Special State Research Articles

До питання ідентифікації репрезентативного підприємства в умовах постіндустріального ринку

The aim of the article is to present the author’s own methodology for interpreting the essence of enterprise based on the knowledge accumulated by economic science so far, as well as the experience of enterprises that actually are functioning at present. Hence, it is necessary to carry out a description of the factors of efficiency of the enterprise, which would claim a certain universality. The article is devoted to the issue of methodology of efficiency of the enterprise institution. An epistemological study of the theory of enterprise has been carried out, which in its modern form assumes a multiplicity of factors of the model of organizational efficiency and includes both traditional economic factors and the factors, which are non-economic by nature. Attention is focused on the fact that the theory of enterprise, for all its importance, continues to be the subject of discussion. The thesis of the special status and structural state of the post-industrial enterprise is presented. The author’s own methodology of the market is substantiated, according to which the activity and efficiency of a modern enterprise mainly depends on a complex of primarily internal organizational factors, this complex was defined as «internal potential of enterprise». At this, the main goal of the processes of management of the enterprise, in addition to traditional economic criteria, provides for the maintenance of this complex in a state that will ensure the ability of the enterprise both to adapt to the conditions of a particular market and to purposefully influence the market. The latter depends on a set of factors of «management system – internal potential of the enterprise» that is present at each enterprise. The implementation of this multitude of factors determines the efficiency of the enterprise’s activities. Improvement of the mentioned complex of factors can be carried out according to a certain structure of criteria that characterize the uniqueness of each enterprise. Considering this, improvements should be made in relation to those criteria, the characteristics of which will be lower than the desired ones. This allows you to create a well-grounded program of optimizations.

Self-purification and entanglement revival in lambda matter

In this study, we explore the dynamics of entanglement in an ensemble of qutrits with a lambda-type level structure interacting with single-mode bosons. Our investigation focuses on zero-energy states within the subspace of totally symmetric wave functions. Remarkably, we observe a universal two-stage dynamics of entanglement with intriguing revival behavior. The revival of entanglement is a consequence of the self-purification process, where the quantum state relaxes and converges universally to a special dark state within the system.

Социальные и юридические критерии сделкоспособности несовершеннолетних и их сущностные характеристики

Modern challenges have actualised the need for a new look at the participation of minors in transactional legal relations. The aim of the study is to propose a classification of the transactional capacity of minors according to social and legal criteria, to show the relationship of legal capacity with the degree of development of the child, to identify, along with age, other criteria of transactional capacity that determine its content. The theoretical basis of the study are the works of psychologists, legal scholars, both modern and past. The empirical basis was statistical data, specific court cases and documents of higher courts. The formal-logical method contributed to the analysis of normative material; the process of functioning and development of transactional capacity was described by means of modelling; the classification of transactional capacity by criteria revealed the essential features of each of them; new criteria of transactional capacity were constructed by the method of generalisation. In the course of the research the legal ability of a citizen to understand the meaning of his actions or to direct them was considered in the relationship with such natural abilities of a person as intellectual, volitional and physical. Traditionally, the intellectual and volitional ability to act consciously is formalised by age as the only possible quantitative measurement of a person's maturity level. The gradual maturation of a person leads to the expansion of his/her legal capacity, which is fixed by law in separate norms on the legal capacity of minors. Transactional capacity as a fundamental component of legal capacity is a dynamic category, as its content and realisation depend on many social and legal factors. In the course of the study it was substantiated that the use of age as the only legal criterion complicates the realisation of the transactional capacity of minors who have health peculiarities, in particular, when physical defects do not allow them to make a transaction. The conclusion is made about behavioural manifestations as a legal criterion based on the degree of maturity of a person. Unreasonable disposal of income; abuse of alcohol and drugs, gambling, as a result of which the property rights and interests of the family are violated; conclusion of marriage in violation of the requirements of the law all this is qualified as unlawful behaviour, which entails the application of civil law sanctions. The analysis of norms on civil capacity and family legal personality has allowed to reveal such legal criterion of transactional capacity as a special legal state of minors. In the event of emancipation and marriage, a minor acquires full civil capacity and thus full transactional capacity, except for the age limits established by law. Based on the fact that early marriages are concluded by an immature personality, it is proposed to exclude the possibility of full transactional capacity of minors married under the law of the region of the Russian Federation before the age of 16.

First-principles calculations of point defect migration mechanisms in InP

As an important second-generation semiconductor material, indium phosphide (InP) possesses excellent advantages such as a wide bandgap, high electron mobility, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and strong radiation resistance. It is considered an excellent material for electronic devices in aerospace applications. However, point defects generated by space radiation particles in InP electronic devices can cause their electrical performance to degrade severely. In this study, first-principles calculations are employed to investigate the stable structures of point defects in InP and calculate the migration energy values of nearest-neighbor defects. Four stable structures of In vacancies and three stable structures of P vacancies are identified by constructing the stable structures of point defects in different charge states. The migration process of vacancy defects is studied, revealing that the migration energy of P vacancies is higher than that of In vacancies. Moreover, charged vacancy defects exhibit higher migration energy values than neutral vacancies. Regarding the migration process of interstitial defects, it is found that the migration energy of interstitial defects is smaller than that of vacancy defects. In the calculation of In interstitial migration process with different charge states, two different migration processes are found. Besides, during the migration calculations of P interstitial, a special intermediate state is discovered, resulting in multiple paths migrating to the nearest-neighbor position in the migration energy barrier diagram. The research results are helpful to understand the formation mechanism and migration behavior of defects in InP materials, and are important in designing and manufacturing InP devices with long-term stable operation in space environment.

Mindfulness as a factor of personal stability in a changing world

The everyday world, the sociocultural reality surrounding a person and its conceptualizations can nowadays change several times during the life of one generation. At the same time, changes occurring in reality, in ideas about it and in ideas about the changes themselves are often not synchronized, creating gaps between objective reality and its subjective interpretations. The most constructive response to the challenges of a changing world is mindfulness as a cultural practice and a special state of consciousness. Today, there are two leading approaches to the phenomenon of mindfulness, one of which belongs to the Eastern philosophical and religious tradition, and the other to the Western psychological tradition. A deeper analysis reveals the diversity of facets and interpretations of mindfulness in modern research. Awareness as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon allows us to record the processes of transformation of the modern world into a new state. The observed increase in awareness (and mindfulness) in everyday life and the increased interest in this phenomenon among scientists represents a spontaneous coping strategy in a situation of turbulence. Along with this, the thoughtful observer reveals the antinomic nature of the transformations taking place in the world, where the fashion for mindfulness is accompanied by the opposite process — mindlessness, or unawareness. Lack of mindfulness is associated with behavioral automatisms and schematisms of consciousness, with the absence of doubts about the legality and adequacy of the categories describing reality. The availability of alternative modes of interpretation, sensitivity to context and to the fluidity of change can transform mindlessness into mindfulness. One of the cultural practices that foster mindfulness and awareness today is the Stoicism movement. In methodological terms, mindfulness refers to those categories that correspond to transdisciplinary approaches and tasks of integrating psychological knowledge. This integration takes place both at the interdisciplinary level and within psychology, where the development of mindfulness unites various psychological approaches and practices and allows us to bridge the notorious gap between the academy and applied fields of knowledge.

THE EMERGENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF PILGRIMAGE ROUTES IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: FROM THE STEPPE REGION TO MECCA

The article examines the process of the formation of the pilgrimage of Muslims from different re-gions of the Russian Empire to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, emphasizing the imperial policy toward Muslims and their pilgrimage routes. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pilgrimage was important to Muslims, but it also aroused suspicion and apprehension on the part of the authorities. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the conditions of the pilgrimage movement, its problems and the characteristics of the routes. The Russian Empire tried to strengthen its control over the Muslim peoples by creating a consular network and approving official routes. Nevertheless, the growth of rail and sea transportation led to an increase in the number of pilgrims, thanks to a temporary reduction in travel and security. In addition, the article examines in detail the importance of obtaining special Hajj passports for traveling on special state roads, which indicates the moments of bureaucracy of the pilgrimage process at that time. The article clearly shows how Muslims, including Kazakh pilgrims, were able to take advan-tage of new opportunities to fulfill their religious duty.

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ ЗАСАДИ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

The post-war recovery and reconstruction of the economy of Ukraine is an urgent task for its effective functioning and involves concentrating efforts on developing new institutional foundations, strategic approaches, economic and financial mechanisms and the provision of adequate organization and management to establish a modern and competitive economic structure. Based on theoretical analysis of existing scientific approaches, the peculiarities of forming institutional foundations and implementing strategic approaches to ensuring the processes of post-war recovery and reconstruction of the economy of Ukraine have been determined and characterized. The structure of the plan for implementing the state strategy for economic recovery has been developed. Through a comparative analysis of the experience of foreign countries that carried out post-war economic recovery and reconstruction, the main tasks were determined, and an analysis of the sources, conditions, and tools for financing economic recovery processes was carried out. Empirical analysis has led to the development of a system of measures aimed at stimulating foreign financial aid, attracting foreign investments, mobilizing domestic resources, and activating investment activities in the economic recovery process. Additionally, directions for institutional transformations and social changes concerning the development of the labour relations system in the formation of a new post-war economic model have been outlined. Based on the analysis of scenarios of post-war recovery and reconstruction of the economy of Ukraine, the main risks and obstacles that could potentially hinder these processes' implementation have been determined. The organizational structure for forming the institutional foundations of post-war recovery and reconstruction of the economy of Ukraine has been developed. The need to create a special state institution responsible for accumulating financial resources, organizing interaction with international partners and investors, and general management of the recovery process has been substantiated. The developed scientific approaches are directed toward forming state economic policy and relevant financial and economic mechanisms through an organic combination of tools and methods of indicative and strategic planning. Their practical implementation will enable state authorities to enhance the organization and management of the post-war recovery and reconstruction processes of Ukraine's economy and ensure the establishment of a new innovative model of economic development.

Зарубежный опыт организации архивного хранения электронных документов

The article attempts to analyze what organizational and technological solutions are used by archivists of different countries to organize archival storage of electronic documents in state archives. The widespread introduction of document management information systems in the activities of organizations has led to the accumulation of significant volumes of electronic documents that represent value. The most significant documents are subject to long-term storage in state archives. Archivists are called upon to answer the questions of how organizationally and technologically archival electronic documents should be stored, ensuring that professional procedures are followed in accordance with current legal standards. In the USA, a special division has been created within the structure of the National Archives and Records Management, which performs the whole range of functions to organize the storage of electronic documents. The Federal Republic of Germany has a two-stage system of organizing archival storage of electronic documents. From federal institutions, electronic documents are deposited in the Intermediate Archive of Electronic Documents, from where they are transferred to the Federal Archive for permanent storage. The creation of special state archives for the preservation of electronic documents in some countries has not become an effective form of organizing archival preservation of electronic documents due to the lack of their own sources of acquisition and uncertainty of the legal basis for their functioning. On the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Slovenia, a network information system for electronic documents storage is considered, which is based on a single technological solution for archives of all levels, both individual organizations and state archives, providing automation of the main functions of the archive and their interaction. Based on the conducted research, three main approaches to the organization of electronic documents storage can be distinguished: as part of national archives; in specialized archives; through the creation of a network infrastructure for electronic documents storage. In any case, it is necessary to create a full-fledged regulatory framework, to ensure the integration of information systems in management and in the archive. It is also necessary to harmonize the conceptual apparatus of various normative acts regulating the procedures of organization and technologies of archival preservation of electronic documents. The study of foreign experience will make it possible to use the best organizational and technological solutions for archival storage of electronic documents in the Russian Federation.

Кризис социокультурной идентичности как причина внутриличностного конфликта

The paper interprets phenomenon of identity as a process of conscious and unconscious acceptance and understanding by a person of oneself, one’s own characteristics, beliefs, values, role in society, as well as recognition of one’s belonging to a particular community on ethnic, national, religious, gender grounds. Sociocultural identity comes as a result of personality development, formation of completeness and integrity of one’s image, it has a temporary characteristic, changes and develops during a person’s life under the influence of experience, education, cultural context and other factors. In general, identity acts as a mechanism for the formation of a sense of identity of the individual to oneself in the course of analysis and assessment of the image of ‘I’. The process can be caused by both external socio-cultural factors, such as migration, cultural assimilation, changes in social and cultural values and traditions, and internal factors, generated by immaturity, infantilism, insufficient integrity of the personality, its internal contradictions, conflicts, doubts. The intrapersonal conflict that arises in this case can be expressed in the form of various symptoms and emotional states: depression, anxiety, sense of loss, psychological tension, internal contradictions and doubts that a person experiences in relation to one’s own personality, one’s values, worldview or life path. Identity deformations are one of the main reasons giving rise to intrapersonal conflict, as a special state characterized by the presence of polar positions in a person, indicating a struggle of motives, meanings, values in relation to understanding and accepting one’s own image of the ‘I’.

“Golden Shares” and Other Special State Rights: An Assessment Based on CJEU Decisions Within the Scope of EU Internal Market Law

“Golden Shares” and Other Special State Rights: An Assessment Based on CJEU Decisions Within the Scope of EU Internal Market Law

BUDDHIST MOTIVES IN THE CREATIVITY OF TSYRENDORZHO BALZHANOV (PROBLEMS OF DIRECTING AND TRAINING ACTORS IN THE BURYAT THEATRE IN THE 1990s and 2000s)

The article examines the creativity of the Buryat director Tsyrendorzho Balzhanov, formed in connection with theatrical phenomena and events that determined the future of the Buryat drama theater at the turn of cultural epochs. Having chosen the Buddhist theme as the main motive of his work, Tsyrendorzho Balzhanov faced a number of issues that raised the problem of staging solutions and the problem of training an actor while creating Buddhist images and characters, as well as the possibility of achieving a special state of «satori» in terms of theatrical action. The lack of experience in the religious productions in the Buryat drama theater, the theatrical and directorial legacy that remained from the theater of the Soviet years did not allow the Buryat director to consolidate the state of «satori», which he managed to achieve in the play «Damdin Lama». Based on this experience, which is more intuitive in nature, Tsyrendorzho Balzhanov de-voted the main part of his creative career to the search for directorial ap-proaches and tools, the development of acting training. The result of the search for the solutions that the Buryat director faced after the play «Damdin Lama» in 1990 was his scientific research «The Mys-tery of Tsam as a Buddhist philosophical text and ritual action» and the crea-tion of the acting training based on the methods of Oriental theater and Bud-dhist religious practices. The author concludes that the modern theater, which has experience of performative theater and postmodern philosophy, has the potential to create such productions, however, only in the director’s interpretation, without partic-ipation of the «actor-personality», who, according to Tsyrendorzho Balzhanov, remains the center of the director’s idea in the play imbued with the Buddhist motifs.

Забезпечення реалізації прав та свобод людини і громадянина через призму діяльності правоохоронних органів

The issue of ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen through the prism of the activities of law enforcement agencies was considered. It was noted that the implementation of one of the main tasks of the state to ensure the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, is entrusted to the three existing branches of government in the state: legislative, executive and judicial. In addition, in order to solve the problems of socio-political and economic development of modern Ukraine, there is a regulatory and protective influence of the state on citizens with the aim of forming appropriate (legal) conditions for their life activities. For this, the state creates special bodies - these are law enforcement agencies. It is emphasized that the concept of "law enforcement agencies" is very often used in scientific literature, regulatory documents and acts, colloquial speech, etc., but an accurate and clear idea about it has not yet been formed.Scientists do not have a unified approach to this concept, it is not fully contained in legislative acts. Normative legal acts related to the disclosure of the concept of "law enforcement agencies" have been analyzed. It was noted that law enforcement agencies are special state institutions united by their functional purpose. Four main features of law enforcement activity are identified. The concept of human rights and freedom is defined. It is emphasized that human rights are divided into 4 groups, each group is disclosed. Attention is drawn to the fact that to ensure human rights and freedoms in the activities of law enforcement agencies, there is a mechanism in the form of two subsystems: protection and protection. After analyzing the current legislation, the main areas of activity of law enforcement agencies in the field of ensuring human and citizen rights and freedoms are highlighted. It was concluded that in modern Ukraine, the work of law enforcement agencies is aimed at ensuring the fundamental rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen. Every day, our state becomes one step closer to European standards in the field of citizen security. However, our realities require newer legal approaches in the matter of ensuring fundamental rights and freedoms. For this purpose, appropriate reforms are carried out in the state, the forms and methods of ensuring the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen are improved, the level of legal culture is raised and, what is very important, in the context of the relevant changes, the level of public trust in law enforcement officers is increased.

Hunger, homeostasis, and desire

Hunger is a psychological state that serves physiological energy homeostasis. I argue that it is a pure underived desire to eat and examine its role in homeostasis. After scene‐setting explanations of homeostasis and desire, I argue that hunger is a close phenomenological match with underived desire. Then, I show why desire is an apt instrument for energy homeostasis. Finally, I argue that energy homeostasis is a multi‐factorial future‐regarding behavioural strategy. Hunger is a special purpose sensory state that serves only to implement the strategy. Thus, it is a sensory desire. I conclude by reflecting on the credibility of this desire.

Нарративная транспортация как фактор психологического воздействия кино

<p>The article presents an approach to studying the psychological impact of cinema in the context of narrative influence. The theory of transportation developed by M. Green and T. Brock (Transportation Theory) and the concept of transportation introduced by them as a special state of involvement and immersion in a narrative. It helps to enhance the psychological impact and can lead to a change in a person’s beliefs related to the content of the narrative. There are two main groups of factors, which determine the level of narrative transportation: the quality of the narrative and the individual psychological characteristics of the recipient. The empirical study conducted on 1171 university students aged 17 to 29 years (49.3% men and 50.7% women; M=19.8, SD=1.9) showed that the level of narrative transportation differs depending on gender, which may be due to the greater proximity of a particular film to a certain audience. The sudy revealed a connection between transportation, empathy, as well as , openness to experience and extraversion. Empathy was the most significant predictor of transportation. The feedback of the respondents with high and low levels of transportation helped us to identify the characteristics of transportable narratives. Among them were that the film had an idea, the importance and relevance of the problems posed, a potential impact, as well as the plot of the film, its logic and dynamism, the realism of what was shown, and the attractiveness of the story itself</p>

Instructive Interaction between Myelodysplastic Hematopoiesis and the Bone Marrow Microenvironment at Single Cell Level

Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) are hypothesized to re-model their bone marrow (BM) microenvironment to re-inforce conditions for their propagation. In this study, we investigated interactions between MDS cells and the BM niche at single cell level in a MDS patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) as well as primary human MDS and healthy (HY) bone marrow (BM samples in order to identify cues of disturbed crosstalk between MDS hematopoiesis and the BM microenvironment. In the PDX model, we analyzed >13,000 cells of n=15 different murine niche cell populations after long-term (>24 weeks) exposure to n=3 MDS patient samples versus n=2 age-matched HY human grafts. Subsequently, we analyzed over 24,000 primary human BM cells enriched for the non-hematopoietic compartment by using whole bone fragments from n=8 MDS patients and n=7 HY age-matched donors. All cells were analyzed with combined 10x single cell RNA sequencing and human “Cellular Indexing of the Transcriptome and Epitopes by Sequencing” (CITE Seq). Results were validated by flow cytometry and gene expression analyses. Mesenchymal cell (MSC) subpopulations from PDX mice exposed to MDS versus HY hematopoiesis could be subdivided into distinct “Cxcl12+ abundant reticular” (CAR) cells with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation trajectories. Various CAR cell populations displayed an increased frequency in MDS transplanted mice as compared to PDX transplanted with HY grafts ( Panel A). Upon contact with hematopoietic MDS cells, CAR cell populations overexpressed numerous genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization and hematopoietic supporting factors, such as Cxcl12, Il7, Lox and Loxl1 as compared to mice bearing HY grafts. In situ, BM cells from MDS patients showed highly heterogeneous MSC subpopulations with similar differentiation trajectories to the ones observed in our PDX models on a patient-individual level. We detected two non-hematopoietic cell populations, designated as endothelial cells (ECs) and MSCs characterized by expression of CXCL12, IGFBP5 or COL1A2 and quantification with epitope sequencing (CITE Seq) with mutually exclusive detection of CD31 and CD271 expression (n=581 cells in total, Panel B). In n=3 MDS patients, we identified an MDS-specific MSC subpopulation with high IGFPB4 and CXCL12 expression as well as overexpression of KITLG and IL7. This suggests that this altered specialized secretory mesenchymal state is present in a subset of MDS patients and may support the malignant hematopoietic clones by overexpression of key hematopoietic factors. Interactome analyses using spatial receptor:ligand bioinformatic tools such as CellphoneDB, RNAMagnet and omnipath further confirmed that stromal cells alter their cellular profile and secretory behavior in response to MDS hematopoiesis. In conclusion, we show that murine BM stroma is re-programmed by exposure to human MDS xenografts to upregulate extracellular matrix (ECM) re-modeling and HSC supporting factors. In native human MDS BM in vivo, rare primary mesenchymal cells are re-programmed to increase hematopoietic support in a patient-individual manner pointing to altered MSC subpopulations with increased growth factor expression profiles in a subgroup of MDS patients.

Algorithm for a simulation model for the selection of a rational type of vans on technological routes of the transport and recycling system for recycling of a metallurgical enterprise

The article presents an algorithm of the simulation model for selecting the rational type of trucks on the technological routes of the transport and production system of waste transportation in the conditions of a metallurgical enterprise. The study was conducted on the basis of formalized models and queuing systems theory. In the simulation, a discrete-event model of a closed queuing system was chosen as the basic model. In this model, cars are represented as requests that go through the following phases of service: loading at the temporary waste storage dump; movement to the unloading point (crushing and sorting complex); unloading raw materials to the crushing and sorting complex; returning to the loading point along the same route; servicing of vehicle breakdowns. The following data were used to build the simulation model through statistical studies of the transportation process on technological routes: vehicle loading time, vehicle unloading time, and time determined by the duration of vehicle failure. When constructing the algorithm of the simulation model, the duration of one experiment and the number of simulation experiments were determined using the methods of mathematical statistics and the theory of experiment planning. The modeling process begins with the input of the following initial data: the number of vehicle units, the average vehicle travel time, the current amount of raw materials in the crushing and sorting complex, the vehicle carrying capacity, the intensity of raw material supply to the crushing and sorting complex, the vehicle unloading time, the intensity of minor vehicle breakdowns, and the intensity of vehicle repair. The algorithm is built in accordance with the principles of special states and meets the requirements for discrete-event models. As a result of the algorithm development, it will be possible to determine the required number (types) of vehicles necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of this transport and production system, to determine the idle time coefficient and the coefficient of time losses due to technological delays of vehicles.
 Key words: modeling, simulation model, dump truck, carrying capacity, metallurgical slag, crushing and screening equipment.

Principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war

This article analyzes the principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war. It is motivated that the actualization of the issue of the status of prisoners of war is due to the following circumstances: the presence of a state of war on the territory of Ukraine and an increase in the number of prisoners of war on both sides; the absence of a real mechanism to guarantee the proper treatment of prisoners of war, the weakness of international institutions in this area; normative legal acts were adopted after the Second World War in the conditions of the information society, globalization and changes in the life of society in all spheres, therefore a modern update of the norms and their clarification and the development of an effective policy in this area are necessary.
 It was established that a significant breakthrough in the direction of humanizing social development was the adoption of norms of international law, in particular, those related to the rules of treatment of prisoners of war. Formally, there is a model for protecting and ensuring the humane situation of this group of participants in the armed conflict. However, it is necessary to state a significant, even colossal problem: the declarativeness of international obligations, the ineffectiveness of international institutions and the lack of real influence on the party that holds prisoners of war. In this context, we should talk about updating the international norms of international humanitarian law in general, as well as prisoners of war in particular.
 The author points out the lack of a clear legal agreement on the concept of «prisoner of war» and the generally significant political nature of the issue.
 Within the scope of the represented scientific research, the essential principles (main principles) of the legal policy of democratic states in the field of treatment of prisoners of war are defined. They are grouped into two categories - general (prohibition of ill-treatment, humane treatment, right to dignity, preservation of personal belongings and documents, right to contact with family and protection agencies, right to return home) and special (rehabilitation and special state support prisoners of war after returning from captivity; support for families of prisoners of war).

Electromagnetic technologies in the system of oil production innovative methods at the fields of the Republic of Bashkortostan

An increase in the share of hard-to-recover oil in the total balance of its reserves, which is particularly important for the Republic of Bashkortostan, inevitably makes it necessary to search for and commercially introduce new ways to extract it. Among the many methods of increasing oil recovery and intensifying the inflow, the method of influencing the bottomhole zone of the formation with a high-frequency electromagnetic field is distinguished, which, despite many years of research, is still considered experimental in Russia and is limited to evaluating the production and technical characteristics of use. At the same time, financial and economic indicators are overlooked, the identification of which will justify the relative low cost and high profitability of the innovative method.The purpose of the study is to determine the feasibility of introducing methods of oil field development based on the use of electromagnetic field energy. The main research methods are the analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, systematization and generalization of specialized state statistics data. The calculation part uses methods of economic analysis and business analytics.The existing technologies for oil field development in the Republic of Bashkortostan are considered, a conclusion is made about their obsolescence and the need to replace them with technologies based on new physical principles. The prospects of electromagnetic technologies and the degree of development of this topic in the scientific environment of Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan are indicated. With the help of modelling, the economic effect of the introduction of technology for influencing the bottomhole zone of the formation with a high-frequency electromagnetic field has been established, the possibilities of covering the deposits of the Republic of Bashkortostan suitable for development have been determined.The results of the study can be used in the analysis of the prospects of regions with the predominant development of the oil production and oil refining complex, on the territory of which there are large areas of depleted fields that require the use of innovative technologies for additional production. Further research may be devoted to assessing the economic and technological efficiency of using electromagnetic and other innovative technologies for influencing the reservoir directly in fields with different properties of residual oil and geological and geophysical parameters of the host reservoirs.

Motivation to engage in physical training of higher education graduates of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine during extracurricular work under martial law

On the basis of the conducted research, it was established that the conditions of martial law changed the priorities in the training of specialists, made corrections in the educational process of students of higher education, and actualized the issue of increasing the level of physical fitness of future law enforcement officers.
 The motivational factors that direct higher education graduates of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine to engage in physical training during extracurricular work under martial law are highlighted. It was determined that the motivation to engage in physical exercises is a special state of the individual, aimed at achieving the optimal level of physical fitness and work capacity. Based on the results of the survey, it was established that the vast majority of future law enforcement officers assess their own level of physical fitness as adequate; 73.4% of respondents have a positive attitude to independent physical exercises during extracurricular work under martial law. It was established that the incentives that motivate higher education students to engage in physical exercises on their own are: increasing the level of physical readiness for future work (29.1%); strengthening health, improving appearance (25.9%); self-realization and achieving high results in the chosen sport, performance of sports classes (22.3%).
 The reasons that prevent the proper level of organization of independent work of higher education seekers in the conditions of martial law are considered. The most important reasons are: lack of free time for classes (32.7%); lack of modern inventory and proper educational material base (15.5%); the probability of announcing the signal "Air alarm" during the stay in the sports hall and the need to move to shelter (6.8%).
 Prospects for further research consist in determining directions for increasing the motivation of students of higher education to independently engage in physical training under martial law.

The Consumer Protection System Formation: Historical and Legal Perspective

The paper examines historical and legal aspects of the formation of the consumer protection system. On the basis of a number of provisions of the Laws of Hammurabi and the Laws of Manu, the Digests of Justinian, the author defines the features of protection of the rights of buyers from unfair actions of the seller. Taking into account the analysis of regulatory sources, the author draws a conclusion regarding a set of unsystematic norms and mechanisms and the absence of a consumer protection system. The situation began to change gradually only at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries when special legislation and state and public institutions ensuring consumer rights were developed. Referring to the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation dated 7 February 1992 No. 2300-1 «On Consumer Rights Protection», the author notes the absence in its structure of special norms aimed at protecting the rights of consumers of financial services, which does not seem quite adequate to the economic relations that are developing in the financial market. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that at the moment there is a new stage in the development of the consumer protection system, involving both the formation of narrow-profile regulation for consumers, depending on which sphere they act as such, and the creation of specialized institutions to protect their rights.