Special Scale Research Articles

Factors impacting on the morbidity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The severity of the course of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in the population changes due to the increase in the number of children born with very low and extremely low body weight, the introduction into the practice of new standards of respiratory support for premature infants, drug prevention and treatment of this pathology. The aim of the work is to determine the influence of BPD form, gestational age, birth weight, concomitant diseases on the severity of its course in children. Materials and methods. In 72 BPD children aged from 1 month to 3 years, the severity of the course of the disease was determined according to the computed tomography of the chest organs, using an assessment of the severity in points on a special scale as follows: 0-5 points for mild BPD, 6-10 points - moderate, 11-15 points - severe. Results. In children born after 2012, a moderate course of BPD prevails (8.1 ± 0.32 points), being typical for both the classical (55.1%) and new (69.7%) forms of the disease. The classical form is more severe than the new one (9.0 ± 0.1 and 7.53 ± 0.38 points; p = 0.009). BPD was more severe in children with gestational age less than 28 weeks than in children with gestational age of 29-32 weeks (9.0 ± 0.4 and 7.4 ± 0.6 points; p = 0.000). BPD was more severe in children with birth weight less than 1000 g than in children with birth weight 1000-1500 g (8.79 ± 0.49 and 7.18 ± 0.61 points; p = 0.000). When BPD was combined with patent ductus arteriosus or pulmonary hypertension, the disease progressed more severely than in the absence of these forms of pathology (9.6 ± 0.8, 10.0 ± 0.7 and 7.22 ± 0.34 points; p = 0.031). The severity of changes detected by computed tomography of the chest organs decreases by the age of 3 years, but recovery was not complete in any of the examined patients: 8.6 ± 1.0 points at the age of 6 months and 6.2 ± 0.44 points by 3 years (p = 0.009). Conclusion. In children aged 1 month to 3 years, the severity of BPD is influenced by the form of the disease, gestational age, birth weight, concomitant patent ductus arteriosus or pulmonary hypertension, and the age at which the examination is performed.

Age Is More Predictive of Safe Movement Patterns Than Are Physical Activity or Sports Specialization: A Prospective Motion Analysis Study of Young Athletes

Background: Movement quality and neuromuscular balance are noted predictors of acute injury. Early sports specialization and extremely high activity levels have been linked to elevated risk of injury. Purpose: To investigate for any relationships among quality of physical movement, quantity of physical activity, and degree of sports specialization in a healthy cohort of active children and adolescents. Study Design: Cross-sectional study with prospectively collected data. Methods: Healthy children between the ages of 10 and 18 years were recruited and completed the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale to assess quantity of physical activity and the Jayanthi scale to assess degree of sports specialization (high, score of 2 or 3; low, score of 0 or 1). Movement quality was assessed using motion analysis sensors during 5 repetitions of 4 different jumping and squatting motions, with a maximum score of 100 per participant. Independent-samples t tests were used to compare participants with high versus low specialization on physical activity and movement quality. A Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship between quantity of physical activity and movement quality, and linear regression was used to assess for the effect of participant age on relevant covariables. Results: Final analyses included 147 participants (72% male) with a mean ± SD age of 13.4 ± 2.2 years. Participants who were highly specialized displayed better movement quality than did participants with low sports specialization (27.6 ± 14.0 vs 19.8 ± 10.1; P < .01). Participants who were highly specialized had significantly higher activity levels (24.6 ± 5.9 vs 18.1 ± 6.9; P < .001). Movement quality was moderately correlated with physical activity level (r = 0.335; P < .001). Physical activity; hours of organized sports activity; hours of free, unorganized physical activity; and specialization level were not significant predictors of movement quality when controlling for age. Age alone predicted 24.2% of the variance in the overall movement quality score (R2 = 0.242; B = 3.0; P < .001). Conclusion: This study found that sports specialization and physical activity levels were not associated with movement quality when controlling for age, which was the most important variable predicting athletic movement quality. Although all participants displayed movement patterns that were associated with high risk for injury, overall movement quality improved with advancing chronological age. Clinical Relevance: All young athletes should ensure that neuromuscular training accompanies sport-specific training to reduce risk of injury.

Learning by playing strategy and its role in stimulating the motivation to learn English among the first three grades: استراتيجية التعلم باللعب ودورها في إثارة دافعية تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية لدى طلبة الصفوف الثلاث الأولى في مدرسة اليزيدية الأساسية المختلطة

This study aimed to identify the role of learning by playing strategy in stimulating learning motivation in its dimensions (alertness, task accomplishment, broad-mindedness) among students of the first three grades of Yazidi Mixed Secondary School. The study used the experimental approach to study the effect of the independent variable (learning by playing strategy) on the dependent variable (stimulating learning motivation), by dividing the study sample into two control and experimental groups, and the researcher designed a special scale and two pre and post-tests to measure the role of the learning strategy by playing on stimulating learning motivation. Among the most important findings of the study is the presence of statistically significant differences in the mean score of students in the dimensions of learning motivation (alertness, the accomplishment of tasks, broad-mindedness) of the experimental group in the pre and post scale in favor of the post scale. The study also found that there are statistically significant differences in the average score of students in the dimensions of learning motivation (alertness, task accomplishment, broad-mindedness) between the experimental and control groups in the pre-scale. Finally: The study found that there are statistically significant differences in the average scores of students in the dimensions of learning motivation (alertness, task accomplishment, broad-mindedness) between the experimental and control groups in the dimensional scale.

Оцінка якості життя дітей з дерматологічними захворюваннями (огляд літератури)

Skin diseases have become one of the most relevant problem due to their global prevalence and intensive growth nowadays. Significantly increased the interest in studying of the life quality of patients with acute and chronic dermatological diseases. The life quality of the patient is the most objective characteristic of the impact of the disease on the patient's condition and various areas of his activity. Emotional or social disorders caused by the disease often do not allow the patient to feel full and healthy person even if clinical recovery. The peculiarities of patients' perception of somatic disease significantly affect both on its course and on the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. Skin diseases form an aspect of life quality that can be dangerous for the prognosis. Dermatological diseases can lead to significant limitations in the physical, emotional and social aspects of patients' lives and can interfere with success in learning and at work, as well as in personal life. In dermatology to assess the quality of life of patients are used: general medical scales, special dermatological scales, dermatological scales for certain nosologies. Purpose — to analyze literary datas on the research methods of life quality in children with dermatological diseases. Conclusions. Determining and evaluating indicators of life quality in patients is a valuable and reliable indicator of the general condition, that allows to monitor the effectiveness of treatment depending on the patient's condition and creates an objective picture of the disease. Assessment of quality of life in patients with dermatological diseases makes it possible to understand the essence of the clinical problem, to determine the most rational method of treatment, as well as to assess its expected results by parameters that are at the intersection between the scientific approach and the patient's point of view. No conflict of interest was declared by the author. Key words: assessment of life quality, dermatological diseases, children.

Legacy Patient-reported Outcome Measures Can Be Reliably Translated to PROMIS Domains for Use in Adolescent Spinal Deformity.

Retrospective cohort study. The aim of this study was to determine whether Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Domain scores can be accurately and reliably predicted from legacy patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for use in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Previous efforts have been made to develop translational models between PROMIS domains and legacy PROMs in adult spinal deformity, but translational models for pediatric and adolescent patients with spinal deformity have not yet been developed. Scores were retrospectively collected on pediatric patients 8-17 years old who were diagnosed with spinal asymmetry or scoliosis for the following PROMs: Scoliosis Research Society-22r (SRS-22r), Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS), Hospital for Special Surgery Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS), and PROMIS Pediatric Domains: Pain Interference, Mobility, Physical Stress Experiences, Psychological Stress Experiences, and Physical Activity. Pearson correlations were calculated between legacy and PROMIS scores. In the derivation cohort, PROMIS domains were modeled from SRS-22r or HSS Pedi-FABS using linear regression. These equations were used to predict PROMIS scores in the test cohort to determine the reliability of the translation model. A total of 1171 patients (68% female) with a mean age of 13.4 ± 2.3 years were included in the final analyses. PROMIS Pain Interference was dependent on SRS-22r domains Pain, Function, Mental Health, and Management Satisfaction, PROMIS Mobility was dependent on SRS-22r Pain, Function, Mental Health, and Self-Image, PROMIS Physical Stress Experiences and Psychological Stress Experiences were dependent on SRS-22r Pain, Mental Health, and Management Satisfaction, and PROMIS Physical Activity was dependent on HSS Pedi-FABS. (P < 0.05 for all). In the test cohort, all developed models for PROMIS domains demonstrated strong correlations between estimated and actual scores (r = 0.63-0.75). All of the evaluated PROMIS domains (Pain Interference, Mobility, Physical Stress Experiences, Psychological Stress Experiences, Physical Activity) were reliably translated directly from these legacy scores for pediatric and adolescent patients with spinal deformity.Level of Evidence: 3.

Варианты морфофункционального строения организма человека и возможности их использования при проведении офтальмологических исследований

The review analyzes literature data's on main issues related to clinical anthropology, which studies the individual typological variability of phenotype and biopsychological characteristics of patient's personality, taking into account differentiating factors to assess their clinical, pathogenetic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance. It is shown that using special tools and scales, clinical anthropology allows you to determine the quantitative and qualitative phenotypic characteristics of patient, the morphophenotype of constitution, its age, sex, normal and pathological variability in relation to clinical manifestations of the disease. The importance and prospects of using anthropometric research methods in clinical medicine to maximize individualization of approaches to diagnosis and treatment of various pathologies of body are shown. Key words: clinical anthropology, human constitution, somatotype, anthropometry.

Therapy of breast cancer patients with disorders of the anxiety-depressive spectrum

IntroductionBreast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. The problem of mental health and quality of life of patients is currently particularly relevant. Most patients with breast cancer in the process of adapting to the disease experience certain mental disorders: depressive, anxiety-phobic and psychosomatic disorders.ObjectivesTo study the severity of anxiety-depressive disorders in the clinical picture in patients with breast cancer and evaluate the effectiveness of specialized pharmacotherapy using antidepressants in combination with antitumor therapy.MethodsThe study included 30 patients with a first established diagnosis of breast cancer and 52 patients with a follow-up history of 3-17 years. The main method of work was the clinical, psychopathological, and statistical research methods (a method using contingency tables and the Fechner coefficient, a method - Chi-square test).ResultsTo assess the severity in the clinical picture of anxiety-depressive tendencies and the effectiveness of treatment, special scales were used: hospital scale of anxiety and depression (HADS); general clinical impression scale (CGI) for assessing disease severity (CGI-S “severity”) and improvement (CGI-I “improvement”). High antidepressant therapy efficacy indicators were obtained in combination with benzodiazepine drugs and hypnotics in a group of patients with anxiety-depressive nosogenia (15 patients, 88% of respondents with reduction in starting anxiety and depression scores HADS more than 50%, CGI 85%), in the group with chronic hypochondriac dysthymia and cyclotymic endoform depression.ConclusionsThe data obtained in the study confirm the effectiveness of psychopharmacotherapy with antidepressants in breast cancer patients with identified disorders of the anxiety-depressive spectrum.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Kecemasan masa depan dan sikap mahasiswa terhadap jurusan akademik

It is often found that students feel they are in the wrong major which leads to feeling confused about choosing theirfuture career. As a result, students think they cannot choose a career that suits their major and end up feeling anxiousabout their future. This study aims to determine the relationship between future anxiety and student attitudes towardsacademic majors. This correlational quantitative research involved 150 samples based on purposive sampling withcharacteristics as active students in university located in East Java, female or male aged 18-25 years. The instrumentsused were Future Anxiety Scale for future anxiety variables and Attitude toward Specialization Scale for attitude towardacademic majors. Based on the Pearson correlation product moment test showed that there was a positive relationshipbetween future anxiety and student attitudes towards academic majors (r = 0,326, p &lt; 0.001) with contribution of 10.6%.The higher the level of future anxiety of students, the more positive student’s attitude towards their academic majors.Implications that refer to the results of this research for students who are feeling anxious about the future so they canrespond to their academic majors positively.

Measuring the Use of Social Media Networks (SMNs) in Knowledge Sharing, by Using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) A Study Conducted in Some of Iraqi Universities

SMNs like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp,..etc. are among the most popular sites on the Internet. These sites can provide a powerful means of sharing, organizing, finding information and knowledge. The popularity of these sites provides an opportunity to measure the use them in knowledge sharing, which needs a special scale, but unfortunately, there is no special scale for that. Thus, this study supposes to use SCT as a scale to measure the use of SMNs in electronic knowledge sharing due to it has been used to measure knowledge sharing with its traditional form. This study can help the decision-makers to use these SMNs to share the academics’ knowledge in educational institutes to the communities by adopting special plans and strategies to address the main factors in such cases that will help to increase the knowledge sharing between academics and communities. The aim of this study to know the amount of using SMNs by academics to share their own knowledge with the community, which will reflect on educating the community and disseminate the culture within the community. Additionally, to address what the main factor can affect them to share their knowledge with others. The study uses SCT which consists of three factors: (Personal, Environment, and Behavior) as an independent variable, while the dependent variable is: (Knowledge Sharing). Furthermore, the quantitative method is adopted in this study by using an electronic questionnaire through Google Documents with “Five Scale of Likert” to collect the data from participants (250), who are the staff of some Iraqi universities. SPSS has been used in analyzing the collected data. The findings of the study come up with the following: the environmental factor has the greatest influence, then the behavioural factor which is lesser and the personal factor has the lowest influence. Finally, the study found that there is a possibility and ability to measure knowledge sharing by using SCT electronically. &#x0D; &#x0D; Paper type: research paper.

The impact of the universities closure on physical activity and academic performance in physical education in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background and Study Aim. Physical activity (PA) is regarded as a critical component of a healthy lifestyle and disease prevention. Different constraints placed upon social interaction and public spaces due to COVID-19 could decrease PA and academic performance in physical education (PE) in student population. The purpose of the research was to assess overall and sport/fitness PA level and academic performance in PE in a sample of university students pre- to post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Material and Methods. Participants (n=209) – university students (19-20 years old). The overall period of the research is September-December 2020. All participants (male–n=106 and female–n=103) were divided into approximately equal groups: humanities students (male–MG-1, female–FG-1), medicine students (male–MG-2, female–FG-2), technical students (male–MG-3, female–FG-3). The main research tools: modified student self-reported questionnaire (on the base of IPAQ), academic grading (scores for self-completed PE tasks). In surveys, all participants self-rated overall and sport/fitness PA level pre- to post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes. The participants had to complete 32 special PE tasks, during the research period. PE teachers rated participants by a special grading scale.&#x0D; Results. For the male and female students’ groups there were no significant differences of overall PA, sport/fitness PA level and academic performance in PE pre-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes. All participants significantly (p≤0.05) decreased overall PA, sport/fitness PA level and academic performance in PE post-cancellation. There was a significant (p≤0.05) large amount of overall PA level in MG-2 students and sport/fitness PA level in MG-1 students’ post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes. For the male students there were no significant differences of grading in PE pre- to post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes between participants groups. There was a significant (p≤0.05) large amount of overall PA level post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes in FG-2 students. There was a significantly (p≤0.05) lower amount of sport/fitness PA level post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes in FG-3 students. There was a significant drop in mean grading scores in PE post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes in students. FG-2 participants had significantly (p≤0.05) higher grading scores in PE post-cancellation of face-to-face PE classes.&#x0D; Conclusions. The universities closure and cancellation of face-to-face PE classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic decreased overall PA, sport/fitness PA level and academic performance in PE in all participants. It is important to note that the proportional decrease in overall PA for the male students was actually large, then decrease in overall PA for the female students was less. The findings highlight the need for active interventions of PA promotion targeted at the student population in the context of self-isolation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Identifying motivating factors among college students that influence repeat participation among special event volunteers: the moderating role of class standing

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the motivating factors that influence repeat participation among university student volunteers at a world-renowned food festival. The direct and indirection relationship (through attitude toward volunteering) was tested. Additionally, the moderating role of class standing between student volunteers' motivations, attitudes and repeat volunteer intention was assessed.Design/methodology/approachResearchers applied a quantitative methodology to data collected after the festival volunteering experience. The research team collected 205 useable surveys from university student volunteers at the Food Network and Cooking Channel South Beach Wine and Food Festival (SOBEWFF®). Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships among volunteer motivations, attitude toward volunteering and intention to continue volunteering. Lastly, a multiple-group analysis was applied to test the moderating role of class standing.FindingsThe results showed the motivating factors purposive, personal enrichment and family traditions were significant in predicting attitude toward volunteering. These motivations did not significantly affect intention to continue volunteering; thus researchers found only an indirect relationship (through attitude toward volunteering) between volunteering motivations and intention to continue volunteering. Additionally, a positive attitude toward volunteering resulted in an intention to continue volunteering. Lastly, testing the moderating role of class standing revealed significant results on three pathways, indicating that students are motivated to volunteer differently based upon class standing (freshman through junior vs. senior, graduate).Research limitations/implicationsThe data were collected prior to COVID-19, and the ways in which COVID-19 has impacted the events industry and the scape of future events are yet to be determined.Practical implicationsFestival organizers and managers should appeal to different motivations of potential student volunteers depending on their class standing. For example, results of the moderator “class standing” indicated that the relationship between personal enrichment motivation and attitude toward volunteering was strongest and significant among freshmen, sophomores and juniors, but insignificant among seniors and graduate students. Thus, freshmen through juniors are more highly motivated to obtain practical experiences, and this motivation results in a positive attitude toward volunteering.Originality/valueThis study tests the moderating role of class standing to help predict intention to continue volunteering at a special event. The research is further unique by extending an understanding of the validity and reliability of the special events volunteer motivations scale.

The role of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the progression and development of cerebrovascular diseases. A competent choice of pathogenic treatment is the key to success in treatment and prevention. An expert’s view from the ‘red zone’

COVID-19 worsens the course of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), including chronic cerebral ischaemia (CCI). The Actovegin drug, which has long been widely used in CCI treatment, has an antioxidant and endothelium protective effect. It makes sense to study the effect of Actovegin therapy on the clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Objective: to evaluate Actovegin efficacy in the treatment of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Patients and methods. The study included 440 patients (234 female; 206 male) with a recent experience of COVID-19, suffering from CCI, their average age being 67.8 years (from 54 to 85 years). All patients were broken down into two groups of 220 people (the patients in Group 1 were administrated Actovegin, the ones in Group 2 – were not). All patients were followed up for 90 days; their condition was assessed by the severity of clinical manifestations of CCI, using special scales and questionnaires.Results and discussion. After 90 days of follow-up, the frequency of complaints of cognitive impairment, sleep disorder, dizziness, fatigue, emotional disorders, and headache in Group 1 was significantly lower than in Group 2 (p&lt;0.05). According to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), and Spiegel Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ), the average indicators improved significantly more in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p&lt;0.05). The absence of quality of life impairment and their minimal severity were observed in Group 1 in 77.9%; in Group 2 – in 33.7% (p&lt;0.001). Statistically significant differences between the groups of patients were also observed in relation to emotional state recovery according to the Wakefield Questionnaire and the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety inventory.Conclusion. The observational study demonstrated the efficacy of Actovegin in the treatment of main clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with recent COVID-19 experience.

Validity and reliability of the Iranian preterm birth experiences and satisfaction scale: A methodological and cross-sectional study.

Background: Women’s experience and satisfaction with childbirth care are increasingly being addressed by health care providers, managers, and policymakers. Due to need for a validated special scale for assessing satisfaction of women with preterm birth, we aimed to translate and adapt the first specific tool, Preterm Birth Experiences and Satisfaction Scale (P-BESS), into Persian language and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: A methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary levels of maternal hospitals in Tabriz. The Iranian version of the scale was developed from the original English version using forward-backward translation. After confirmation of its face and content validity, the scale was completed by 201 women who had given birth prematurely. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (staff professionalism and empathy, confidence in Staff, information and explanations) with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining a total variance of 55.4%. Confirmatory factory analysis showed that the 17-item, three factor model fitted the data well: the root mean square error of approximation 0.060. There were moderate correlations between the total and sub-scales of Iranian P-BESS and overall satisfaction (r = 0.45 to 0.66), as well as need for improvement (r = -0.46 to -0.61), which confirm convergent validity. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the scale and its sub-scales were satisfactory (α = 0.852 to 0.922, intraclass correlation coefficient; 0.83 to 0.92). Conclusion: The Iranian version of P-BESS is a valid and reliable scale which can be used by policy makers, managers, health care providers and researchers.

Исследование почвопокровных растений в целях их использования на объектах ландшафтной архитектуры

This article presents the results of work on the selection of groundcover plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) that are promising and very promising for use on landscape architecture objects. The work was carried out during 2018 on the basis of the collection Fund of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical garden (MBG RAS), on two experimental sites located on the main territory of the MBG RAS, in the collection-exhibition «Shadow garden» and on the exhibition area «Decorative perennials». A total of 225 plants were selected during the study. During the growing season, field surveys of experimental samples were systematically performed and phenological observations were made. Field studies included biometric measurements of the height of the Bush and peduncle, the diameter of the Bush, the diameter/length of the flower/inflorescence, as well as refinement of the color of the flowers/inflorescences (using a special color scale of the English Royal society of flower growers (RHS color Chart)). The result of this work is a list that includes 40 names. These are very promising and promising species that we recommend for use in urban gardening.

Seasonal Temperature-Salinity Variability at Khanh Hoa - Ca Mau Sea Region

Temperature-Salinity (T-S) data was analyzed from many investigations in northeast and southwest monsoon by lots of projects, which were surveyed at Khanh Hoa-Ca Mau sea region. The results showed that the variation of average temperature all domains in southwest monsoon is greater than in northeast monsoon at surface layer about 2.3°C, middle layer 1.2°C, and bottom layer 1.6°C. In addition, there are the same with variation of average salinity. Salinity in southwest monsoon is greater than in northeast monsoon at surface layer about 0.7‰, middle layer 0.3‰, and bottom layer 0.1‰. The seasonal variation of the two seasons has some common points, as temperature decrease steadily from south to north, salinity increase significant at bottom layer and maximum at 34.54‰. T-S variability in temporal and special scale is showed at three layers: T-S variability is small at the first layer (from surface to 10 m), is strong at the second layer (from 10m to 40m), and is quite stable at the third layer (from 40m to bottom).

Different Stroke Scales; Which Scale or Scales Should Be Used?

Background: There has been a considerable development in the clinometric of stroke. But researchers are concerned that some scales are too generic, inherently and the insight may not be provided. The current study was conducted to determine which scale or scales should be used in stroke survivors.Methods:We selected 67 studies which were published between January 2010 and December 2018 from Up to date, CINAHL, ProQuest, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Medline, Elsevier and Web of Science with MeSH terms. Inclusion criteria were: clinical trials, prospective studies, retrospective cohort studies, or cross-sectional studies; original research in adult human stroke survivors. We excluded the following articles: non-adult population; highly selected studies or treatment studies without incidence data; commentaries, single case reports, review article, editorials and non-English articles or articles without full text available.Results:Face Arm Speech Test and Cincinnati Pre-Hospital Stroke Scale scales because it was easy to learn and rapidly administer the recommended dose to use in pre-hospital, but there are not gold standard in stroke diagnosis in Pre-Hospital. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale valuable in the acute stage for middle cerebral artery, not chronic or long term post stroke outcome. The Barthel Index scores for approximately three weeks could predict activities of daily living disabilities in 6 months.Conclusion:Every scale has an advantage and a disadvantage and we were not able to introduce the gold standard for each item, but some special scales were used more in the studies, preferred for comparing with other studies to match the research results.

Rock porosity estimation research using refraction seismic waves in Bora Village, Sigi Regency

Rock Porosity Estimation Research Using Refraction Seismic Waves in Bora Village, Sigi Regency has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of porosity of shallow subsurface rocks at geothermal locations. Data is collected on 6 different trajectories using ES-3000 to get a picture of subsurface waves. The data processing method uses Seisimager software to get a cross-section of the wave velocity and Rockwork software to get a cross-section of the porosity of subsurface rocks. The results showed different rock porosity values for each trajectory. Rock porosity values obtained at track 1 to track 6 are in the range of 27.1% to 30.5%. All trajectories are on a special porosity scale which means they have a large porosity volume as a place to store fluid.

Тестування як один із методів педагогічного вимірювання

The article updates information about testing as one of the objective methods of pedagogical measurement. The author analyzes different views of foreign and domestic researchers on the concept of "testing". It was found that it is considered as a method, tool, measuring instrument, task, set of questions, set of test tasks, concluded under certain rules, and which differs from the examination work in terms of involving measurement. The article reveals basic requirements for structuring the test, as well as for tasks in test form. The author concludes that all tasks in test form may be divided in two types: open and closed, which in turn have certain modifications; the features of each type of test tasks are described in detail, their advantages and disadvantages are indicated. The article analyzes the quality criteria of the test, namely: its validity, reliability, representativeness, efficiency, or processability, cost-effectiveness, and complexity of tasks. In addition, the article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of testing comparing with other methods of monitoring the results of educational and cognitive activities of students. It is concluded that the use of testing as an objective method of measuring knowledge, skills and abilities is expedient. It is noted that in order to prevent subjectivism in evaluation of the results of educational and cognitive activities of students, special measurement scales should be used, namely: normative, ordinal and rating; features of application of each of these scales are being considered.

Assessment of Factors Affecting the Nature and Characteristics of the Production Structure of an Industrial Enterprise

The article describes the production structure of an industrial enterprise and its structural units. The production structure of an enterprise is analyzed in the context of specialization and production scale. The key factors affecting the organization of the production structure are identified.

Intermediate-Term Outcomes Following Operative and Nonoperative Management of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures in Children and Adolescents: Internal Fixation May Improve Outcomes.

Background:Although multiple prospective comparative studies exist for adults with midshaft clavicle fractures, few comparative studies exist in older children and adolescents. This study compares intermediate-term functional, pain, radiographic, and complication outcomes in children and adolescents with midshaft clavicle fractures treated operatively or nonoperatively.Methods:Children and adolescents who were 10 to 18 years of age with midshaft clavicle fractures treated from 2006 to 2017 were identified through electronic picture archiving and communication system (PACS) radiographic and chart review. Closed injuries with a minimum of 1 year from the time of the injury were included. Patients completed patient-reported outcome measures and a focused questionnaire. The primary outcome was the abbreviated Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH) score; the secondary outcomes included the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Activity Scale, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference (PI) and PROMIS Physical Function (PF) Upper Extremity (UE), Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for Pain, and rates of implant removal, nonunion, and refracture. Univariate comparisons between the operatively treated group and the nonoperatively treated group were performed.Results:In this study, 302 patients were identified; of these, 79 patients (43 operatively treated and 36 nonoperatively treated) or their parent or legal guardian consented and the patients completed the study protocol. The mean age (and standard deviation) at the time of the injury was 16.0 ± 1.7 years for the operatively treated group and 13.5 ± 1.8 years for the nonoperatively treated group (p < 0.001). The median follow-up was 3.8 years. The patient-reported outcome scores were similar (p > 0.05 for all comparisons) between the operatively treated group and the nonoperatively treated group, even for patients at or near skeletal maturity and those with shortening of ≥15 mm or ≥100% translation. There were no nonunions. The refracture rate was 5% (2 of 43) for the operatively treated group and 3% (1 of 36) for the nonoperatively treated group (p = 1.00). There were 19% (8 of 43) who underwent implant removal. Responders were similar to nonresponders, other than female patients (p < 0.001) and surgically treated patients (p = 0.049) being more likely to respond.Conclusions:In the subset of this cohort who responded and completed the study, both operatively and nonoperatively treated patients had excellent functional and pain outcomes, similar refracture rates, and no nonunions. Even in widely displaced and translated fractures, and in those at or near skeletal maturity, outcomes were similar. Operative management should potentially be reserved for special circumstances. A prospective comparative study of older adolescents (female patients who are 14 to 18 years of age and male patients who are 16 to 20 years of age) with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures is warranted.Level of Evidence:Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.