Special Symbols Research Articles

English -sion, -tion nouns

This study presents a partial analysis of nouns ending in orthographic -sion, -tion (or -ion) and morphophonemic variations between these nouns and related stems. It deals with an area traditionally called derivation.The frame of reference is that of Trager and Smith, Outline of English Structure, supplemented by subsequent revisions and additions to the general theory developed by the authors in their teaching. For the purposes of this study the morphemic analysis will be limited to “postmorphemes,” i.e., morphemes occurring at the end of the word. Everything which precedes the postmorpheme(s) will be called the “stem” and will not be further segmented. The “stem” may occur elsewhere as an independent word (mutation: mutate) or in composition with different postmorpheme(s) (ambition: ambitious). The following special symbols will be used: √ … “morphemes”; √ … “allomorphs”; √ …/ “morphophonemes”; ∽ “varies with.” In three cases (Y, T, S) a small capital letter is used as a morphophonemic symbol; these are denned below.

On Computer Transcription of Manual Morse

A radio telegrapher can, by operating a key, turn a transmitter on or off for any desired period. International radio-telegraph (Morse) code is predicated on controlling these parameters of key pos...

The scientific typewriter

Mr. Hill's letter in the November issue of the Bulletin about the choice of typewriter keyboard for scientific work outlines a perennial if not insoluble problem. The conventional typewriter has a very limited capacity for special symbols. It is unrealistic to speak collectively of mathematical or Greek symbols as if they could be as easily added to the machine as they can be written by hand.

A SIMPLE MNEMONIC LARGE‐BASE NUMBER SYSTEM FOR NOTATIONAL PURPOSES

One of the most formidable problems in developing a satisfactory universal classification is the restriction imposed by standard forms of notation. The principal classification systems, Dewey, Universal Decimal, Library of Congress, Bliss, and even Colon, have been seriously inhibited by their notations. In all except Dewey, an attempt has been made to surmount this difficulty by such devices as special arbitrary symbols, decimals necessitating a four‐line call number, Greek letters, or positional mixed notation. In none of the classifications, however, has it proved possible to add new major classes, on a par with the original ones, because of the fundamental limitations in the primary notation.

Movement Notation: Its Significance to the Folklorist

M USIC has a universal notation system, but movement, another form of communication, has had up to now no means of being recorded, although it is a sine qua non of all aspects of living. Movement is one of the least explored of all forms of communication when it comes to making a permanent record of its manifestations. A notation system suitable to record all types of actions, gestures, and motions has been sought, however, since the days of ancient Egypt. Old languages become alive again by having been preserved in tablets, scrolls, or wall inscriptions. Music of olden days can be readily played today since its notation is available in the originals. Motion, however, has been recorded only fragmentarily, mainly in pictorial material. Such material represents but an isolated part of the whole movement scheme, and the few poses depicted on a vase, a fresco, a carved stone do not tell us of the content of a dance as such, but show merely a particular dancer in a specific pose, which may not even have been the pose the other dance participants executed at the same time. Despite glowing accounts of historians, philosophers, and poets we can hardly deduce the actual steps, figure formations, and structure of a dance. Most of the notation systems used between I4551 and the present Labanotation2 stressed in principle only the recording and floortracings of movements for legs and feet; sometimes arm movements were also indicated. Several of the notation systems employed letter symbols for movement interpretation;3 others devised special symbols by which definite step combinations could be identified;4 still others used symbols resembling musical notes and signs.5 These early experimentations in movement notation generally reveal a clear

On Intervals of Ordered Sets

The present discussion stems from the following specific problem in the theory of (linearly) ordered sets: let m be any infinite cardinal; is it true that every ordered set of power m has a family of mutually disjoint intervals which is also of power m? This problem is solved, completely or partially, for all except those m > No which are strongly inaccessible.2 The solution is negative for all regular cardinals which are not strongly inaccessible, and is positive for some singular cardinals. Whether it is positive for all singular cardinals we do not know; the statement that it is (proposition Q) proves to be equivalent to a certain hypothesis from the domain of cardinal arithmetic (proposition P) which somewhat resembles, but is weaker than, the generalized hypothesis of the continuum. In particular the solution is negative for every cardinal which is a power of 2. For strongly inaccessible cardinals > No the problem remains open. These results are presented in ?2. The results in this section have been obtained jointly with Alfred Tarski and are included here with his kind permission. Some related problems, and some questions concerning the inaccessible numbers, are discussed in ?3. ?4 is devoted to a few somewhat less closely related theorems on decompositions of sets. 1. In this section we recall some definitions and notation and make a few preliminary remarks.3 The cardinal number of an arbitrary set M is denoted by M; the cardinal number of the set of all ordinals less than any fixed ordinal 4 is given the special symbol A. For every ordinal a, ;f(a) denotes the least cardinal p such that Na can be expressed as the sum of p cardinals each K,,, holds for every a. It follows that if ,, = no (for any n and d) then d < cf(a) (since (01)I n=b). In particular, as deduced by J. Konig a half-century ago, we have that 2NO K, (since cf(cw) = 0). But it is

RECOMMENDATIONS of the International Commission on Radiological Units (London, 1950).

HomeRadiologyVol. 56, No. 1 PreviousNext EditorialRecommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Units (London, 1950)Published Online:Jan 1 1951https://doi.org/10.1148/56.1.117MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In AbstractSection A. Units1. For the correlation of the dose of any ionizing radiation with its biological or related effects the International Commission on Radiological Units (I.C.R.U.) recommends that the dose be expressed in terms of the quantity of energy absorbed per unit mass (ergs per gram) of irradiated material at the place of interest.In the foregoing paragraph by “energy absorbed” is meant the energy imparted to the material by ionizing particles at the place of interest.2. Inasmuch as calorimetric methods are not usually practicable, ionization methods are generally employed. For this purpose the quantity which must be measured is the ionization produced in a gas by the same flow of corpuscular radiation as exists in the material under consideration. The energy, Em, imparted to unit mass of the material, is then essentially related to the ionization per unit mass of gas, Jm by the equation:where W is the average energy expended by the ionizing particles per ion pair formed in the gas, and 5 is the ratio of the mass stopping power of the material to that of the gas.3. Since the calculation of the dose in absolute energy units from measurements of ionization requires a knowledge of the parameters W and s as well as variables characterizing the radiation and the irradiated material, the I.C.R.U. is of the opinion that tables of the best available data should be prepared as soon as possible and held under continual revision.4. The Commission considers that the roentgen (designated by the symbol r), in view of its long established usefulness, should continue to be recognized as the unit of x- and gamma ray quantity or dose and that its definition remain unchanged.The roentgen shall be the quantity of x- or gamma-radiation such that the associated corpuscular emission per 0.001293 gram of air produces, in air, ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity of either sign. (See Appendix, Note 1.)5. It becomes increasingly difficult to measure the dose in roentgens as the quantum energy of the x-radiation approaches very high values. The unit may, however, be used for most practical purposes for quantum energies up to 3 Mev.6. The I.C.R.U. does not recognize the use of special names or symbols for quantities which are merely multiples of the fundamental unit. (This does not preclude the use of generally used prefixes such as kilo-, milli-, etc.).7. The I.C.R.U. recommends that the curie be used for the measurement of radioactive materials and that the definition be as follows:“The curie is a unit of radioactivity defined as the quantity of any radioactive nuclide in which the number of disintegrations per second is 3.700 × 1010.”Article HistoryPublished in print: Jan 1951 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByAnnex B and All references2007 | Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 37, No. 2-4The definition of the roentgen in the ?Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Units. 1953?S. N.Ardashnikov, N. S.Chetverikov1957 | The Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy, Vol. 3, No. 9Recommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 56, No. 1 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Some remarks on writing and phonetic transcription

Abstract There is a more or less generally accepted belief among students of language that writing and phonetic transcription are to be regarded as two ways of recording speech utterances. The difference between the two is supposed to consist chiefly in the fact that transcription aims at the greatest possible accuracy in recording, whereas writing does not aspire to more than a rough-and-ready reproduction of the utterances. Transcription, it is usually asserted, can do far greater justice to the actual acoustic make-up of speech utterances because it does not shrink from using special symbols, one for each sound, instead of clinging to traditional letters used in the conventional way, as is done in writing. As traditional writing very often violates the “one-symbol-per-sound” principle, it cannot help lagging hopelessly behind transcription as far as both accuracy of record and adequacy of means are concerned.

Symbols for Chromosome Numbers

IN a paper on the chromosomes of Chrysanthemum, Shimotomai1 pointed out the need for a special symbol to represent the basic number of chromosomes in genera containing polyploid species. He suggests, however, that n should be used for this purpose, and 2 being introduced as new symbols for the gametic and zygotic numbers of chromosomes respectively in a particular species. This usage has been followed by Dr. I. V. Newman in a paper2 recently issued. The need for an additional symbol for the fundamental number in a genus has been evident for some time but as n and 2n have long been in use for the haploid and diploid chromosome numbers of a species, it seems clear that they should remain unchanged, and the new symbol should be introduced for the new conception of a basic number for the genus.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English

An expanded and largely rewritten edition of Oxford's contemporary English dictionary, this book is 20% larger than the previous edition and contains 120,000 entries with 190,000 definitions. This is the thumb-indexed edition. New words include cashpoint, dosh, glasnost, jojoba, ozone-friendly and sick building syndrome. The definitions attempt to be clear and concise, with special symbols and abbreviations kept to a minimum. The treatment of sensitive and controversial vocabulary has been extensively reworked and increased, as has the scientific and technical vocabulary. Pronunciations are given in the standard International Phonetic Alphabet.

Personal Experience in Rossetti's House of Life

The sonnets of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, despite the intensity of feeling and glow of style which seem to immerse the reader in their spirit, are obscure. Often we find ourselves left with a very vague conception as to the import of the sonnet as a whole. Yet the vagueness does not result, as sometimes with Swinburne, from the haziness of meaning, or from the fine diffusion of thought or feeling through the large fecundity of images and words. Rossetti's obscurity arises often from the use of special symbols bound up with his view of life; more often from the fact that although a sonnet takes its inceptions from some specific and personal experience, the poet generalizes and allegorizes it in such a way as to imply the personal experience and still give us no clew to it. The experience is vividly present to his own imagination so that the sonnet is a commentary upon it; yet the actual object is either not present or only vaguely adumbrated. Thus a study of Rossetti's life as a background for his poetry, recreating the lost implications, should and does illuminate the poetry very vividly. Such a study in this particular case, moreover, affords a revealing instance of the way in which experience transmutes itself into lyric art. I wish, then in this paper, to bring together in concise form all the material for dating and grouping the sonnets of The House of Life and to discuss how far we are justified in giving to these sonnets an autobiographical interpretation.

Transformers: a Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Design, and Uses of Transformers, Autotransformers, and Choking Coils

THIS very complete treatise on the alternate current or static transformer will no doubt be found of considerable value in the drawing- office of practical transformer builders, and also by teachers and advanced students. Whoever uses it, however, will have to possess time and patience as well as very good eyesight to master the symbolical notation the authors have seen fit to employ, which to most ordinary readers will prove in certain respects exasperating. In dealing with simple periodic or variable quantities, such as alternating currents, electromotive forces, and fluxes, a widely used custom has been adopted of employing small letters for instantaneous values and corresponding large ones for the maximum values, and either brackets or bars over a letter to denote R.M.S. values. The authors of this book have adopted the plan of printing a little inside the capital letter to denote the instantaneous value, and a little M to denote the maximum value. These special symbols are for most eyes quite illegible without the aid of a magnifying glass, and can only be described as producing the maximum amount of eye and mind strain to read them.

On the Use of Quaternions in the Theory of Screws

1. A quaternion r = Sr + Vr denotes the sum of a scalar and a vector, the former being an essentially undirected quantity. In many cases, however, and specially in the theory of screws, we have to deal with two co-directed quantities. In the usual notation, the components of a translation, λ, which are parallel to, and perpendicular to, a rotation, μ are represented respectively by the first and second terms in the identity λ = (Sλμ−1 + Vλμ−1)μ. The axis of the corresponding screw of pitch Sλμ−1 has the direction of μ., and Vλμ−1 is the perpendicular upon it from the origin. A certain advantage in point of unity would arise from taking Sr and TVr to represent respectively the magnitudes of the translation and the rotation in a screw whose axis passes through the origin, and has the direction of Vr. When such a use is made of a quaternion, it is necessary to attach a special symbol. Thus, Mr may be taken to denote the motor Sr·UVr + TVr·UVr whose axis passes through the origin and whose pitch is Sr/TVr.

Book Reviews

THIS book covers exactly the same ground as Pinkerton's, which we noticed in NATURE, vol. xxxi. p. 148. The two have many good points in common, and we should be well satisfied to use either of them as a text-book. Mr. Lock's great advantage is preceptorial skill in arrangement and exposition. On this score he deserves much credit indeed. There are very few points on which it is possible to suggest improvement. The retention of the expression “circular measure” in all its former importance, notwithstanding the introduction and constant use of the term “radian,” is regrettable but not of much consequence: the mode, however, which he employs for indicating the word “radian,” e.g. writing π c for π radians, is most unfortunate, and we should hope altogether unacceptable. It is surprising too to find so skilled a teacher following the multitude in condescending to recognise those unnecessary nuisances, “tabular logarithmic sines,” &c. Their existence, Mr. Lock says, is due to a typographic difficulty—a statement we hesitate to give assent to; but, be their history what it may, they serve no purpose nowadays whatever, except to roughen the learner's path. Writers require to give them a foolish name and a special symbol, to alter the formulæ for solution, and to burden the learner with additional cautions,—and all for less than nothing. It seems almost malicious indeed to force on a “beginner” such gratuitous absurdities as “natural sines,” “logarithmic sines,” and “tabular logarithmic sines,” when the entities to be dealt with are simply sines and logarithms of sines. If Mr. Lock in a succeeding edition could see his way to inaugurate the necessary reform here, many teachers would be grateful to him.

Repairs and renewal of the boche-bernard suspension bridge

Repairs and renewal of the boche-bernard suspension bridge