Special Outlook Research Articles

Utilizing engineered extracellular vesicles as delivery vectors in the management of ischemic stroke: a special outlook on mitochondrial delivery.

Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide, imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society. Extracellular vesicles, serving as natural nano-carriers for drug delivery, exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke. However, the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency. By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles, their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved. Furthermore, previous studies have indicated that microvesicles, a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles, can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells, thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke. Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components, such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid, or their sub-components, for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy. In this review, we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies. Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke, we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process. Moreover, given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery, we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.

Investigating Bodily Injury

This study shall analyse the statutory provisions on bodily injuries or batteries with a special outlook on the difficulties caused by the pandemic. The study formulates forensic recommendations based on the Hungarian national standard and knowledge of criminal procedure and analyzes the methodology of the investigation of bodily harm exclusively from the Hungarian point of view. It approaches the detection of the crime from a practical and empirical point of view, as well as from a legal point of view. The study shall introduce the relations of corona virus and HIV virus to bodily injuries. Interpretation of the recommendations of criminalistics is indispensable for the detection of bodily injuries, similarly, the identification of the methods revealing criminal actions and the questions to be asked during the interrogation of the suspect are also absolute necessities in the process.

AN EXHIBIT OF INFERIORITY: THE CONTOURS OF GENDER SCIENCE

This is an introduction to a distinct perspective on the subject of varied experience of science by both the genders since early modern times. In the research paper that follows, I attempt to offer helpful contexts in which key concepts, science and sex, are discussed, relevant historiographies detailed and particular, enlightening case studies presented. This special outlook shows, taken in its entirety, that gender science – including both men and women - was diverse and debated during the eighteenth century and that while there were almost exclusively men in formal scientific institutions and publishing houses, their gender relationships were varied. Numerous women still made significant contributions as practitioners and patrons in scientific research.

Investigating Bodily Injury

This study shall analyse the statutory provisions on bodily injuries or batteries with a special outlook to the difficulties caused by the pandemic. The study shall introduce the relations of corona virus and HIV virus to bodily injuries. Interpretation of the recommendations of criminalistics is indispensable for the detection of bodily injuries, similarly, the identification of the methods revealing criminal actions and the questions to be asked during the interrogation of the suspect are also absolute necessities in the process.

Modeling and analysis of SEIRS epidemic models using homotopy perturbation method: A special outlook to 2019-nCoV in India

Considering the prevailing situations, the mathematical modeling and dynamics of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) particularly in India are studied in this paper. The goal of this work is to create an effective SEIRS model to study about the epidemic. Four different SEIRS models are considered and solved in this paper using an efficient homotopy perturbation method. A clear picture of disease spreading can be obtained from the solutions derived using this method. We parametrized the model by considering the number of infection cases from 1 April 2020 to 30 June 2020. Finally, numerical analysis and graphical representations are provided to interpret the spread of virus.

Parallel Phrases and Interaction in Greek and Latin Magical Texts.

Magical texts represent an inexhaustible source for the phenomena of an ancient language for special purposes. The scope of this paper is limited to the different kinds of word-borrowings in the Pannonian set of curse tablets. One-language, well written and easily readable magical texts can be difficult to understand while explicit and unambiguous wording is expected in such practical genre like curses which level at definite persons. Harmful curse tablets and protective amulets, however, can be obscure. This study aims to give a comprehensive account of the possible reasons why these texts have a cloudy style, with special outlook of parallel phrases in Greek pieces of evidence.

Biodegradable Polymeric Micro/Nano-Structures with Intrinsic Antifouling/Antimicrobial Properties: Relevance in Damaged Skin and Other Biomedical Applications.

Bacterial colonization of implanted biomedical devices is the main cause of healthcare-associated infections, estimated to be 8.8 million per year in Europe. Many infections originate from damaged skin, which lets microorganisms exploit injuries and surgical accesses as passageways to reach the implant site and inner organs. Therefore, an effective treatment of skin damage is highly desirable for the success of many biomaterial-related surgical procedures. Due to gained resistance to antibiotics, new antibacterial treatments are becoming vital to control nosocomial infections arising as surgical and post-surgical complications. Surface coatings can avoid biofouling and bacterial colonization thanks to biomaterial inherent properties (e.g., super hydrophobicity), specifically without using drugs, which may cause bacterial resistance. The focus of this review is to highlight the emerging role of degradable polymeric micro- and nano-structures that show intrinsic antifouling and antimicrobial properties, with a special outlook towards biomedical applications dealing with skin and skin damage. The intrinsic properties owned by the biomaterials encompass three main categories: (1) physical–mechanical, (2) chemical, and (3) electrostatic. Clinical relevance in ear prostheses and breast implants is reported. Collecting and discussing the updated outcomes in this field would help the development of better performing biomaterial-based antimicrobial strategies, which are useful to prevent infections.

P3421Increased air pollution expressed as PM10 concentration and winter time are related to the frequency of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute coronary syndromes

Abstract Background According to epidemiological studies, increased air pollution has negative impact on the cardiovascular system. However, the extent of the air pollution's impact on the frequency of the occurrence of specific subtypes of coronary artery diseases (CAD) has not yet been established with absolute certainty. Purpose The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between increased air pollution expressed as particulate air matter (PM10) concentrations and the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Methods Based on the data published by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, we selected six cities (six catheter laboratories [cath labs]) with low pollution according to PM10 (“non-polluted”) and five cities (six cath labs) with the highest pollution (“polluted”). These locations served as a basis for the determination of 24/7 cath labs and the frequency of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients (PCIs) with subsequent types of CAD with special outlook on the ACSs. The current study accounted 10,239 patients in the polluted area and 5,648 patients from the non-polluted region treated with PCI and included patients with stable angina and ACSs. Analysing the period of 365 days, the number of patients undergoing angioplasty in monitored cath labs and the mean daily concentration of PM10 in all selected cities were calculated for each day. In order to better visualise air pollution trends and the frequency of performing PCI in patients with ACS, we have created new time intervals for weeks. Additionally, due to the difference in pollution levels, the analysed period was divided into winter (13 weeks) and non-winter weeks (39 weeks). Results The annual average concentration of PM10 amounts to 50.95 μg/m3 in polluted cities and 26.62 μg/m3 in non-polluted ones, which was significantly different (p<0.01) (Fig. 1). It was proven that for both groups, the rise in PM10 pollution levels is connected with the increased frequency of PCIs in patients with ACSs (polluted p<0.01 and non-polluted p<0.01 areas). Moreover, we calculated that in the non-polluted regions, the increase in PM10 concentration by every 1 μg/m3 causes 0.22 additional ACS angioplasties per week. In polluted regions, the same increase in PM10 concentration causes 0.18 additional ACS angioplasties per week. In non-winter weeks, the mean number of ACS PCIs expressed in promiles was lower than in winter weeks in polluted (18.56±2.41 vs. 21.23±3.98, p=0.03) and non-polluted cities (18.68±2.98 vs. 20.88±2.57, p=0.02). Figure 1. Biplot chart according to the extent of pollution expressed as PM10 and sample size for selected Cathlabs. Conclusions The study shows that the increase in air pollution expressed as PM10 concentration and winter time influences the frequency of ACS related PCIs.

Еколого-економічні аспекти підготовки фахівців спеціальності "Облік і оподаткування"

З'ясовано основні вимоги, яким у сучасному ринковому середовищі повинен відповідати фахівець спеціальності "Облік і оподаткування". Встановлено необхідність володіння не лише теоретичними знаннями, але й практичними уміннями з бухгалтерського обліку та фінансів; здійснення аналізу витрат та передбачення результатів для різноманітних проектів, зокрема і міжнародних; застосування методів управлінського обліку для формування ефективних управлінських рішень. З'ясовано основні види відповідальності такого фахівця на різних управлінських рівнях. Встановлено різноманітні методи навчання, які дають змогу студентам оволодіти потрібними фаховими компетентностями. Охарактеризовано закономірності формування світогляду майбутніх фахівців і запропоновано на усіх рівнях підготовки наголошувати на зміні споживацького підходу до використання ресурсів на екологічно спрямований, з усвідомленням своєї відповідальності, зокрема й екологічної. До стандартів з підготовки фахівців спеціальності "Облік і оподаткування" освітнього рівня "бакалавра" і "магістра" запропоновано ввести фахові компетентності, що б передбачали екологічні аспекти у формуванні світогляду студентів. Оцінено рівень екологізації навчальних програм щодо усіх дисциплін на кафедрі обліку і аудиту НЛТУ України, а також науковий внесок викладачів щодо застосування еколого-економічних підходів у підготовці фахівців спеціальності "Облік і оподаткування".

A Comparative Study of Wordsworth and Sepehri`s Poetry in the Light of Ibn Arabi`s Philosophy

Sohrab Sepehri and William Wordsworth’s poems, have repeatedly been compared as they both reflect Pantheism and Emerson’s Over-Soul, yet they have never been studied in the light of Ibn Arabi’s Philosophy. The theory of Constant Immanence or renewal of creation expressed by Ibn Arabi can be regarded as an umbrella term to read the selected poems of Sepehri and Wordsworth and detect the similarities between these poets of two distinct milieu. Ibn Arabi’s innovative ideas of constantly renewing creation of the cosmos, the relationship between Man and Nature, Perfect Man and the love of religion have been depicted impressively centuries later in Sepehri’s and Wordsworth’s works. There is a wide tendency to compare the poems of these two poets of different milieu due to their special outlook to nature and their very individualistic worlds and their wide acceptance by both elite and common readers of poetry.

Coeliac Disease: From Triggering Factors to Treatment

Coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitive enteropathy is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the small intestine with estimated prevalence of 1% in the population. Its incidence is increasing and seems to be higher than expected in the pediatric population associated with unfavorable impact on the quality of life. The aim of the present review is to highlight the main triggering factors leading to the development of CD and its pathomechanism with a special outlook to the recent therapeutic approaches.

Gender Features of Discourse in Women's Literature as a Reflection of Changes in the Modern Society

The article deals with the problem of new conception of the “female” fiction prose as an independent discourse with special outlook and gender meaningful concepts. The article reveals the meaning of the notion “discourse of the modern female prose” described as complicated sociocultural phenomenon or the reflection of gender-motivated female consciousness revealed in the process of fiction text creation by women-authors. All mentioned features are very important and actual nowadays because the female prose is rapidly developing and represents the certain part of the national worldwide. The fiction texts by the woman-authors are considered to be the female discourse characterized with special outlook and gender-associated language peculiarities and it represents the female language person. The female prose texts undoubtedly reflect new aspects of woman's role and place in the world and also firm stereotypes of man-woman relationships and they created the model for woman the lack of which is felt in modern society. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s2p476

The European Cultural Code in A.I. Solzhenitsyn's Prose: Specific Features of Artistic Functioning

The article considers some features of artistic functioning of the European cultural code in certain works by A.I. Solzhenitsyn (the story “Matryona's Place” and the novel “The First Circle”). Consistency of the writer’s reference to a medieval Western code, despite its traditional character and close interaction with the Russian classical tradition, is determined by the special outlook of the author, poetics of his creative work and the tasks facing the writer in artistic realization of each concrete work. The theme of Russia (authentic, “nutryanaya”), vividly presented in the story “Matryona's Place” through the symbolic image of Matryona, is a connecting thread not only with the Russian classical tradition and Biblical imagery, but also with the medieval novel about Tristan and Isolde which enables the writer to expressively highlight the opposition “true – false”, including the level of implication, to strengthen the realization of the “vice versa” principle and the principle of “false mirrors”. The camp theme stated in the novel “The First Circle” logically leads the writer to Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, to “Dante’s” code, forming not only ideological and symbolic value of the novel, but also its architectonics. The symbolics of a circle organizes the chronotopes of the novel, Stalin’s hell circles and the horizontal of Non-freedom. The knightly code through the writer’s reference to the Grail symbolics and his symbolic search, which is transformed into the search of Truth and Verity in a totalitarian state, forms a moral and philosophical core of the work, a special symbolics - the symbol of a ladder, the way of the knight up to the Grail Castle, which forms a symbolic vertical of Freedom and turns the motive complex of the novel (first of all – the motives of nativity, resurrection, lavation, moral rebirth, etc.) into special moral and philosophical integrity. The genuine Russianness of the writer solving in his creative work not only concrete historical problems, but also the problems of moral and philosophical character in search of universal human values, the Truth, the Verity, the Perfection, brings him to a wide field of the West European culture, in particular, of the medieval one. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s2p121

Modular Bearing Designs to Cope With the New Engine Designs Demanding High Performance, Lead-Free Solutions, and Robustness

Engine development, driven by environmental considerations outlined in the different emission regulations, fuel economy, and fuel availability in combination with economical boundary conditions, needs new approaches in bearing material and design. Since gas engines are gaining market share and firing pressures increase in diesel engines in order to fulfill fuel economy, a special focus has also been taken to tailor-made bearings for these applications. This complex task has to consider lining compound material strength and stability under different conditions like oil condition and dilution. Thin overlays with long-term wear resistance and mixed friction capabilities as well as robust design for extraordinary events like dirt shock loading or adaptations at the engine start are necessary. To fulfill all these requirements, different tasks have to be considered: (1) bearing lining and steel shell compound to fulfill assembly requirements to combine a safe bearing seat with antifretting and high strength with base tribological characteristics, (2) design and use of different layers to compensate weakness of the one layer with the strength of another layer, (3) incorporation of special running conditions and cost reduction approaches in the layer design like polymer coatings for start stop and shaft designs with rougher surface finishes, and (4) bearing design incorporating special shapes to cope better with deflections and geometric deficiencies of a special engine design or application In this publication, existing and new lining compound approaches, including lead-free designs, a variety of different overlays from electroplated, polymer and sputtered ones, are briefly described. Additionally, it is explained how these layers are combined and how they work together to improve bearing performance. Testing of the bearing components and designs on bearing test rigs with new test conditions considering dirt shock and misalignment and their confirmation by engine running experiences are given for a gas engine and a high speed diesel engine applications. A special outlook on how this approach can be extended to other applications for the sake of robustness, cost reduction, or performance increase will summarize the paper.

The development of a joint political program for the Jews of Poland during World War I ? success and failure

What more can be said about the extreme political factionalism of Polish Jewry? The countless failures to constitute a joint political program securing Polish Jewish interests, as well as the failure to craft a policy acceptable to most Jews in Poland, attest well to this factionalism's existence.1 In his recent essay on the topic, David Engel quotes Nahum Sokolov's well-known discussion of this "traditional pestilence" that "infested" and fragmented the organizations of Polish Jewry. Engel counters that the malaise was a mod ern one, for traditional Jewish society, in his opinion, was dominated by monolithic institutions.2 He points to the growing importance of the various political parties and their ideological differences as factors precluding joint programs and demands. He also underscores the divisive role of the Polish authorities. I cannot pretend to solve the riddle of Polish Jewish factionalism, but I would like to challenge Engel's explanation for it by presenting a case study of an incident during the First World War, in which representatives of the different political bodies of Polish Jewry each one with its special outlook and platform succeeded in formulating a common political program. They did so thanks to favorable circumstances, which suggests that when genuine opportunities for joint activity arose, advantage was taken of them, hence, suggesting, in turn, that the various Jewish political camps had more in com mon than first meets the eye. What stymied the realization of the possibilities such opportunities presented beside a political need for ideological dif ferentiation, which certainly helped give birth to vociferous, aggressive, and uncompromising intramural struggles was the intrusion of external political forces, both German, Austrian, Polish and Jewish. To highlight the factor that either encouraged or discouraged cooperation, I shall examine first the internal Jewish dynamic that led to the formulation of a joint program but, then, too, how Austrian, German, and Polish politics affected intramural Polish Jewish cooperation during the First World War.

Attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation: A model for understanding reactions to medical procedures after death

The main purpose of this study was to reach a deeper understanding of factors influencing the attitudes toward organ donation and other procedures with the dead body. From a survey of 400 inhabitants of Uppsala, a city in the middle of Sweden, concerning attitudes toward transplantation issues, 38 individuals with different attitudes toward donation of their own organs were selected for follow-up interviews. From the interviews, more than 600 statements concerning motives and reactions to medical procedures with the dead body were listed. These statements were summarized in 20 motive categories, in which 17 the nature of the motives were negative to organ donation and three promoting such a procedure. The categories were then analyzed and interpreted within a frame of reference of psychodynamic defense theory. In several cases it was possible to relate them to common death anxiety defenses. Six different motive complexes were extracted. These are called (1) illusion of lingering life; (2) protection of the value of the individual; (3) distrust, anxiety and alienation; (4) respecting the limits set by Nature or God; (5) altruism; and (6) rationality. Individuals not willing to donate their own organs were judged as either (a) reacting out of strenthened death anxiety defenses, or (b) as having a special outlook on life, where the idea of what is ‘natural’ was emphasized. The adverse reactions of the positive attitude group were seen as initial reactions perceived as derivations of common death anxiety defenses and weakened when confronted with altruistic and fact-stressing arguments. In the ‘undecided group’ of 14 persons, 11 arrived at a definite opinion. Seven decided for organ donation when their mistaken beliefs were corrected or when they took time to work through their initial uneasiness, while 4 persons actually were clearly negative. Three still remained uncertain. The stability of these attitudes seems to be high, often being experienced as a part of one's philiosophy of life.

Early detection of primary angle-closure glaucoma. Limbal and axial chamber depth screening in a high risk population (Greenland Eskimos).

In an unselected population of 541 Greenland Eskimos, a survey was performed aiming at early primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) detection. Of the men 162/274 and women 182/267 were above the age of 40. The ophthalmological examination included slit-lamp grading of limbal chamber depth (LCD), axial Haag Streit pachymetric chamber depth (ACD) measurement and direct gonioscopy in all shallow chamber cases. Dark room prone position provocative tests were extensively used in suspects. In 3 men and 5 women PACG was diagnosed, giving, above age 40, a prevalence of 2% in men (3/162) and increasing the PACG prevalence to 10% in women (18/182) as 13 were known a priori. PACG suspects, needing prophylactical iridectomy or pilocarpine, constituted 1 man and 6 women. Furthermore, narrow angles were found in 14 men and 27 women above age 40, and so far untreated. On the present background of highly effective surgical and YAG-laser iridectomy facilities in early PACG, local, other arctic and global prevention of blindness aspects are briefly discussed, with a special outlook to SE-Asia.

Vocabularies of realism in professional socialization

IN OUR research on professional socialization, we have often been tempted to define professional socialization as “the decline of idiosyncracy”, a view which comes very close to that of Norman Ryder [ I]. The referents for that facetious definition were repeated observations that, in the course of being socialized into professionals, people do indeed begin to speak alike. The process of professional socialization involves taking on a professional identity and a special outlook upon one’s work which is shared with colleagues but distinguished sharply from the outlook which laymen have of the profession. These acquired professional perspectives are expressed in common vocabularies [2]. In this paper, we concentrate upon one major set of common vocabularies, namely the language which the evolving professional acquires for handling the problems of mistakes or failures at work. How do trainees learn to handle their own human fallibility? Everett Hughes’ “Mistakes at Work” is the classic paper on this problem [3]. Our data substantially confirm one of his major points: The very concepts of mistake and failure are lay concepts; in the process of professional socialization they fade away or become redefined during the acquisition of perspectives which place emphasis upon the process of doing the work rather than the outcome of the work. Hughes also touches upon an implied bargain between profession and society [4]. A profession claims to have a special expertise in defined areas of high human interest. On the basis of accepting a profession’s claim to expertise (as well as good motives), a public conveys upon the profession the license to practice its expertise and the mandate to determine how the work should be done. Now, presumably the license can be withdrawn. We come, then, to the issue of the accountability of professions to their public. In addition to criticisms of the medical profession which come from various consumer and political groups, sharp questions about the extent to which the profession of medicine is justified in maintaining that it is adequately policing and regulating professional conduct have recently been raised in serious sociological work. The writings of Arlene Daniels [5], [6] and Eliot Freidson [7] particularly come to mind here. The work of Donald Light on how psychiatrists view suicide also has implications for the accountability of psychiatrists [8]. How to analyse and determine accountability of the professions involves complex conceptual and methodological issues. We believe that basic to any analysis of accountability is an understanding of how the professionals themselves define the issues, and how they come to so define them. This paper, therefore, focuses upon the perspectives of the professionals themselves. We will present data about how trainees in two specialties of medicine view issues which, from a lay point of view, are issues of failure of work. In our conclusion, we will discuss the implications of our findings for the issue of accountability.

THE ORGANIZATION OF A STERILITY CLINIC

Fifteen years ago the diagnostic study of cases of sterility was not regarded as a matter of any great complexity. The ordinary practice required only a routine pelvic examination of the wife, with a special outlook toward vaginismus, cervical stenosis, and so-called displacements of the uterus. A few more careful practitioners inquired about the potency of the husband and examined an occasional seminal specimen. Constitutional states, excepting obesity, received scant attention. It happens that during the past fifteen years there has been a conspicuous awakening of interest in the problem of sterility. This originated probably from three noteworthy advances. First, Hühner's development of postcoital examination made clear the true extent of male responsibility, the essential mechanism of insemination, and the effect on spermatozoa of abnormal cervical secretions. Second, transuterine insufflation of gas and the injection of iodized oil provided a means of evaluating accurately the tubal element. Third, general progress