Specialized Research Institutes Research Articles

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ КАМЕНЕОБРОБНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ

In the article the state and problems of the stone processing industry of enterprises, the basic stages of formation and implementation of innovative development. It was determined that the main way of the further development of these enterprises is a transition to an innovative path of development. Achieving the strategic objective - the transition to high-tech production of quality products offered by the integration of enterprises stone mining, processing industry enterprises of mechanical engineering and innovation sector (specialized research institutions), the creation of specialized, located at the quarry companies, the introduction of computer-integrated manufacturing system, the transition to innovation -Investment model of financial support innovative development.

Role of Libraries in Research Productivity of Social Science Research Institutions: A Case Study

In India, research in Social Science dates back to the establishment of Universities across the country but the pace of research actually accelerated with the establishment of Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR) in 1969. At present, research in Social Science is carried out in different categories of organizations such as specialized research institutions, Universities, Deemed to be Universities, Social Science departments in Institutes of National Importance such as IITs, IIMs etc. With a backdrop argument that libraries play a vital role in research output of social science research institutions, this paper tried to find out the use of libraries by researchers attached to two major social science research institutions in India, viz. the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE) and Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research (SPIESR) by studying the extent of availability of resources in libraries of these two research institutions out of the total number of citations of the publications of the faculty members of these two institutions. It was found that the percentage of availability of cited resources is not encouraging in the libraries of these two institutions and the percentage of availability of cited resources by respective faculty members of these two institutions is more in SPIESR when compared with GIPE.

국제공동연구를 통해 본 일본연구의 가능성 중남미지역의 아시안계 이민문학을 중심으로

Recently it is noticeable that the studies about Japan by Korean universities, research institutions, and academic groups have reduced. This thesis is to find the potentials on studies about Japan based on the approach of the international joint studies on the third space(nation/ continental). Especially, this study is focused on studies of immigration literature by Asians in Latin America and the forums of East Asia and contemporary Japanese literature managed by specialized research institutions. The joint studies placed on the third place can dismantle academic homogeneity in central areas or the main stream and enhance the comprehensive point of view that can be overlooked by individual studies. Also, intensified and segmentalized studies can be developed along with this effort by constructing network among international researchers. For successful international joint studies, it is important to establish academic identity of individual participants and consider glocalism, post-nationalism, and academic ethics. It is meaningful to present the human value in terms of glocalism.

Avaliação do Nível de Maturidade no Gerenciamento de Projetos em uma Instituição de Pesquisa Clínica

No decorrer da última década, houve um crescimento considerável no número de pesquisas realizadas no Brasil nas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. Muito deste crescimento se deve a iniciativas de empresas privadas em aumentar os investimentos em pesquisas, criando núcleos, centros e institutos de pesquisa especializados, como no caso de um instituto de pesquisa clínica. Em razão da crescente concorrência neste setor e na busca por melhores resultados, as instituições financiadoras privadas passaram a exigir um nível de eficiência em projetos cada vez maior. Entretanto, muitas destas novas instituições não fazem uso de metodologias e práticas sistematizadas em gerenciamento de projetos (GP), gerando resultados insatisfatórios. Esta carência metodológica vem acompanhada de um baixo nível de maturidade em GP. Desta forma, faz-se necessário a implementação e uso de ações gerenciais encadeadas e sistematizadas, incluindo reformulações dos seus processos, além da criação de indicadores gerenciais específicos para instituições de pesquisa. Espera-se que, por meio do uso de uma metodologia adequada e da implementação das suas principais técnicas, possa-se elevar o grau de maturidade em GP, incorporando processos otimizados que conduzam à obtenção de melhores resultados nos projetos de pesquisa clínica, contribuindo com o desenvolvimento de uma nova aplicação para a metodologia de GP.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i1.124

Assessment of Lithuanian trauma care service using a conceptual framework for assessing the performance of health system

Injury is the number one public health problem in Lithuania in terms of disability adjusted life years lost. The trauma system plays an important role in injury statistics. The objective of this article is to describe and assess the performance of Lithuanian trauma sector. The framework for assessing the performance of health systems proposed by Murray and Frenk (2000) was employed. The primary intention criterion--to reduce the number of trauma cases, injury related mortality and disability rates by 30% by 2010-is well defined. The Lithuanian whole-trauma sector does not substantially contribute to improving the health of the population. The legitimate expectations of the community--respect of persons in terms of dignity, autonomy, confidentiality, client orientation--do not correspond with the responsiveness of the trauma service. Financing of the trauma sector does not correspond with the magnitude of the injury problem. Lithuanian trauma service is decentralized. There is no trauma leadership in the country. There is no national policy for unintentional injury prevention and control, no specialized injury research institute, no system of trauma centres, and no Injury Surveillance System in Lithuania. There is no such specialty as Emergency Medicine as of 2009. A political and public will to reform the trauma sector is not sound. The performance of the decentralized Lithuanian trauma sector does not match with the primary intention criterion and does not correspond to the needs of people. Lithuanian trauma service has to be conceptualized and changed to inclusive.

Catching-Up Trajectories in the Wine Sector: A Comparative Study of Chile, Italy and South Africa

Up to the end of the 1980s, European countries, and particularly France and Italy, dominated the international market for wine. Since the beginning of the 1990s, their supremacy has been under attack due to the spectacular performance in terms of both exported volumes and values, of new international players. The so-called ‘New World’ countries eroding the long established position of traditional (Old World) producers, includes affluent nations that are relatively new to the wine sector such as USA and Australia, and less developed countries such as Chile, Argentina and South Africa. From a development perspective, an investigation of the changes occurring in the wine industry is of particular interest, as it provides empirical evidence on how some emerging economies have been able to acquire significant shares of the international market in a dynamic sector. In the wine industry, a number of different factors have contributed to the emergence in the international market of New World wines. On the supply side, a process of technological modernization and pervasive organizational change has been spurred by consistent investment and research effort in the new producing countries and supported by the establishment of specialized research institutions. The demand side has also been important in the wine industry’s evolutionary trajectory, with New World players being particularly responsive to changes in wine consumption habits across the world, and aligning emerging scientific approaches and institutional building efforts with their branding and marketing strategies.Given the multiplicity of factors involved in the evolution of the wine industry, a SSI approach provides a useful analytical framework for interpreting its trajectory and the New World catch up experiences. In this paper, the catching up process in the wine industry is investigated through comparative analysis of two emerging countries - Chile and South Africa - and a long established Italian wine region - Piedmont, which provides new empirical evidence on academic researchers and wine cellars in these three areas.We argue that the emergence of New World producers has been favoured by significant discontinuities in both technologies and market demand and implies a co-evolution of physical and ‘social’ technologies, that is, of formal and informal institutions supporting the adoption of knowledge oriented procedures and a novel division of labour among the main industry players. The rapid adoption of a scientific approach to a rather traditional industry, and co-ordination between research communities and wineries, has spurred New World performance.This perspective shows that catch up experience in the wine industry significantly differs from successful catch up trajectories in other industries: in the wine sector the emerging countries have been driving the process of technological modernization and product standardization, rather than focusing on market niches. At the same time, the wine industry case provides support for the argument that access to foreign knowledge is crucial for catching up and sustaining diverse development trajectories. Our investigation of the different dimensions of the wine sectoral system demonstrates the variety of strategies and growth paths involved. The analysis highlights the main differences between latecomers and established countries, while at the same time pointing to the persisting heterogeneity among catching up countries. Overall, this paper contributes to the literature on catching up by providing new empirical evidence that, under certain conditions, latecomers can successfully catch up with leaders. The analysis provides useful insights into the strategies that emerging economies might implement to foster sectoral level growth, and suggests, more broadly, that the agro-food sector can significantly contribute to the development of these economies.

Biopharma: How Can the “Valley of Death” between R&D and Innovation Be Overcome?

“Today Russian biopharma has two obvious main problems,” believes Alexey Konov, investment director, and Andrey Leonov, investment manager, at Bioprocess Capital Partners Ltd. Russian satirical poet Igor Guberman’s line about a “crowd of researchers staring at life’s enigma” was written more than 25 years ago. If we consider the sad end to that quatrain (about “life that sends all of those researchers far, far away”) as an illustration of the process of putting new knowledge to practice, we must admit that the current situation is even worse. In fact, until the collapse of the USSR (in the end of the 1980s), the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries provided most of the drugs the nation required. Biopharmacy in the USSR functioned the way modern corporations do. Each branch had specialized Research Institutes in which production-orientated R-D was conducted. There were also communal usage centers that worked on certain scientific tasks of the Soviet biopharmaceuticals industry. Centralized R-D and innovations made the Soviet Union one of the world’s leaders in certain fields.

Coordination and Governance of S&T Structure and Infrastructure in India

Coordination and Governance of S&T Structure and Infrastructure in India

Developing swiss paraplegic research: Building a research institution from the comprehensive perspective

Purpose. To illustrate the conceptualization and development of a research institution from the comprehensive perspective based on the integrative model of functioning provided by the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The newly founded research institution Swiss Paraplegic Research which focuses on the comprehensive study of spinal cord injury (SCI) serves as an example.Method. Description of organizational development and structure.Results. The creation of specialized research institutions which develop their core competence from the comprehensive perspective poses unique challenges. It is depicted how these challenges can be met through several approaches. These encompass the identification and specification of a common mission and research goals, the organization of research along distinct scientific fields, the set-up of a respective core competence, and the design of research structures suited to conduct studies of high methodological and organizational complexity. Finally, they comprise the development of a transdisciplinary workforce and the integration into a research landscape which is organized along scientific disciplines and not along interdisciplinary themes.Conclusion. The ideas and approaches described in this paper may serve as an example for creating integrative research institutions dedicated to human functioning and rehabilitation research from the comprehensive perspective.

Organizing knowledge spillovers when basic and applied research are interdependent: German biotechnology policy in historical perspective

The German biotechnology lag illuminates the difficulties of finding appropriate organizational forms of R&D for “embryo” innovations requiring the continued involvement of basic research scientists even after innovation has advanced to the stage of commercial product development. The analysis charts the German policy shift from largely unsuccessful “corporatist” networks (1970s and 1980s) to more promising “emergent” networks (1990s) as organizational vehicles for conducting biotechnology innovation. A constant of German R&D policy for most of the 20th century, and one underlying the initial reliance on corporatist networks in biotechnology, was the tendency to exclude universities from major R&D initiatives and rely instead on specialized research institutes. The structural inflexibilities of universities, combined with the early successes of many specialized research institutes from the 1880s on, led to path-dependent reliance on the latter for 20th-century reforms of the German national innovation system.

The institute as network: the Scottish Council for Research in Education as a local and international phenomenon in the 1930s

Established in the late 1920s, the Scottish Council for Research in Education (SCRE) was a highly significant and influential institute for educational research, in both the scope and the methodology of its work, in Scotland and abroad. It was one of the first of a new kind of institution; it signalled the rise of specialized research institutes, outside the university yet closely connected to academic work and to the governing of education, across the Western world. Research Institutes are a flexible way of managing tasks and influencing policy: they appear to conform to disciplinary procedures and yet they are free to inquire and suggest policy directions. SCRE did not have a specialized staff of researchers but it did work cooperatively, as a prototype knowledge network, linking together in projects a wide range of Scottish academics, teachers and education managers. Together, they were bound in a movement for reform and experiment.

Contemporary Chinese studies of Wang Fuzhi in Mainland China

WANG Fuzhi = F s ~ (Chuanshan J ~ , 1619--1692), who lived from the late Ming u)~ Dynasty to the early Qing ~ Dynasty, has been honored as one of the greatest philosophers in ancient China. Since the Cultural Revolution, some serious studies of his philosophy have been done in mainland China. In his hometown, Hunan ~flF8 province, three large conferences have been held, three special research institutes have been established, and a special journal has been launched, all devoted to Chuanshan studies. On November 9-16, 1982, the 290th anniversary of Chuanshan's death, the first conference was held on the topic of Chuanshan as an enlightenment thinker. Papers presented at the conference were collected in Collected Essay on WANG Chuanshan's Academic Thoughts ( q c ~ t h @ ~ , , ~ , ~ } (Hunan Academy 1984). On the 300th anniversary of Chuanshan's death, the second international conference was held on November 3-6, 1992. Papers presented at this conference-center ing on Chuanshan's bibliography, texts, epistemology, dialectics, ethics, aesthetics, philosophy of history, politics, economics, education, and religion, among others-were collected in On Chuanshan Study ( ~ @ ~ ) CX. Luo). On November 8-11, 2002, the third international conference was held, on the 310th anniversary of Chuanshan's death, with the theme of Chuanshan Study & Modern Civilizations. Scholars elaborated on Chuanshan's doctrines on human nature, ideal personality, moral cultivation, ontology, the heaven-human relationship, poetics, politics, and the economics, Chuanshan's study of Yi-Jing (~,{~) (the Book of Change), as well as the current state of Chuanshan study (see Ju; Xinguo Wang 2003). The three special research institutes of Chuanshan study are Chuanshan Institute (Chuanshan Xueshe

Laboratory-Scale Production of High-Gravity Wort Suitable for a Broad Variety of Research Applications

A laboratory-scale high-gravity wort production protocol was developed. Currently, wort production and consequently, much of brewing research, is confined to breweries and specialized research institutions that possess the specialized brewhouse equipment needed to produce wort. A wort production protocol was designed around the nonspecialized equipment found in a typical bioprocess-engineering laboratory. Malted barley was ground in a hammer mill to produce a grist suitable for a mash tun vessel. Mashing and filtration were performed in a stirred, temperature-controlled fermentation vessel fitted with a simple mesh filter. A mash with a liquor/grist ratio of 3.3:1 produced a wort with a specific gravity of at least 22.74°P with an extraction efficiency of 89.7% in less than 335 min. Furthermore, the wort was shown to be fermentable, having a 73% attenuation limit when fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 1338. The worts produced contained high levels (303 mg/L) of free amino nitrogen, had an average pH of 5.01, a color of 33.85 EBC units, and bitterness of 19.7 BU. This protocol can be used for almost any research application, including the comparative study of fermentations on the basis of all-malt wort, high-gravity malt wort and high-gravity adjunct wort. Furthermore, the protocol will enable researchers outside of the brewing industry to bring their specialized skills to brewing research.

Digital Infrastructure Development within a Nonprofit Polymer Science Library: An Analysis of the Transition to Digital Serials at the Michigan Molecular Institute

The authors analyze the issues that the Michigan Molecular Institute Library (MMI) will face in the transition from print to digital serials. The library supports a specialized research institute with sixty-eight serial subscriptions from forty-two publishers. Its specialized nature limits the number of potential consortia partners. Strengths include a user community of skilled researchers in a well-defined research area. In this transition, MMI will encounter both similar and different issues than those found in larger academic and research libraries. Topics include current access, planning, licensing, archival concerns, interlibrary loan (ILL), interoperability, and emerging trends. The authors recommend that the MMI librarian periodically evaluate the collection strategy in keeping with changing trends.

Digital Infrastructure Development within a Nonprofit Polymer Science Library: An Analysis of the Transition to Digital Serials at the Michigan Molecular Institute

The authors analyze the issues that the Michigan Molecular Institute Library (MMI) will face in the transition from print to digital serials. The library supports a specialized research institute with sixty-eight serial subscriptions from forty-two publishers. Its specialized nature limits the number of potential consortia partners. Strengths include a user community of skilled researchers in a well-defined research area. In this transition, MMI will encounter both similar and different issues than those found in larger academic and research libraries. Topics include current access, planning, licensing, archival concerns, interlibrary loan (ILL), interoperability, and emerging trends. The authors recommend that the MMI librarian periodically evaluate the collection strategy in keeping with changing trends.

Cognitive neuroscience in China

In the last decade, cognitive neuroscience in China has advanced in at least four aspects: first, specialized research institutes and bodies have been set up throughout the nation; second, more and more high‐tech research facilities and approaches have been adopted by domestic researchers; third, international conferences on cognitive neuroscience have been held in Mainland China; and finally, publications relating cognitive processes to neural activation and functioning have increased. This paper selectively reviews research on perception and face recognition, attention, language, memory, and disorders in cognitive brain functions carried out by scientists in Mainland China. For visual perception, some excellent work has been carried out to investigate the neural mechanisms of perceptual priming, perceptual grouping, and perception of global/local properties in compound stimuli. For attention, much work is on issues such as the time course of brain activation in selective attention, the patterns of event‐related potentials in visual and auditory selective attention, and the effect of pre‐cueing on spatial attention. Because the Chinese language has many unique characteristics in phonological and syntactic systems and in the writing system, much research carried out in China takes advantage of these characteristics, trying to separate the universal and language‐specific aspects of language processing and their neural correlates. Memory research is mainly at neuropsychological and neurobiological levels. Disorders of cognitive functioning and their underlying impairments in the brain are attracting more and more attention. The paper concludes that as the Chinese economy is growing fast, more resources will be poured into basic research. Thus, systematic research in various fields of cognitive neuroscience by Chinese scientists is no longer a dream. It is reasonable to expect that research in this field will be accelerated in China and become an important force in the world in the near future.

History of public health. History of public health research in Estonia: a review

The University of Tartu (which was founded In 1632) and its Department of Public Health (Hygiene) have been the centre of public health research in Estonia. Environmental factors such as living conditions, water, soil, air and food have been the traditional topics. The study on blind people and people suffering from eye diseases among the rural population of Livonia conducted by Professor Himmelstiern in 1856–1859 proved to be the first epidemlological study in Russia. Professor Korber, a supporter of a statistical approach in research, founded the local school of demographers in 1890s. Professor Khlopin's stay in Tartu (1895–1903) was a very fruitful period. He and his students paid much attention to communal hygiene. Professor Rammul, the head of the department in 1920–1940, initiated and supervised an extensive medicogeographical study of overall Estonia. The Second World War and post-war years caused a standstill in research. A revival occurred in the end of 1950s when Professor Kask returned to the department. After his death (1968), Associate Professor Ulbo and Professor Jannus continued his work. Their main study areas were concerned with public health aspects of the water supply, nutrition of pre-school children and their provision with vitamins, work conditions and health risks of some occupations. During resent years the area of research has enlarged to comprise health risks due to lifestyle factors, health economics and health care management topics. After the war special medical research institutes were established. They have made a considerable contribution to public health research in Estonia.

Academic Pediatrics in the EMMA Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam (The Netherlands)

In 1988 the Emma Children's Hospital and the department of pediatrics of the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) merged. With the integration of the Emma Children's Hospital and the academic pediatric department, an academic children's hospital (ECH/ AMC) was established with all pediatric subspecialties including oncology, pediatric hematology/ hemostasis, and immunology. The research is organized in special research institutes. Oncology patients are referred from all over The Netherlands (and consist of one third of the total Dutch pediatric oncology patients) and from many other countries. Considerable effort is given to the care of patients with hemophilia and congenital clotting disorders. One of the special fields in immunology is the care for children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Emma Children's Hospital AMC participates in national and international programs for human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS research and immunological diseases, especially chronic granulomatous disease, in which an internationally appreciated know-how has been built up.

Forty years of progress.

The celebration of the 40th anniversary of the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) provides an opportunity for reviewing the growth of dental research over the decades. The Institute owes its origin to public and professional concern over the dental health of Americans and the prospect that a Federal investment in dental research could pay off. The early years of the Institute were devoted to studies of fluoride and dental caries, with notable achievements in clinical trials of water fluoridation and caries microbiology. During the 1960s came the discovery that the periodontal diseases, like dental caries, were bacterial infections that could be prevented. Basic and clinical research expanded, and the research manpower pool grew with the addition of microbiologists, immunologists, salivary gland investigators, and other basic biomedical and behavioral scientists. The Institute created special broad-based Dental Research Institutes and Centers to foster interdisciplinary research, and continued to expand its research base. A national survey undertaken by NIDR in the late 1970s showed major declines in caries prevalence in schoolchildren. Recent NIDR surveys of adults and older Americans as well as a second children's survey have demonstrated overall improvements in oral health and a continued decline in childhood caries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A New Soviet Directory of Archives and Manuscript Repositories: A Major Contribution in Light of Recent Reference Aids

A directory of all archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR with a comprehensive bibliography of finding aids has long been needed by researchers. Yet one of the most highly centralized, state-run archival systems in the world, with its subsidiary strong publication division under the world's first specialized research institute for archival affairs, has still not seen fit to provide researchers with such a basic reference aid. Now, significantly not from Moscow but from the western Ukrainian center of Lviv, comes the second edition of a research handbook of all-union scope that more closely approaches that optimal directory than any other single volume available. The expanded second edition still does not cover all repositories by any means, or even all of the largest and most important manuscript-holding institutions in some areas. Its bibliography remains far from comprehensive and is awkwardly presented.