Special Measurement System Research Articles

Measurement of suspended sediment for model experiments using general-purpose optical sensors

A specialized measurement system for measuring suspended sediment concentration in model experiments was developed; it utilizes general-purpose optical sensors to perform measurements. A photoelectric sensor was used for measuring the transmitted light, and a fiber optic sensor was used for measuring the backscattered light. The values of the light absorbance and intensity of backscattered light for turbid standard solutions measured with these sensors show a linear relationship with the turbidity. The calibration lines for sand particles with a large settling velocity were established by using a calibration tank containing upwelling water. The vertical profiles of the sediment concentration measured with the photoelectric sensor corresponded well to those of the sediment concentration measured with a water sampler in an artificial channel. This result suggests that the measurement system using a photoelectric sensor functions satisfactorily. The sediment concentrations measured using the fiber optic sensor correlate well with the concentrations measured through siphon sampling; however, the values measured with the fiber optic sensor are approximately 25% larger than those measured with the siphon. This disagreement may result from the differences in the optical conditions between the calibration tank and the actual channel. Thus, it may be possible to utilize fiber optic sensors calibrated on the basis of siphon sampling for the measurement of sediment concentration.

Influence of hole-transporting material addition on the performance of polymer solar cells

We report the effect of hole-transporting material (HTM) addition on the performance of polymer solar cells based on blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and soluble fullerene. N,N′-Diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-diphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD) was chosen as a HTM because it is one of the well-established HTMs despite its drawback of wide band gap (3.1 eV) for solar cell applications. Two specialized measurement systems, synchrotron radiation grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and phase-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM), were employed to understand the correlation between device performance and nanostructures of blend films. Results showed that the addition of 3–7 wt% TPD improved the short circuit current density of unannealed devices due to the improved P3HT crystallization induced by the presence of TPD molecules. Although the short circuit current density of the binary blend device was recovered to the highest value after thermal annealing, the improved fill factor of TPD-added ternary blend devices at the 3–7 wt% TPD content led to the slightly enhanced power conversion efficiency at 3 wt% TPD in spite of reduced optical absorption in the ternary blend film.

Modified model of bubble formation in non-Newtonian fluids

Based on the comprehensive forces balance model, a modified model of the formation of a single bubble in non-Newtonian fluid under constant flowrate was developed by taking account of the effect of the ingoing gas through orifice as well as its variation on the radial expansion of bubble. The modified model involves the radial expansion equation of bubble surface and the forces balance equation in vertical direction of the bubble respectively. The shape variation of bubbles formed in polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous solutions under various conditions was predicted numerically. The practical formation of bubbles was real-time visualized and recorded by a CCD camera and a computer by means of a special laser image measurement system. Results show that the predicted shapes of the bubbles by the present model agree well with experimental observation.

Modeling and magnetic measurements of TNK synchrotron radiation source magnets

The TNK synchrotron radiation source is being built by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics on the base of Lukin State Research Institute of Physical Problems. Magnetic system for the storage ring of TNK synchrotron radiation source was produced at the BINP. It consists of 6 superperiods and includes 24 dipole magnets, 72 quadrupole lenses, 36 sextupole lenses and 12 octupole lenses.The storage ring will operate in a wide range of energies—from 450 to 2200 MeV—which corresponds to 0.3–1.5 T magnetic field in dipole magnets. Dipole magnets have H-shape solid yokes from Armco iron with a curved form. Dipole gap is 42 mm and yoke straight length is 1447 mm. The results of 3D magnetic field modeling executed by means of Mermaid 3D are presented. All dipole magnets were magnetically measured by special Hall probe measurement system developed in BINP. The results of magnetic measurements and modeling are compared and analyzed.

Noise and reliability measurement of a three-axis micro-accelerometer

A special measurement system is developed to measure the combined noise and reliability of a three-axis micro-accelerometer. Three parametric tests are provided: gravitational, thermal and acoustical. The measurements were performed on both the in-plane and the out-of-plane axes. The temperature-dependence and acceleration-dependence of the noise was found, in agreement and contrast to the theories. The device is found to be very reliable when subjected to individual tests, but exhibits slight deviations during the combined tests.

Low Frequency Noise Measurement and Analysis of Capacitive Micro-Accelerometers: Temperature Effect

A noise measurements of micro-accelerometers were performed using a special measurement system. A common spectral behavior of noise is found, with 1/ f noise dominating at low frequencies and white thermal noise being the limiting factor at higher frequencies. A temperature dependent and an acceleration dependant of the noise are found in the accelerometers, in agreement and contract of the theories, respectively.

Low frequency noise measurement and analysis of capacitive micro-accelerometers

Noise measurements of micro-accelerometers were performed using a special measurement system. A common spectral behavior of noise is found, with 1/ f noise dominating at low frequencies and white thermal noise being the limiting factor at higher frequencies. Unexpected resonances are also observed in the commercial devices. Most importantly, an acceleration dependent of the noise is found in analog devices and freescale accelerometers, in contrast to prevailing theory.

粘性・粘弾性ダンパーを有する高層建物の風応答特性に関する風洞実験

This paper discusses the wind tunnel tests for a tall building model having either viscous or visco-elastic damper under the turbulent boundary layer flow. The wind tunnel tests are carried out either the across- or along-wind direction for the viscous and the visco-elastic damper systems, respectively. This wind test set-up includes a special measurement system to obtain the damper hysteetic loop, then the response property of damper and system are discussed by the referring to the obtained loop. In case of the severe wind speed, the response of visco-elastic system is smaller than the viscous system because the stiffness of visco-elastic damper contributes to the stiffness of system.

Macroscopic Visualization of a Radiated Emission Source Using Cylindrically Scanned Electric Field Amplitude Data

In order to efficiently mitigate emissions radiated from electrical equipment, emission source visualization methods need to be studied. In this paper, we propose a new macroscopic visualization method based on an optimization process which uses only cylindrically-scanned electric field amplitude data from an EMI test facility as specified by CISPR, and so does not need a special measurement system. The presented method divides the visualization space into three-dimensional rectangular cells, and estimated current values through the optimization process are sorted into each corresponding cell. By displaying the summed value of every cell, the emission source can be visualized. For this study, the spatial resolution was evaluated by computer simulation, with a result of around 0.2 m using a cell size of 0.1 m. With subsequent experimental verification using a comb generator in a semi-anechoic chamber, the visualization deviation was found to be less than 0.1 m in a frequency range of 100 MHz to 800 MHz. When two spherical dipole antennas were used, the deviation was less than 0.15 m. Finally, visualization results from a facsimile unit and a PC as real EUTs were shown and basic applicability of this method demonstrated.

Bearing strength and failure behavior of bolted composite joints (part I: Experimental investigation)

The experimental investigations described in this paper were conducted in order to study the strength and failure of mechanically fastened composite joints. Two different types of polymer–matrix-based Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic laminates were selected to evaluate the effect of resin properties on bearing response. A special measurement system using a non-contact electro–optical extensometer to measure hole elongation is proposed. During static tensile testing, the response of bearing damage was monitored by acoustic emission measurement. Several specimens were observed by means of soft X-ray radiography and SEM at different loading levels to assess internal damage. The observations indicate that the bearing failure can be outlined as a process of compressive damage accumulation, and can be divided into the following four stages: damage onset; damage growth; local fracture; structural fracture. Major features of bearing failure include fiber micro-buckling, matrix cracking, delamination and out-of-plane shear cracking. Bearing strength and failure mode should also depend on the lateral constraints and the “toughness” of different polymer–matrix based laminates.

Decreased neck muscle strength is highly associated with pain in cervical dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin injections

Häkkinen A, Ylinen J, Rinta-Keturi M, Talvitie U, Kautiainen H, Rissanen A. Decreased neck muscle strength is highly associated with pain in cervical dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1684–8. Objectives To compare the isometric neck muscle strength of cervical dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin injections with that of healthy control subjects and to evaluate the association between neck strength, neck pain, and disability in these patients. Design Clinical cross-sectional study. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation and neurology clinics in a Finnish hospital. Participants Twenty-three patients with cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin—treated neck muscles and 23 healthy control subjects. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Isometric neck strength was measured by a special neck strength measurement system. Disability was measured by the Neck Disability Index, and pain and symptoms of cervical dystonia by a visual analog scale. Results Isometric neck strength in all directions measured was significantly lower (25%–44%) in the cervical dystonia patients than in the healthy controls. Neck pain levels reported during the strength tests ( r range, −.36 to −.70) and neck pain experienced during the preceding week ( r range, −.52 to −.63) were inversely associated with isometric strength results. The difference between sides in rotation strength was 35% in the patient group ( P<.001), whereas no significant difference between sides was found in the healthy controls. Fifty-one percent of the patients reported moderate or severe disability. Pain, stiffness, and incorrect position of the head were the most prominent symptoms. Conclusions Cervical dystonia patients with botulinum toxin—treated neck muscles showed significantly lower maximal neck strength than healthy controls. The patients also had a statistically significant difference between sides in neck rotation strength. Thus, strength measures may be useful to detect disturbance in the function of the neck muscles.

Artificial Upwelling of Deep Seawater Using the Perpetual Salt Fountain for Cultivation of Ocean Desert

Deep seawater in the ocean contains a great deal of nutrients. Stommel et al. have proposed the notion of a “perpetual salt fountain” (Stommel et al., 1956). They noted the possibility of a permanent upwelling of deep seawater with no additional external energy source. If we can cause deep seawater to upwell extensively, we can achieve an ocean farm. We have succeeded in measuring the upwelling velocity by an experiment in the Mariana Trench area using a special measurement system. A 0.3 m diameter, 280 m long soft pipe made of PVC sheet was used in the experiment. The measured data, a verification experiment, and numerical simulation results, gave an estimate of upwelling velocity of 212 m/day.

Optimization of Forming Process Involving Connecting Reliability with Solder-Free Electronic Parts.

In this study we discussed on the connecting reliability of the solder-free electronic parts with an attention to the optimization of forming process, which is decision of cross section shape and manufacturing method. The optimization was carried out with the popular FEM analysis code MSC-MARC. Residual stress on microscopic area of electronic parts was analyzed with the special X-ray stress measurement system which could search stress on microscopic area(150μm×150μm). The results were as follows. (1)The cross section shape having high holding force was determined by the theory of curved beam model. This theory showed that the important design factors were the redius and the thickness of cross section shape. (2)There was a remarkable difference of cyclic bending endurance between two parts manufactured by different method, although the two electronic parts were formed in the same shape. The residual stress induced by the plastic working process was mainly the dominant factor of the bending strength. (3)The high connecting reliability of solderfree electronic parts was obtained by the optimization of forming process that was the design concepts of the cross section shape and the manufacturing process relating to the induced residual stress.

Characterization of binp(brain injury-derived neurotrophic peptide)binding protein in synaptosomes and cultures from rat brain

The TNK synchrotron radiation source is being built by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics on the base of Lukin State Research Institute of Physical Problems. Magnetic system for the storage ring of TNK synchrotron radiation source was produced at the BINP. It consists of 6 superperiods and includes 24 dipole magnets, 72 quadrupole lenses, 36 sextupole lenses and 12 octupole lenses.The storage ring will operate in a wide range of energies—from 450 to 2200 MeV—which corresponds to 0.3–1.5 T magnetic field in dipole magnets. Dipole magnets have H-shape solid yokes from Armco iron with a curved form. Dipole gap is 42 mm and yoke straight length is 1447 mm. The results of 3D magnetic field modeling executed by means of Mermaid 3D are presented. All dipole magnets were magnetically measured by special Hall probe measurement system developed in BINP. The results of magnetic measurements and modeling are compared and analyzed.

5487791 Stowable and self-deployable parallelogram-type panel array : Everman Michael R; Murphy David M; Wachholz James J Santa Barbarra, CA, UNITED STATES assigned to AECn Able Engineering Co Inc

The TNK synchrotron radiation source is being built by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics on the base of Lukin State Research Institute of Physical Problems. Magnetic system for the storage ring of TNK synchrotron radiation source was produced at the BINP. It consists of 6 superperiods and includes 24 dipole magnets, 72 quadrupole lenses, 36 sextupole lenses and 12 octupole lenses.The storage ring will operate in a wide range of energies—from 450 to 2200 MeV—which corresponds to 0.3–1.5 T magnetic field in dipole magnets. Dipole magnets have H-shape solid yokes from Armco iron with a curved form. Dipole gap is 42 mm and yoke straight length is 1447 mm. The results of 3D magnetic field modeling executed by means of Mermaid 3D are presented. All dipole magnets were magnetically measured by special Hall probe measurement system developed in BINP. The results of magnetic measurements and modeling are compared and analyzed.

5487989 Ethanol production by recombinant hosts : Fowler David E; Horton Philip G; Ben-Bassat Arie Gainesville, FL, UNITED STATES assigned to Bioenergy International L C

The TNK synchrotron radiation source is being built by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics on the base of Lukin State Research Institute of Physical Problems. Magnetic system for the storage ring of TNK synchrotron radiation source was produced at the BINP. It consists of 6 superperiods and includes 24 dipole magnets, 72 quadrupole lenses, 36 sextupole lenses and 12 octupole lenses.The storage ring will operate in a wide range of energies—from 450 to 2200 MeV—which corresponds to 0.3–1.5 T magnetic field in dipole magnets. Dipole magnets have H-shape solid yokes from Armco iron with a curved form. Dipole gap is 42 mm and yoke straight length is 1447 mm. The results of 3D magnetic field modeling executed by means of Mermaid 3D are presented. All dipole magnets were magnetically measured by special Hall probe measurement system developed in BINP. The results of magnetic measurements and modeling are compared and analyzed.

5486237 Polysilicon thin film and method of preparing polysilicon thin film and photovoltaic element containing same : Sano Keiichi; Aya Yoichiro Moriguchi, JAPAN assigned to Sanyo Electric Co Ltd

The TNK synchrotron radiation source is being built by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics on the base of Lukin State Research Institute of Physical Problems. Magnetic system for the storage ring of TNK synchrotron radiation source was produced at the BINP. It consists of 6 superperiods and includes 24 dipole magnets, 72 quadrupole lenses, 36 sextupole lenses and 12 octupole lenses.The storage ring will operate in a wide range of energies—from 450 to 2200 MeV—which corresponds to 0.3–1.5 T magnetic field in dipole magnets. Dipole magnets have H-shape solid yokes from Armco iron with a curved form. Dipole gap is 42 mm and yoke straight length is 1447 mm. The results of 3D magnetic field modeling executed by means of Mermaid 3D are presented. All dipole magnets were magnetically measured by special Hall probe measurement system developed in BINP. The results of magnetic measurements and modeling are compared and analyzed.

Fluctuation characteristic measurement for sound environment evaluation.

In recent years, the attempt to evaluate the acoustic environment using the flucutua-tion characteristic (power spectral density of fluctuation) has been attracting attention. This paper introduces examples of fluctuation measurement aimed at environment evaluation and examines various problems related to fluctuation characteristic measure-ment of audio signals. Also, the function and composition of a special measurement system for measurement of the “fluctuation characteristic” the fluctuation analyzer, are described in the last part of the text. The authors have begun developing this sys-tem recently with the aim of supporting these studies.

Near-field analysis of a thick lens and horn combination: theory and measurements

At millimeter-waves quasi-optical systems are commonly designed based on the Gaussian beam and thin lens approximation. The accuracy of the Gaussian beam and thin lens approximation was studied in the case of a corrugated horn and a thick Teflon lens (focal length to lens diameter ratio f/D=1.2) combination at 87 GHz. A special near-field measurement system was constructed. A large disagreement between the measured and theoretical values with the approximative method was obtained. The measurements showed that the thin lens approximation breaks down when the distance from the input beam waist to the lens is less than 1.5 D. Theoretical values obtained with a thick lens model based on ray tracing and use of exact Huygens' aperture integration principle agree well with the measurements. >

Results of an investigation on the overvoltages due to a vacuum circuit-breaker when switching an HV motor

The results of a study of overvoltages arising when an HV motor is switched by a vacuum circuit breaker are presented. A laboratory test circuit was devised that would reproduce the actual network conditions in a generating plant, and special measurement and acquisition systems were used to enable the switching-surge amplitude and waveform to be recorded with accuracy. Statistical processing of the data was followed by estimation of the probability of occurrence of overvoltages and by evaluation of the number of the surges impinging on the motor-winding during its operating life. The results are discussed, and a number of conclusions are drawn. >