcripts: A Paradigm in Education

A powerful communication strategy plays a key role in professional settings, all the while demonstrating its ability to garner admiration and respect. Over time, Language is an ever-evolving system from a usage standpoint. Despite several existing methods, the quality of knowledge of technical communication remains a persistent challenge for non-native speakers at the instructional level. This paper explores how engineering students can acquire an understanding of and practice functional technical English by preparing micro and macro projects. This study examined 200 student projects, each comprising 20 pages and approximately 300 lines. These projects serve for statistical analysis and are evaluated based on specific five test areas, such as usage of tense, change of voice, concord, vocabulary, and connectors. The two groups (EG & CG) were offered pretest and post-test. The result of the analysis is interpreted with the help of line graphs that assess the comparability of the two groups. Remedial measures with sequence flow charts were suggested to the participants that served the purpose of mending their deficient areas, which, if believed, would enhance their career progression. This method would assist tertiary-level students in breaking language barriers, enabling them to express their ideas in writing and speaking more effectively using technical language, especially in the ordinary usage of technical means to explain complex technical principles. A language is language, when reflected in the correct sense with the ability to use it functionally rather than learning it for years.

A tool to assist rheumatologists to engage their lupus patients: the Purple Butterfly.

Translating the highly technical medical jargon of SLE into understandable concepts for patients, their families and individuals without expertise in SLE is a serious challenge. To facilitate communication and enable self-management in SLE, we aimed to create an innovative visual tool, the Purple Butterfly. We selected clinically representative criteria for SLE and transposed them as graphical features in an attractive and meaningful visual. We developed a script in R programming language that automatically transposes clinical data into this visualization. We asked SLE patients from a local cohort about the relevance, usefulness and acceptability of this visual tool in an online pilot survey. The innovative Purple Butterfly features 11 key clinical criteria: age; sex; organ damage; disease activity; comorbidities; use of antimalarials, prednisone, immunosuppressants and biologics; and patient-reported physical and mental health-related quality of life. Each Purple Butterfly provides the health portrait of one SLE patient at one medical visit, and the automatic compilation of the butterflies can illustrate a patient's clinical journey over time. All survey participants agreed that they would like to use the Purple Butterfly to visualize the course of their SLE over time, and 9 of 10 agreed it should be used during their medical consultations. The Purple Butterfly nurtures effective doctor-patient communication by providing concise visual summaries of lupus patients' health conditions. We believe the Purple Butterfly has the potential to empower patients to take charge of their condition, enhance healthcare coordination and raise awareness about SLE.

EMPOWERING LITERACY IN MARITIME EDUCATION: STRATEGIES AND PROFESSIONALISM ALIGNMENT

This research investigates language instruction strategies and professionalism alignment within maritime education, focusing on 45 junior cadets. Through qualitative analysis, findings reveal varying language proficiency levels among cadets, with a predominant need for technical terminology mastery and communicative competence. Additionally, cadets emphasize the importance of practical learning experiences, such as shipboard training, and the integration of cross-cultural competence training. The research highlights the alignment between language instruction practices and international standards, notably the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) convention. Moreover, professionalism attributes, including safety awareness, ethical conduct, and leadership skills, are identified as integral components of maritime education. Recommendations include the integration of specialized language resources, continuous evaluation of instructional practices, and the promotion of ethical leadership. By addressing language instruction needs and professionalism requirements, maritime education institutions can enhance cadets' readiness for successful careers in the maritime industry.

Правовая культура как учебная дисциплина

The relevance of the article lies in the need to improve the legal culture in each individual area of training for undergraduate students. It is assumed that the study of legal culture helps to increase the level of legal consciousness of the future specialist, enriches his vocabulary with special terminology, makes his language as a student and graduate more understandable for a professional lawyer in any field, and gives him confidence and education as an individual. Knowledge in the academic discipline «Legal culture» is acquired by students for life and will help him even in everyday situations: when contacting banking organizations, interaction with state and municipal bodies and institutions. The development of the legal culture of an individual contributes to the strengthening of the entire society, leads to an understanding of the essence of the situation from the inside and teaches non-standard constructive reactions to behavior within the legal field.

The Rule of Law: A Slogan in Search of a Concept

Regularly invoked but rarely defined, ‘the rule of law’ has over the last few decades been converted from a legal term of art into one of the most ambiguous slogans of contemporary public policy. Political scientists claim it as a crucial test of a regime’s legitimacy. Economists maintain that it provides an essential foundation of a flourishing market economy. Philosophers suggest it captures the essence of the state as a moral association. Historians acknowledge that, even if they might distrust such an abstract notion, the imposition of effective inhibitions on power is an ‘unqualified human good’. And lawyers, of course, have treated it as the foundation of their discipline ever since the mid-thirteenth century when Bracton asserted that ‘there is no rex where will rules rather than lex’. Those who extend its usage beyond the confines of professional legal discourse commonly give it a positive valence. But the rule of law also has its detractors. These critics assert that it promotes purely formal, individualistic values at the expense of substantive justice, or that it is a smokescreen preventing us from seeing the impact of recent global developments that signal the rule of lawyers. Some anthropologists even denounce it as an imperial ideology that legitimates European conquest and the plunder of the rest of the world. But given the fact that almost every state in the world now claims to act in compliance with the rule of law, these critics seem to have done little to dent its appeal. Yet, the sheer range of views and perspectives that now exist about the meaning, purpose, and value of the rule of law considerably complicates any inquiry into its current standing. In this paper, I will try to bring some clarity to the issue by providing a sketch of the main varieties of ways in which the term is being invoked. The paper comprises five sections, which each address a specific aspect of the term’s usage: (1) its coinage in English law, (2) the adoption of a superficially similar terminology in the German concept of the Rechtsstaat, (3) the jurisprudential innovations that complicate its meaning, and finally its most recent invocation (4) first in development work and (5) secondly in constitutional rejuvenation.

Explanation, semantics, and ontology

The terms ‘semantics’ and ‘ontology’ are increasingly appearing together with ‘explanation’, not only in the scientific literature, but also in everyday social interactions, in particular, within organizations. Ontologies have been shown to play a key role in supporting the semantic interoperability of data and knowledge representation structures used by information systems. With the proliferation of applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in different settings and the increasing need to guarantee their explainability (but also their interoperability) in critical contexts, the term ‘explanation’ has also become part of the scientific and technical jargon of modern information systems engineering. However, all of these terms are also significantly overloaded. In this paper, we address several interpretations of these notions, with an emphasis on their strong connection. Specifically, we discuss a notion of explanation termed ontological unpacking, which aims at explaining symbolic domain descriptions (e.g., conceptual models, knowledge graphs, logical specifications) by revealing their ontological commitment in terms of their so-called truthmakers, i.e., the entities in one’s ontology that are responsible for the truth of a description. To illustrate this methodology, we employ an ontological theory of relations to explain a symbolic model encoded in the de facto standard modeling language UML. We also discuss the essential role played by ontology-driven conceptual models (resulting from this form of explanation processes) in supporting semantic interoperability tasks. Furthermore, we revisit a proposal for quality criteria for explanations from philosophy of science to assess our approach. Finally, we discuss the relation between ontological unpacking and other forms of explanation in philosophy and science, as well as in the subarea of Artificial Intelligence known as Explainable AI (XAI).