Specific Raw Materials Research Articles

The emergence of large flake-based Acheulian technology: perspective from the highland site-complex of Melka Wakena, Ethiopia

Isaac GL (1969) proposed that Large Cutting Tools (LCTs) made on large flake blanks detached from giant/boulder cores are the key technological variable that distinguishes the Acheulian from the Oldowan. The production of large flake blanks was initially observed in the earliest records of the Acheulian technology in Africa ca. 1.75 Ma, subsequently becoming a technological feature of many sites across eastern Africa. Still, the mode and tempo of evolution of the large flake-based Acheulian technology remains poorly understood. Here we report on the large flake-based Acheulian assemblage at locality MW5 in the Melka Wakena site-complex, chronologically constrained between 1.37 and 1.34 Ma. At the site-complex level we note that aspects related to small flake production remain relatively unchanged since ~ 1.6 Ma. Secondary modification of small flakes by retouch remained marginal and there is only a slight increase in the frequency of structured reduction of cores, compared to the earlier 1.6 Ma assemblage. In contrast, the MW5 lithic assemblages inform of the diachronic shift of lithic techno-economy into a large flake-based LCTs technology. This shift is characterized by: (1) A highly selective use of a specific raw material (glassy ignimbrite) for the production of large flake blanks; (2) transport of prepared large flake blanks from relatively distant sources into the sites as part of a spatially and temporally fragmented reduction sequence; (3) improved know-how of large flake production, (4) the introduction of the Kombewa technology; (5) a unified technological concept for the production of handaxes and cleavers, diverging only in the specific decisions determining their final shape parameters. Taken together, these trends indicate changes in techno-economic strategies related to LCT production, including higher levels of pre-planning in the raw material acquisition stage and higher investment in controlling the morphometric properties of the artifacts.

Harnessing biomass derived carbon material with heteroatoms for sensitive and selective detection of mercury (II) ions in waste water

A wide range of raw materials can be converted into carbon materialsprimarily through chemical and physical activation, or a combination of both. The characteristics of resultant carbon material depend significantly on activation method and the specific raw materials used. This work processes date seed biomass using a chemical activation and thermal annealing method to derive a low-cost and porous carbon material DS-AC@400. The material was then used as a fluorescent sensing probe for selective and precise detection of Hg2+ ions in wastewater. There was a linear correlation between Hg2+ concentration and fluorescence intensity of DS-AC@400 with a limit of detection of 8.69 nM. It was found that the DS-AC@400-based fluorescent sensor has a high selectivity for Hg2+ detection against other interferingmetal ions. The sensor workedeffectively in real water samplesfor practical applications with little interference from interfering ions.

Experimental Device for the “Green” Synthesis of Unbranched Aliphatic Esters C4–C8 Using an Audio Frequency Electric Field

One of the most important reactions in organic synthesis is esterification, and the compounds generated using this process are esters with a wide range of applications in various industries. Numerous approaches have been employed to enhance the ester yield and reaction rate and establish equilibrium in esterification reactions. This study uses a non-catalytic thermal esterification method to obtain unbranched aliphatic esters C4–C8. The effect of an audio frequency electric field instead of a catalyst on the esterification reaction between acetic acid and linear C4–C8 aliphatic alcohols was studied. The main goal of this study was to design and implement a lab-scale device for the synthesis of aliphatic esters in an environmentally sustainable manner using only specific raw materials and an audio frequency electric field at 3 and 6 kHz at 20 °C and 50 °C. A mechanism for the esterification reaction using an audio frequency electric field is also suggested. The proposed experimental device is designed to produce esters in a green and cost-effective manner and could be used on a large scale in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Influence of Retanning Agents on Physical Characteristics of Snow-White Glove Leather from Goat Skin

The quality of leather is subject to various elements, such as the specific raw material used, and the processing techniques implemented throughout the production process. Goatskin, renowned for its exceptional softness and durability, is frequently employed in the production of gloves owing to its desired attributes, notably its capacity to produce snow-white gloves. Retanning is an essential step in the leather manufacturing process as it significantly improves the characteristics of the leather. Through an investigation into the impacts of distinct retanning agents on goatskin leather gloves, this research endeavor seeks to offer significant knowledge regarding the most effective retanning procedures that can augment the tactile attributes of snow- white leather gloves. In this study, formaldehyde, alum, chromium, and chromium alum were employed as retanning agents. The retanned leathers were assessed by physical parameters, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), then compared to a commercially available snow-white leather glove. The physical characteristics of chrome alum retanned leather showed a high degree of softness (6.60±0.02 mm), good tear strength (1.530±117 N/cm), and tensile strength (1.500±100 N/cm 2 ). The principal component analysis (PCA) also supported that the properties of chrome alum retanned snow-white glove leather closely resemble commercial leather and the result from this study suggested that all factors notably impact the skin's physical quality, except for thickness. Additionally, the FTIR analysis reveals similar functional groups from the different retanned leathers indicated by comparable peaks and stretching patterns. Therefore, chrome-alum could be a well alternative retanning agent for the production of snow-white glove leather.

НАУЧНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ И РАЗРАБОТКА ПРИНЦИПОВ ПОДБОРА СОРТОВ ГРАНАТА С ВЫСОКИМ ВЫХОДОМ СОКА

Juice yield is a very important characteristic of pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum L.) in economic terms. In this study, the limits of variability of morphological and technological characteristics of fruits of 25 varieties and forms of pomegranate from Geokchai (Azerbaijan) were studied. The values of these features were determined using the weight method. An attempt was also made to establish the nature of the formation of the ratio between the individual parts of the fruit using the method of biological statistics. The results showed that the studied varieties and forms can be grouped into three different groups, taking into account the changing balance between individual parts of the fruit during its active growth and development on the tree. In the fruits of one group of the studied varieties and forms, the increase in the total mass of the rind and bare seeds was slower than the increase in the mass of the juice. 5 medium-fruited varieties and forms with juice yield from ripe fruits averaging 53.2 % of their total weight were assigned to this group. The other two groups included 7 small-fruited and 13 large-fruited varieties and forms, in which this indicator was significantly lower (juice yield 45.4 and 43.1 %, respectively). Thus, it is the medium size fruit (and not the large size fruit, as is now customary) that should serve as the main phenotypic feature – a guideline when choosing juice material from existing varieties and creating new pomegranate juice varieties. This result can be included in the instructions for processors of this specific raw material and guidelines for breeders working towards the creation of new juice varieties of pomegranate. Key words: POMEGRANATE, VARIETIES AND SHAPES, FRUITS AND THEIR INDIVIDUAL PARTS, RIND, JUICE, BARE SEEDS, THE NATURE OF THE FORMATION OF THE NATURAL RATIO

Life cycle assessment of n-caproic acid production via chain elongation from food waste: Comparison of shunting and staged technology

n-Caproic acid is a widely used biochemical that can be produced from organic waste through chain elongation technology. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of n-caproic acid production through chain elongation by two processes (i.e., shunting and staged technology). The Open-life cycle assessment (LCA) model was used to calculate the environmental impacts of both technologies based on experimental data. Results showed that the shunting technology had higher environmental impacts than the staged technology. Water and electricity made bigger contribution to the environmental impacts of both technologies. Reusing chain elongation effluent substituting for water and using electricity produced by wind power could reduce the environmental impacts of water and electricity effectively. Using ethanol from food waste had higher global warming potential than fossil ethanol, which suggested that a cradle-to-grave LCA is needed to be carried out for specific raw materials and chain elongation products in the future.

Defect regulation of a distinctive synthetic Eu2+-doped SiAlON S-phase towards controllable spectra and thermal quenching for white-light-emitting diode

Targeted control of the luminescent properties of phosphors for white-light-emitting diode (WLED) applications, particularly spectral position and thermal stability, is crucial. In this study, a newly developed Eu2+-doped sialon S-phase BaAl1+ySi5-yO2-y/2N7 with intrinsic O vacancy (Vo) defects was synthesised using a special raw material ratio with an O deficiency. A series of structure–performance characterisations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. It was found that the spectral position and thermal stability of the samples could be realised by defect regulation using two approaches: regulation of the Eu2+ content and Al/Si ratio. Consequently, the emitting colour of the samples could be adjusted from green to yellow, leading to a lower colour temperature and higher colour rendering in the assembled WLED. The abnormal thermal quenching effect can also be suppressed with less variation in the emission intensity and colour purity at high temperatures. The defect regulation process investigated in this study will hopefully offer novel ideas for improving the luminescence properties of phosphors for extensive WLED applications.

Characterization and economization of cementitious tile bond adhesives using machine learning technique

Cementitious Tile Adhesives (CTAs) play a key role in ensuring the elegant outlook of buildings by improving the serviceability of various tile applications, hence making them an integral part of the dry-mix mortar industry with a significant market share globally. However, CTAs require special raw material for their production, making them a less economical option for sustainable construction applications. Hence, the current research work undertook an effort to explore the potential of different type of fine materials to produce CTAs to obtain a cheap value-added product. A total of 36 mixture proportions were prepared with six different sources of fine aggregates (i.e., silica sand, quartz sand, dune sand, river sand 1, river sand 2, and river sand 3), with six varying binder-to-fine aggregates ratios, and their mechanical strength parameters were evaluated. Further microstructure analysis was performed for fine aggregates, and best and worst performing mixture proportions to gain a deep understanding about their mechanical performance. The results revealed that the mixture proportions utilizing silica sand outperformed all other formulations in terms of compressive strength, and tensile strength with a value of 25.28 MPa, and 1.35 MPa, respectively, while dune sand performed the best in terms of shear strength 1.92 MPa with cement content of 40 % at 28 days. Moreover, microstructural investigation also showed the better microstructural performance of silica sand as compared to that of all other sources of sand. To increase the applicability of the undertaken research project, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based neural network model, along with predictive equations, was developed for the prediction of compressive strength (R2 = 0.9831), shear strength (R2 = 0.9808), and tensile strength (R2 = 0.9862). Hence, it can be concluded that the current research work provides a foundation for an effective product development process to produce tile bond adhesives using different type of raw materials available leading to economical and sustainable manufacturing of cementitious adhesives.

Analysis of the influence of foreign direct investment on the international trade pattern of host countries

This paper aims to explore the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the international trade patterns of host countries. Based on a comprehensive analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature, this study sorted out the basic theoretical framework of the interaction between FDI and international trade. On this basis, using the latest panel data and econometric methods, this study conducted an empirical analysis of how FDI affects the export structure, import structure and trade balance of host countries. The findings indicate that foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in enhancing the technological advancement of host nations, boosting the sophistication and value of exported goods, and aiding in the diversification of imported products while decreasing reliance on specific raw materials and technologies. In addition, the study also found that FDI can help the host country to improve its trade deficit and enhance its position in the global value chain. Finally, this paper further verifies the above conclusions through case analysis, and puts forward some policy suggestions for the government, including optimizing the foreign investment introduction policy, strengthening the cooperation between local enterprises and foreign enterprises, so as to make better use of FDI to promote the sustainable and healthy economic development of the host country. This study offers a new perspective for understanding the dynamic relationship between FDI and international trade, but also provides an empirical basis for formulating more effective foreign investment policies.

Analysis of Face-Centered Cubic Phase in Additively Manufactured Commercially Pure Ti

Metal additive manufacturing is a developing technique with numerous advantages and challenges to overcome. As with all manufacturing techniques, the specific raw materials and processing parameters used have a profound influence on microstructures and the resulting behavior of materials. It is important to understand the relationship between processing and microstructures of Ti to advance knowledge of Ti-alloys in the additive field. In this study, a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase was found in grade 2 commercially pure titanium specimens, additively manufactured with directed energy deposition in an argon atmosphere. Two scanning speeds (500 and 1000 mm/min) and three scanning patterns (cross-hatched and unidirectional patterns) were investigated. Electron backscatter diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for microstructural and compositional analysis. Inverse pole figure, phase, and kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps were analyzed in this work. Larger amounts of the FCC phase were found in the unidirectional scanning patterns for the slower scanning speed, while the cross-hatched pattern for both scanning speeds showed a lower amount of FCC. Higher KAM averages were present in the faster scanning speed specimens. According to EDS scans, small amounts of nitrogen were uniformly distributed throughout the specimens, leading to the possibility of interstitial content as a contributing factor for development of the observed FCC phase. However, there is no clear relationship between nitrogen and the FCC phase. The formation of this FCC phase could be connected to high densities of crystalline defects from processing, plastic deformation, or the distribution of interstitials in the AM structure. An unexpected Kurdjumow–Sachs-type orientation relationship between the parent beta phase and FCC phase was found, as 110BCC∥111FCC, 111BCC∥110FCC.

Controlling Raw Material Inventory using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method at PT. ICI Paints Indonesia

The inventory control system comprises a set of control policies to determine the level of inventory to be maintained, when orders to replenish inventory should be placed, and how large orders should be. This system determines and ensures the availability of inventory in the right quantity and at the right time. The aim of inventory is in the right quantity and at the right time. Inventory management aims to provide the necessary raw materials for the production process to run smoothly without shortages or excess inventory, thus minimizing inventory control of raw materials, specifically Titanium Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate. The company often faces shortages and excess inventory of these raw materials. The company must estimate the future demand for Titanium Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate raw materials. This prompts the research question of how to analyze the implementation of the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method for inventory control of these specific raw materials at PT. ICI Paints Indonesia. This research employs qualitative techniques and analyzes data using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, Lead Time, Re-Order Point, and Total Inventory Cost Order. The results of this study indicate that inventory control of raw materials using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method is more efficient for managing Titanium Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate raw materials at PT. ICI Paints Indonesia. The company can optimize the inventory of Titanium Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate raw materials and reduce purchasing costs. By establishing a reorder point, the company can anticipate excess or shortage of Titanium Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate raw materials, thus minimizing inventory-purchasing costs.

Influence of mineral raw material processing on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of crushed stone production

Purpose. Explore the impact of raw material processing stages on qualitative and quantitative production indicators and devise technological schemes for processing mineral raw materials to produce crushed stone products. Methodology. The study employs theoretical analysis, information systematization, and generalization of key physical and mechanical properties of rocks suitable for construction materials. We investigate the nuances in utilizing various crushers based on productivity and input material size. Additionally, technological schemes for crushing and sorting plants are visualized using AutoCAD to obtain finished crushed stone products for concrete and asphalt mixtures. Findings. The study revealed that the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of finished products are influenced by various factors, including the granulometric composition of the raw material, type and number of impurities, presence of vises and needle-shaped grains, number of crushing stages, screening requirements at individual stages, and the type of crushing equipment. Efficiency of the complex is contingent upon the optimization and calculations of the technological line for each specific raw material type. Performance indicators of crushing equipment types can be calculated based on productivity. Common typical technological schemes have been identified, adaptable to specific production conditions. Originality. Optimal typical technological schemes for mineral raw material processing have been identified. These schemes are adaptable to variable productivity and quality requirements for finished products, particularly with a three-stage crushing scheme. Practical implications. Proposed technological schemes enable continuous and cost-effective crushing, reducing power supply delays due to clogging of the feeding hole. These schemes also enhance operating conditions for lining, contributing to the prolonged service life of crushers. The application of these schemes is particularly beneficial in the active quarries of Ukraine for the extraction and processing of raw materials to produce crushed stone products.

Effects of enzymatic treatment on the in vitro digestion and fermentation patterns of mulberry fruit juice: A focus on carbohydrates

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzymatic treatments (pectinase, pectin lyase, and cellulase) on the in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics of whole mulberry fruit juice. The analysis focused on changes in carbohydrate properties within the black mulberry fruit matrix during simulated digestion and fermentation. Human fecal microbiota were collected and introduced to the fruit matrix to monitor the fate of both soluble and insoluble polysaccharides during fermentation. The results revealed that enzymatic treatments enhanced the solubilization of carbohydrates from mulberry fruits, with pectinase showing the most significant effect. Throughout the process of in vitro digestion, there was a gradual increase in the percentage of solubilized carbohydrates from the mulberry juice substrate. The digested suspensions underwent dialysis to remove degradation fragments, and a lower quantity of carbohydrate in the enzyme-treated groups compared to the control. Polysaccharide populations with varying molecular weights (Mw) were obtained from the soluble fractions of mulberry residues for subsequent fermentation. An increase in Mw of soluble polysaccharides was detected by HPSEC during fermentation in certain cases. The gut microbiota demonstrated the ability to convert specific insoluble fractions into soluble components, which were subsequently subjected to microbial utilization. Enzymatic treatments during mulberry juice preparation can potentially positively impact health by influencing gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) modulations. Enzymes could serve as valuable tools for producing functional fruit and vegetable juices, with the need to specify processing conditions for specific raw materials remaining a subject of further investigation.

Resource requirements for the implementation of a global H2-powered aviation

In this paper, the resource requirements for the implementation of global H2-powered aviation are investigated to answer one of the main questions asked by many stakeholders in the aviation industry: Are there any resource limitations for the implementation of H2-powered aviation on a global scale? For this, the raw material, renewable energy and water demands for the deployment and operational phase are investigated on a global and regional perspective.It is found that the iridium demand for a global hydrogen economy could be critical as it would exceed not only the current annual production by a factor of 11 but also the current reserves about 1.7 times. The H2-powered aviation alone is not the main driver of iridium demand but could increase the limitations. With reduced specific raw material demands of further optimized electrolysis technologies and increased annual raw material production, the limitations especially for the iridium demand could be overcome.Renewable energy capacities and water availability are sufficient for demands from H2-powered aircraft on a global perspective. Nevertheless, the limited availability of renewable energy sources in some regions and regional water constraints may necessitate hydrogen import for certain airports.While water desalination is likely to overcome water constraints in regions close to the sea, for airports located in regions with detrimental availability of renewable energy sources the import of hydrogen is the only way to ensure a hydrogen supply for H2-powered aviation.

Sosialiasi Pentingya mempertahankan dan melestarikan Alat musik tradisional Geso-geso kepada Generasi milenial di Lembang Randan Batu, Tana Toraja

Art is an expressive embodiment of culture in Toraja. One of its manifestations is through traditional musical instruments, one of which is the geso-geso musical instrument. Geso-geso is a traditional musical instrument that is played by swiping. This traditional musical instrument is made with special raw materials that have strong and hard properties. In addition there are also parts of the shell which are covered with materials such as animal skins. This section will later function as a loudspeaker membrane. The tool used for swiping is made of wood fiber or you can also use palm fiber. The fibers that will be used for swiping are tied to a rattan. The Millennial Generation is the generation that will take care of preserving it. Millennials should be able to innovate traditional musical instruments to be cooler and more beautiful according to their wishes and be creative. That way the musical instruments inherited from our ancestors will not be easily lost or eroded by modern musical instruments.

Synthesis of Microcomponent Doped Strontium Titanate Single Crystal Special Raw Material Powder by Solid Phase Method

Synthesis of Microcomponent Doped Strontium Titanate Single Crystal Special Raw Material Powder by Solid Phase Method

Preparation of Anorthite/Mullite In Situ and Phase Transformation in Porcelain

A high sintering temperature is required to acquire excellent performance in the production of porcelain but results in high fuel consumption. To prepare the porcelain with outstanding performance at a lower temperature, a self-produced additive containing calcium (CaK) was added into a three-component system of kaolinite-feldspar-quartz. XRD and SEM were used to characterize the samples. The toughening mechanism and Gibbs free energy were investigated. After introducing the CaK, the bending strength of the porcelain fired at 1513 K increased from 56.32 ± 0.65 MPa to 95.31 ± 0.63 MPa, which was 21.83% higher than that of the porcelain without CaK at an optimal firing temperature of 1603 K. The main crystal phase of the sample comprised mullite and quartz in the raw materials at 1453~1603 K. The anorthite was observed at 1453 K and interlocked with needle-shaped mullite at 1513 K in the porcelain after adding CaK, which resulted in the higher bending strength. Quantitative analysis indicated that the amount of anorthite decreased at 1513 K and disappeared at 1543 K; the amount of mullite increased with temperature. The Gibbs free energy of the reaction (CaO•Al2O3•2SiO2 + 2(Al2O3•2SiO2) → 3Al2O3•2SiO2 + CaO + 4SiO2) at high temperature was negative, which suggested that the formation of mullite (3Al2O3•2SiO2) from anorthite (CaO•Al2O3•2SiO2) was possible. These findings implied that the addition of CaK contributed to the appropriate phase composition and microstructure, and the excellent performance of the porcelain at a lower temperature. In addition, the transformation between anorthite and mullite was possible in the special raw material system. The results are of interest in producing anorthite/mullite ceramics at reduced sintering temperatures and the conversion between anorthite and mullite.

A new level of development of 3D printing in light industry

This article describes the main stages of the development of 3D printing in light industry, the compatibility of various materials with a 3D printer, as well as the creation of a new product line from special raw materials. 3D printing (3DP) has emerged in recent years as a form of printing on different materials with many exciting properties and aspects. Today it finds application both in the industrial garment sphere and among private individuals. 3 D printing brings production closer to end consumers and helping a lot of ideas and innovations in life. In that case 3D plays an important role in the modern production of fashion clothing, and can also receive and benefit from many characteristics of this technology. In this article, we want to highlight those that we consider the most productive from the point of view of fashion clothing production, as well as new methods and applications based on this technology that can benefit in the future.

Стан і перспективи виробництва яблук у сировинних садах України

Canneries of Ukraine process 80-90 % of apples from the total volume of all fruit raw materials. Until recently, mainly fruits of the 3rd commercial grade, non-standard and unsuitable for storage, were used for processing. Today, in connection with the renewal and modernization of the canning industry, increasing requirements for the quality and safety of canned goods, raw materials with the specified quality parameters, which are indicated in the current DSTU 7075: 2009. Fresh apples for industrial processing, should be subject to industrial processing. The need for high-quality raw materials necessitates the creation of raw material gardens, which will be established in special raw material zones of specialized processing enterprises, using specially selected varieties for a certain assortment of canned goods. Scientists have substantiated that the best zones for locating such enterprises are Lisosteppe and Polissia, namely: Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia regions, where large processing plants are located. According to the results of many years of research, domestic scientists have selected a number of apple varieties of intensive type with high technological qualities of fruits. Among them, for the production of raw materials that will satisfy the requirements of the canning industry, those that have a high level of manifestation of economic and valuable characteristics and in intensive gardens ensure the profitability of production are recommended. Until now, no models of raw apple orchards have been developed that could be recommended for farms that differ in size and form of ownership, the technology of growing such plantations that would ensure their rapid fertility, annual and high yield, high economic efficiency of production and processing has not been substantiated quality fruits. The solution of this urgent issue is timely, it will have theoretical significance and practical value for the field of horticulture and processing industry. Key words: apples, raw materials, quality, variety, production, processing, orchard, economic efficiency.

WPŁYW PRODUKCJI ŻYWNOŚCI POCHODZENIA ZWIERZĘCEGO NA ŚRODOWISKO NATURALNE W OPINII BADANEJ GRUPY POLSKICH KONSUMENTÓW

Background. The livestock sector is nowadays considered one of those areas of human activity that has a significant impact on the environment, due to, among other things, large water footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the over-exploitation and changed utilization of natural areas. Reducing the consumption of products of animal origin, especially beef, is therefore widely regarded as an important step that humanity should take to reduce the environmental footprint of food. This study aimed to analyze the opinion of consumers on the environmental impact of livestock production ( particularly, meat in general, milk and eggs), and their motives for limiting the consumption of such food. The survey covered 163 respondents, strongly represented by women (85 %), people with higher education or students (89 %), aged 21 ÷ 30 (74 %). Results and conclusions. More than half of the respondents expressed the opinion that meat produc tion exerted a negative impact on the environment, while less than a half had a similar opinion about dairy and egg production. They most often perceived water and carbon footprint as important issues, while only a limited percentage paid attention to the problem of the exploitation and transformation of land for animal production purposes. A half of the respondents declared that they limited or excluded meat and/or other products of animal origin from their diet. Among the motives for such a restriction, they mentioned pri marily health (44 %) and ethical (30 %) reasons. Only 11 % indicated care for the environment as the reason. The study points to the need to educate consumers about the impact of livestock production on the environment, including the key indicators. Such education should take into account divergencies in the environmental footprint of specific raw materials and food of animal origin, and of various livestock rearing systems.