Special State Research Articles

Approbation of the Russian Version of Transportation Scale (TS)

One of the important tasks for Russian film researchers is to find relevant psychological concepts to describe the process of interaction between the viewer and the film, as well as to form appropriate psychometric tools, which are currently absent in Russian psychology. The article presents the results of adaptation and approbation of the Transportation Scale (TS), developed by M. Green and T. Brock for measuring the transportation — a special state of the involvement and immersion in the narrative (story). A total of 1171 Russian-speaking students from 17 to 29 years old (M = 19.8; SD = 1.9; 577 men and 594 women) took part in approbation of the technique. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure, although it also revealed differences with it in the distribution of items. Confirmatory factor analysis did not empirically support the original model, while the new model showed good correspondence with the empirical data. Russian version of the Transportation Scale showed good internal consistency. Convergent validity is confirmed by the presence of significant correlations with the components of “experience in the activity” (positive correlations with pleasure and meaning, negative with void and effort), as well as direct connections with empathy and the need for cognition. For verification of criterion validity, a part of the respondents was re-interviewed using another stimulus material (film). The results present transportation as an unstable state, caused each time by a particular film, and also demonstrate the dependence of transportation on the quality of the narrative. The psychometric assessment showed that the Russian version of the Transportation Scale is a reliable and valid tool that can now be used to study transportation and its effects in a Russian sample, as well as to conduct cross-cultural research in this area.

ДЕРЖАВНА ПОЛІТИКА У СФЕРІ ПОДОЛАННЯ ГЕНДЕРНОЇ НЕРІВНОСТІ

The article examines the methodology of implementing gender policy, which is one of the main factors in achieving democracy. It is substantiated that the analysis of the world political practice and the regulatory framework of states showed that gender policy is perceived by the leadership of countries as an important direction of state activity, which is implemented with the aim of achieving a high political and legal status at the world level, striving to become a universally recognized democratic state. The national laws of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, the USA and Canada, signed international agreements and the creation of special state structures entrusted with the function of gender policy implementation were considered. It has been proven that women are still underrepresented in parliaments, governing bodies and political parties in the region, although gender issues have entered public discourse and debate. It was established that the interests of women are rarely taken into account and acted upon. It is substantiated that the populist and illiberal turn in European politics caused negative consequences for the gender agenda. Therefore, the study of political representation of women remains timely and relevant.

Деятельность незарегистрированных групп евангельских христиан-баптистов в областных центрах Западной Сибири в конце 1950-х — начале 1960-х гг. (на примере Омска)

The article examines the situation of Evangelical Christian Baptist communities in Omsk during the late 1950s and early 1960s by analyzing archival materials from the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. During this period, the Soviet government tightened legislation on cults, leading to the loss of independence for Evangelical Christian Baptist communities and placing them under special state control. Additionally, internal spiritual differences contributed to opposition among some communities and the promotion of opposition preachers. As a result, a network of consolidated communities emerged in the early 1960s. However, the widespread presence of unregistered religious communities made it difficult for state authorities to account for them, forcing them to reconsider their methods to prevent the spread of religious beliefs and reactionary ideology. The article sheds light on the state-confessional policy of the Soviet government during this period and its impact on religious communities in Omsk.

Building of an arrest houses network ensuring execution of punishment

Since the adoption of the current Criminal Code of Russian Federation, arrest as a type of criminal punishment has not been reflected in law enforcement activities due to the lack of specialized state institutions on the territory of Russian Federation - arrest houses. The authors believe that this fact narrows the variability of the means of criminal legal influence of the state in the fight against crime and does not reveal the true potential of arrest. According to preliminary calculations, the number of those sentenced to arrest in Russian Federation may be approximately 60-70 thousand people a year. To accommodate them, it is necessary to build at least 140 arrest houses in the constituent entities of Russian Federation. The construction and maintenance of these houses with a filling limit of 500 people will cost the state about 75 billion rubles, which is not economically profitable. The purpose of the work is to formulate proposals regarding the optimization of application and legislative regulation of arrest as a measure of criminal law influence. To achieve the stated goal, following tasks are formulated and sequentially solved in the work: to conduct a retrospective analysis of arrest as a type of criminal punishment; to reveal doctrinal views regarding the declared measure of state coercion, presented on the pages of specialized literature; to identify the essential differences between arrest and other punishments related to the isolation of the convict from society; to determine the financial and economic feasibility of building arrest houses on the territory of Russian Federation.

Green technologies as a factor in the sustainable development of the national economy

The author considered the prerequisites of the green technology introduction and expanded the topic of theoretical characteristics of the “green” economy. Corporate and social responsibility are the indispensable conditions for the effectiveness of international and Russian business at the current economic development stage. The author specified the need to unify and standardize non-financial reporting at the international level in order to increase the level of business responsibility for the environmental contribution. The article also highlights the special state role in implementing the green economy principles. The article reports that it is possible to fully develop and introduce innovative methods and techniques of production the environmentally efficient products only with the state support. It is once again highlighted that the uncontrolled use of natural resources should be a strictly regulated process. The author also specified that the modern situation in the geopolitical space is developing so the issues of “greening” should be paid key attention to if the country plans to take its worthy stage in the ratings of economic and social development.

О некоторых подходах к пониманию сущности конституционного права на судебную защиту

The article highlights issues related to the theoretical and legal understanding of the nature of the right to judicial protection guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The analysis of this legal category is given through the prism of material-legal theory using the method of historicism. The problematic issues concerning the understanding of the essence of the institution of the right to judicial protection of its origins are considered. A parallel is drawn between the right to judicial protection, as well as the concept of a claim and the right to a claim. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the right to judicial protection from the point of view of constitutional law. This constitutional right is considered as one of the types of state protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, ensuring the guarantee of rights and freedoms through the activities of the system of courts as specialized state bodies. In addition, the circle of subjects entitled to judicial protection, as well as the rights and freedoms themselves subject to it, is analyzed. The methodological basis of the research was the modern general scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition of social phenomena and processes (dialectical, inductive, deductive, analysis, synthesis, formal legal), as well as the comparative historical method.

CURRENCY SECURITY FOR SMALL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

The work is devoted to the analysis of threats to the currency security of small businesses in Ukraine, which is a component of the financial security of Ukraine. A full-scale war in Ukraine requires a review of approaches to the formation of monetary policy in the sphere of state regulation of the financial system and the search for new effective methods of state management. The main challenges for the current financial system of Ukraine are a decline in production, an increase in the number of unemployed, a weakening of the stability of state finances, and threats to the stability of the currency. It has been proved that today the currency security of Ukraine is under the influence of a large number of internal and external threats, including the growth of the foreign debt, the outflow of funds abroad, the high degree of dollarisation of the economy, the inefficient structure of gold and foreign currency reserves, the imperfection of the currency and exchange rate policy, the presence of currency risks, the conduct of illegal currency transactions, the intervention of international financial organisations, foreign advisers and consultants in the currency policy of Ukraine. The conducted monitoring of the financial activity of a small enterprise is aimed at making certain effective management decisions providing the enterprise with currency and financial security in the modern conditions of the financial system of Ukraine as a whole. The current state of currency security of small businesses of Ukraine is analysed in terms of the need for a deeper study of it in order to solve existing problems related to its provision. As a result of the study of this problem, it is proposed to take measures to ensure the currency security of the country's small businesses and to support the long-term stability of the national monetary unit. The role of state banks in the implementation of state programmes for the support of small business should be strengthened, and for the safety of their activities a comprehensive system of state banks should be created, including highly specialised state commercial banks, state banks of a broad profile, state development banks, partner financial institutions, regional funds, insurance organisations.

Права осужденных в исправительных учреждениях: ограничения и обеспечение

The theory of criminal and penal (executive-labour) law has historically developed two main approaches to the definition of deprivation of liberty. The first one, which, conventionally speaking, can be called 'substantive', consists of attempts to exhaustively establish the entire set (legal substance) of personal law restrictions, the set of which forms the legal content of this punishment. As noted above, attempts have also failed to achieve the objective, as the enumeration of many specific restrictions has always ended with disclaimers such as "etc.". Other scholars, whose approach can be termed 'attributive', have prioritised and continue to prioritise the inherent institutional 'attribute' of a custodial sentence - a special state institution that ensures isolation under guard . The legislator's approach is contradictory. On the one hand, based on the general definition of punishment (Part 1 of Article 43 of the CC), it demonstrates a 'substantive' one. On the other hand, it is 'attributive', saying that deprivation of liberty "consists in the isolation of the convicted person from society by sending him to a settlement colony, placement in an educational colony, a medical correctional institution, a penal colony of general, strict or special regime, or a prison (Article 56 of the CC)". The situation is similar in the Penal Enforcement Code of the Russian Federation. The General Part (part 2 of Art. 10) states that "in the execution of punishments the convicted shall be guaranteed the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation with the exceptions and restrictions established by the criminal, criminal-executive legislation of the Russian Federation", which in general corresponds to part 3 of Article 55 of the Constitution. 3 Art. 55 of the Constitution and part 1 Art. 43 of the CC, but in comparison with the latter the range of legal sources of these restrictions is significantly expanded: Art. 43 speaks about the restrictions established only by "the Code," while the Penal Enforcement Code also speaks about the "criminal-executive and other legislation. In any case, within the meaning of part 1 of Article 2 of the CEC, this should be a source at the level of a federal law. In addition, part 4 of Article 10 of the CEC provides that "the rights and obligations of convicted persons shall be determined by this Code on the basis of the procedure and conditions of serving a particular type of punishment". The practice of prosecutorial supervision also does not recognize the "demands" of the prosecutor in the field of criminal execution, and prosecutors include them in acts of inspection, protests and submissions [7, p. 116]. The "demands" as forms of prosecutorial response are not reflected in the statistics of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service. According to its data, in 2021 prosecutors issued only 23615 acts (in 2020 - 22755). These included representations (71% and 69%, respectively) and protests (18.5% and 20%, respectively). As a result, the relevant provisions of Articles 33 and 34 of the Law on the Prosecutor's Office. 33 and 34 of the Law on Prosecutor's Office, unfortunately, still remain a declaration, significantly limiting the potential powers of the Prosecutor's Office in its supervisory activities in the field of ensuring human rights in places of detention and other compulsory detention facilities. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

ОСНОВНІ ВИКЛИКИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ІНДУСТРІЇ КРИПТОВАЛЮТ НА ФІНАНСОВОМУ РИНКУ

The article analyzes the rating of Ukraine according to the Global Cryptocurrency Adoption Index. It is noted that out of the TOP-20 countries in the rating, there are ten countries with below-average income, eight countries with above-average income and two countries with high income. This trend demonstrates the dominance of developing markets. The dynamics of the bitcoin and USD exchange rate are analyzed. Forecasting of the bitcoin exchange rate was carried out using the exponential smoothing method, because this method showed the smallest mean absolute error. The forecast results show the growth of the bitcoin rate. The interdependence between exchange rate of bitcoin cryptocurrency and pairs of the most influential world currencies, world prices for precious metals and securities rates on the largest stock exchanges is determined using correlation-regression analysis. The advantages of using cryptocurrencies have been identified, including high speed of transactions, reduction of the number of intermediaries and low fees. Also defined the threatening nature of the development of the crypto-industry for the economic potential of the state, taking into accountavailable withcurrent global challenges such as cyber-attacks and fraud and data theft. Real fraud schemes in the field of cryptocirculation are considered. The main challenges to the functioning of the cryptocurrency industry are analyzed, including volatility, uncertainty, risk of loss, insecurity of owners, lack of guarantees, large number of cryptocurrencies, technical risk, fraud and data theft. It is noted that without determining the clear legal status of cryptocurrencies in the country, it is impossible to resolve the legal, accounting and tax consequences of these transactions. It was determined that for the legal circulation of cryptocurrencies, the creation of a financial institution or a special state body, which should exercise control over the circulation of cryptocurrencies, must be ensured as a minimum; introduction of taxation for companies whose activities are related to the crypto industry; establishing the obligation of users to declare their income and profits from income regarding crypto-assets in the national currency, etc.

Legal principles and experience of developing regional land use and protection programs

According to the Constitution of Ukraine (Article 14), land is recognized as the main national wealth, which is under special state protection. In order to ensure the land needs of the population and the economy, its rational use and protection, state-wide, regional, local programs, land management and urban planning documentation are developed, and appropriate land surveys and surveys are conducted. The legal bases for the development of regional land use and protection programs, their structure, content, practice of drafting and implementation are analyzed. The conformity of the provisions of normative legal acts with the norms of the Constitution regarding the development and implementation of national and regional programs was studied. Ways to simplify the composition and structure of land management schemes, as well as comprehensive plans for the spatial development of the territories of territorial communities are proposed.

The Lower and upper rozprava of the Katerynoslav Vicarage: peculiarities of functioning

The purpose of the article: to characterize the work of the upper and lower rozpravy of the Katerynoslav Governorate which were special state judicial institutions of the last quarter of the 18th century and dealt with the analysis of cases of free settlers, state peasants and categories equated to them. Research methods: historical-comparative, retrospective, method of internal criticism of sources, statistical. Main results. Archival heuristics prove that preserved documentary complexes provide information for forming a general idea of the activities of individual judicial establishments in the 1780s and 1800s. Lacunae, which are not covered by archival materials, can be filled by referring to the general imperial legislative base; to the documents of other institutions that cooperated with the rozpravy. In country court only nobles were elected as assessors to hear the cases of the nobles, but nobles, officials, commoners, and finally, representatives of the villagers could also be elected as the assessors for hearing at rozpravy. A significant part of village assessors was illiterate. Execution judges were appointed from officials. One of the districts which the bureaucratic apparatus of Southern Ukraine was filled from in the specified period were employees of hundred and regiment offices of the former Hetmanship and the Slobidska Ukraine. The vast majority of cases in Katerynoslavska upper and lower district rozpravy belonged to the field of criminal law. Since minor criminal offenses were dealt with in settlements by elders, village elders, more significant offenses were included in the rozpravy. This explains the presence of a significant number of serious criminal offenses under consideration in rozpravy, for example, murder cases were in the range of 30 to 40% out of the total number. Documents of the rozpravy of the Katerynoslav governorate indicate the cases of legal battles between state peasants (often former Cossacks) for land ownership with their landlord neighbors. State judiciary was more often on the side of the landowners, but there were also examples of successful struggle of the rural community as a collective subject of law. Originality: Court cases provide an opportunity to obtain new evidence about peasant everyday life, peasants' understanding of their rights and status, behavioral strategies in new life circumstances. Type of article: research.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS CRYPTOCURRENCIES OPERATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES

The article considers cryptocurrency as a new type of intangible assets and the regulatory and legal support for its implementation. Particular attention is paid to defining the content, legal status, features of accounting, and taxation of transactions with such assets. The market capitalization and bitcoin forecast are analyzed. The interdependence between the exchange rate of bitcoin and pairs of the most influential world currencies, world prices for precious metals, and securities rates on the largest stock exchanges is determined. The most significant influencing factors on the bitcoin price are determined using correlation and regression analysis. The advantages of using cryptocurrencies have been identified, including high speed of transactions, reduction of the intermediaries number, and low fees. The threatening nature of the crypto-industry development for the economic potential of the state is also determined, taking into account available with current global challenges such as cyberattacks and fraud and data theft. Real fraud schemes in the field of crypto-circulation are considered. It is noted that without determining the clear legal status of cryptocurrencies in the country, it is impossible to resolve the legal, accounting and tax consequences of these transactions. It was determined that for the legal circulation of cryptocurrencies, the creation of a financial institution or a special state body, which should exercise control over the cryptocurrencies circulation, must be ensured as a minimum; introduction of taxation for companies whose activities are related to the crypto industry; establishing the obligation of users to declare their income and profits from crypto-assets, etc. Because of this, the functions of state authorities in regulating operations with cryptocurrencies are characterized, and the changes that will be introduced to the Tax Code of Ukraine are analyzed, regarding the taxation of transactions with cryptocurrencies, which in the future will make it possible to increase budget revenues, regulate and facilitate accounting and taxation of transactions with cryptocurrencies, use legal remedies for virtual assets, reduce possible tax evasion, etc.

The Painting of Isaac Levitan “Over Eternal Rest” and its Interpretation in Modern Poetic Texts

The article examines the painting of Isaac Levitan “Over Eternal Rest” and its interpretation in modern poetic texts. Any cultural text, whether it is painting, fiction, music, etc., functions in a single socio-cultural space against the background of important modern integration processes in the world. In this regard, the study of the mutual influence and mutual enrichment of different types of art, in particular painting and poetry, is quite relevant. The main general scientific methods of observation, description, analysis and interpretation were used in the analysis of the material. The author explores the very concept of peace in dictionaries, absolute peace as an inhuman cold in the ninth circle of hell in Dante’s “Divine Comedy”. The understanding of peace in the Christian Church is considered, namely: to enter the Heaven, to accept the kingdom there, to commune with God, to rest in the bliss there, to commune with angels, to live an immortal life. “If a man does not know what sorrow is, he will not know what peace is.” The philosophical concept of the Ukrainian philosopher of the 18th century is close to this understanding. Grigory Savvich Skovoroda: peace is the reward for all the earthly sufferings of a “true” person, peace represents eternity, the eternal home. In Levitan’s painting, judging by the image depicted on it, by the predominance of dark and cold colors, by the very plot (a church and an abandoned cemetery), eternal rest is understood by the artist not as death, but as a special state of mind: this is the macrocosm, the microcosm, and the biblical understanding of eternity. The article analyzes the world of poetic images that arise under the influence of I. Levitan’s painting.

Orthodox Church and Russian Nationalism in the Second Half of the 19th Century and Early 20th Century

The article is based on the pre-revolutionary journalism. It reveals the attitude of Orthodox church authors of the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century to a number of subjects related to the problems of the Russian nationalism. The traditionally high interest of the Russian society in general and Orthodox Christians in particular in the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church to nationalism in its various manifestations accounts for the relevance of the publication. Considering the return of the modern church journalism to the same range of problems that concerned representatives of the Orthodox clergy, theologians, missionaries and teachers of theological schools in the pre-revolutionary period, it would seem that an appeal to the historical experience of their understanding is fairly significant and essential. The article examines the ways in which church authors used to understand the nationalism, their ideas about its place in the life of an Orthodox Christian, along with its challenges and threats. It is noted that although the Orthodox Church did not have a single and consistent view of the nationalism, most church authors tried to give this phenomenon a direction that would not contradict the gospel teaching and could become a constructive and creative factor for the Russian life. At the same time, it is noted that, when discussing the nationalism, church authors of the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century often gave this concept a meaning different from that of modern scientists, politicians and journalists. Standing at the Christian viewpoint, church authors rejected the militant, “pagan”, secular kind of the nationalism that involved only the earthly prosperity of the people. They supported another kind of nationalism consisting in the right of peoples to a special spiritual path, cultural and state identity and independence.

The a criminal’s identity as an element of forensic characteristics of causing negligent serious or moderate bodily harm

The characteristic features of the criminal’s personality as an element of forensic characteristics of causing negligent serious or moderate bodily harm have been defined and revealed. The following criminologically significant features inherent in the person of the criminal have been analyzed, such as demographic data, moral qualities, psychological features; a set of psychophysical properties and qualities, motivational attitudes, emotional and rational spheres of human consciousness; social and legal data, natural and biological information about a person; socio-demographic properties, psychological qualities, biological features; social, biological, psychological and other characteristics.
 An analysis of the suspect’s moral and psychological characteristics, the presence of a certain degree of irritability and excitement, the ability to go to active aggressive, inappropriate actions has been carried out. It has been established that the criminal’s lifestyle, propensity to abuse alcoholic beverages or the use of narcotic drugs are of great importance, which can affect the psychological state of a person and his reactions to events.
 Aggressive reactions of the criminal during careless infliction of severe or moderate bodily harm have been studied, among which the following were highlighted, in particular physical aggression (assault); indirect aggression; irritability; negativism; image; suspiciousness; verbal aggression. Reckless criminals were divided into the following categories: random criminals who committed reckless crimes for the first time, acted unconsciously under the influence of a contributing or even provoking situation or a special psychophysiological state; unstable criminals, who for the first time committed careless crimes in a normal or hindering situation, violated the rules of caution knowingly; malicious careless criminals who were previously convicted of crimes, and also committed particularly malicious violations of the rules of caution with a general negative orientation of the person.
 According to the results of the conducted research, the following characteristic features of criminals who commit bodily harm due to carelessness have been identified, namely they are mainly adult men who commit the crime alone, without prior training, have secondary special and general secondary education, are unmarried, are temporarily employed in a low-paid job or not work, were not in a state of intoxication at the time of committing the crime, mainly had no previous convictions.

Non-equilibrium and nonlinear processes in robustness potential evaluation of reinforced concrete structural systems in ultimate states

The problems of non-equilibrium and nonlinear processes in the evaluation of reinforced concrete structural systems robustness potential in ultimate states are considered. The definition of concept of “robustness exposition” is given for a quantitative assessment of the robustness potential. A calculation model based on the generalization of the well-known classical relationship between the current relative deficit change rate of the reinforced concrete stress-strain state with respect to each fixed time value is proposed to describe in time non-equilibrium processes of structural materials force resistance depending on the mode and level of loading. On the basis of the linear creep theory, aging materials, an algorithm was developed to determine the measure of creep, corrosion-damaged concrete and reinforced concrete and to determine the parameter “robustness exposition” of a reinforced concrete statically indeterminate structural system, taking into account non-equilibrium and nonlinear processes of its deformation in time. An example of a single-span rigidly clamped reinforced concrete beam calculating the robustness potential from the position of a special limiting state criterion is considered.

On the development and employment of new monolite iron-concrete units in construction and turnaround of offshore oil-gas hydrotechnical facilities

The paper deals with the development and employment of a new method providing more reliable joint of metallic consolidation piles with upper constructions of offshore hydrotechnical facilities operated in the Caspian Sea. With this purpose, new monolite iron-concrete units providing more reliable joint, particularly in the points of joints of consolidation piles and supporting collars of offshore piers and pier areas (in the inner space of collar structure) considering design features of mentioned facilities are developed and applied. The employment of these monolite iron-concrete units in hydrotechnical facilities operated in the offshore conditions has a great significance in the context of the extension of their service life after the turnaround up to thirty years, the assurance of their reliability and minimization of possible risks in the operation process. Nevertheless, the paper presents the fragments of the objects of the special state significance where developed monolite iron-concrete units are applied, and the arguments on the role of these units in the assurance of durability, hardness and reliability of these facilities provided as well.

Enshrining legal coercion as a prerogative of the rule of law

Purpose of the article is to study legal coercion as one of the traditional state management methods from the standpoint of the exclusive prerogative of the state to implement it. Methodology. The research uses a natural-law approach and a number of methods aimed at a systematic and meaningful analysis of the problems of state coercion, the most important of which are generalization, dialectical, historical and integrative methods. Results: it is resoned that the following grounds are necessary for the application of coercion: 1) the legal basis presupposes the presence of legal norms that provide for the possibility of applying coercion to certain subjects in concrete cases; 2) the factual basis presupposes the occurrence of the legal event provided for in the law - the event or act which generated the legal relationship; 3) the formal basis implies the issuing by the state body of the act of application of the law ordering the application of the constraint to a specific subject. The coercion as a physical action is applied by special state bodies on the basis of a court decision or administrative act. In the absence of such acts, coercion cannot be exercised. It is emphasized that the legal coercion applied by the state must involve proportionate measures and sanctions, in such a way that, on the one hand, it creates the necessary inhibiting factors in the conscience of those who would try to break the law and, on the other hand, it strengthens the feeling of security in others, inspiring them with the conviction that the law, the state, protects them and that they should not resort to non-state, unofficial means in order to take the law into their own hands. It is absolutely essential that the application of coercion should not be used to infringe the rights and freedoms of individuals or to cause physical or mental suffering. Only in such a situation will legal coercion contribute to the formation of the ethical attitude of citizens, increasing their psychological readiness to respect the law. Originality. This is one of the first studies devoted to the issue of legal coercion as the context of its use by the state in order to exercise its power in modern political and legal realities, including taking into account the experience of state formation in the Republic of Moldova. Practical significance. The results of the study can contribute to the improvement of law enforcement and human rights protection activities, to increase the level of legal culture at the current stage of social development, primarily in countries freed from communist totalitarianism. Key words: state, law, rule of law, legality, legal act, coercion, legal coercion, normativity.

Escaping many-body localization in an exact eigenstate

Isolated quantum systems typically follow the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, but there are exceptions, such as many-body localized (MBL) systems and quantum many-body scars. Here, we present the study of a weak violation of MBL due to a special state embedded in a spectrum of MBL states. The special state is not MBL since it displays logarithmic scaling of the entanglement entropy and of the bipartite fluctuations of particle number with subsystem size. In contrast, the bulk of the spectrum becomes MBL as disorder is introduced. We establish this by studying the entropy as a function of disorder strength and by observing that the level spacing statistics undergoes a transition from Wigner-Dyson to Poisson statistics as the disorder strength is increased.

Foreign direct investment and shadow economy: One-way effect or multiple-way causality?

The article examines the relationship between the size of the shadow economy and indicators of the investment market development. Net inflow of foreign direct investments, volume of net investments in non-financial assets, volumes of portfolio investments, and net outflow of foreign direct investment were used as parameters characterizing the development of the investment market. The dependence between the indicators was analyzed using the regression equation, Shapiro-Wilk test. Research results demonstrate that the increase in the inflow and outflow of foreign direct investments leads to an increase in the size of the shadow economy without a time lag in Ukraine, Poland, Slovenia, Romania, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and with a time lag of 1 year in Slovakia and Hungary. The largest impact on the size of the shadow economy is made by the volume of inflow and outflow of direct foreign investments, while the volume of portfolio investments has a less significant effect. Consequently, it was concluded that the processes of inflow and outflow of direct foreign investments require enhanced control by specialized state executive bodies given the scale of their potential destabilizing impact on the macroeconomic stability of the country.