Special Law Research Articles

Factors affecting school enrolment and attendance for children with disabilities in Bangladesh: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey

In Bangladesh, many disabled children are not attending school. Despite the country’s special policies, laws, and services, most disabled children face a barrier to enrollment in school. To increase the school attendance of children, particularly disabled children, research on barriers to school attendance is essential. It will help to ensure that all children, including those with disabilities, receive an education. This paper will investigate the factors associated with children with disabilities missing school. This study will utilize data from a large sample based on Nationally representative multiple indicator cluster survey 2019 in Bangladesh. The study group included 5024 disabled children ranging in age from 6 to 17 years. To determine the significant covariates for the multivariate analysis, a bivariate analysis was performed. The findings indicate that age of the child, gender, household head sex, education of the household head, area (urban/rural), husband age, whether the husband has more wives, and disability types are all associated with disabled children being absent from school. Using these findings, the government of Bangladesh and other stakeholders should advocate for policies and programs that reduce barriers to education and ensure that all disabled children attend school.

Aligning Greece’s Regulatory Governance With International Transformative Principles and Objectives: The Case of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Abstract The article highlights the importance that the international dimension of the regulatory context of draft legislation acquires for the drafting of effective regulation. It attempts to demonstrate the added value that the integrated incorporation of fundamental regulatory principles and objectives derived from influential global regulatory texts enjoying full acceptance, like the UN Resolution on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, brings to a country’s regulatory governance. From an empirical perspective, the article focuses on a thorough analysis of the degree to which Greece’s law-making process is interconnected and aligned with core regulatory principles of the 2030 Agenda, such as the principle of policy coherence, the evidence-based principle, and the principle of inclusion. It examines the key instruments, procedures, and ways in which these principles are appropriately mainstreamed into the Greek legislative process and the institutional and policy framework of the Government on which its legislative interventions are founded. As a case study, the alignment and coherence of the provisions of a specific law pertaining to tourism development with the overarching regulatory principles of the UN 2030 Agenda are examined. Τhe concluding part presents some proposals that could contribute to improving the way the SDGs are effectively mainstreamed into Greece’s legislative process.

EXAMINING THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF GOVERNANCE IN ZAKAT IN A MUSLIM MINORITY COUNTRY: THE CASE OF SRI LANKA

Zakat constitutes one of the pillars of Islam and religious practice in Islam aimed at supporting those in need. It also plays a major role in contributing to the socioeconomic development of society. To achieve efficient zakat management, institutions must focus on strong governance and proper management practices. This focus is essential due to the institution’s responsibility to manage effectively and provide transparent information to the public. Therefore, to meet stakeholder needs, non-profit organizations must prioritize governance. In Sri Lanka, the absence of specific laws or regulations governing zakat practice such as the Marriage and Divorce (Muslim) Act, the Muslim Intestate Succession Ordinance, and the Muslim Mosques and Charitable Trusts or Wakfs Act has led to a need for examination of current governance practices related to zakat collection and distribution. This study explores these practices and highlights how applying governance principles can help achieve the objectives (Maqasid) of zakat management in Sri Lanka. The research employs a doctrinal analysis of primary and secondary data, including statutes, practices, journals, and reports. Additionally, the study analyzes current zakat management practices through interviews with five respondents, including zakat practitioners and Shari’ah scholars, using thematic analysis. The findings reveal several issues: the causes of inefficient governance in zakat management, theoretical and practical problems with existing practices in Sri Lanka, gaps in the zakat governance framework, and conceptual and management deficiencies within zakat institutions. The study recommends developing a new governance framework for zakat management. This should include modern rules and practices based on Islamic law, staff training in fundamental Islamic knowledge, improved internal and external audit processes, and increased awareness among managers, donors, beneficiaries, and members of society.

Predicting initial microlayer thickness in nucleate boiling using Landau–Levich theory

A phenomenological model is proposed to estimate the initial thickness of the liquid microlayer forming beneath a vapour bubble growing on a solid surface upon nucleate boiling. The model employs an analogy between the microlayer formation and the classic plate withdrawal problem. It calculates the microlayer thickness by considering it as a Landau–Levich film, where the thickness is a function of the meniscus speed and radius of curvature. Given the nearly hemispherical shape of the bubble during the early growth stage when the microlayer is first deposited, we assume that the meniscus speed can be approximated by the bubble expansion rate, and estimate the meniscus curvature using the Rayleigh equations. Unlike previous theories that assume that the bubble radius growth is proportional to the square root of time, the proposed model does not rely on any specific law of growth for vapour bubbles. The model is validated for predicting the microlayer thickness in water and ethanol, showing good agreement with experimental measurements and empirical correlations. Subsequent analyses of the microlayer interface profile address inconsistent reports – some described a wedge-like shape, whereas others reported a slight outward curvature with decreasing thickness in the outer region. This discrepancy is attributed to a reduction in the expansion rate of the microlayer's outer edge, particularly when the bubble reaches its maximum width. Our model provides insights into microlayer dynamics, essential to boiling heat transfer, as the evaporative heat flux through the microlayer is very sensitive to its initial thickness.

Corruption, sextortion, gender-based violence: Open challenges for the European Union in harmonising substantive criminal rules

The TFEU granted the European Union a propulsive function of harmonizing criminal provisions by establishing minimum standards relating to the definition of crimes and penalties concerning impactful forms of criminality. Considering this, the European Commission has proposed two directives on corruption and gender-based violence, nevertheless lacking to enucleate borderline cases such as sextortion, namely that form of corruption in which sex, rather than money, is the currency of the bribe. Sextortion has been recorded in critical sectors such as education, healthcare, and law enforcement, but there are no specific laws regulating it. Consequently, law enforcement agencies pursue a case-by-case approach and prosecute sextortion either as a corruption case or as a gender-based violence case. Such an approach is not devoid of criticalities. On this point, one should consider, for example, the burdens of consent and the evidentiary system regarding sexual coercion or the unfair criminalization of victims since, technically, they are the ones who provide the sexual activity that constitutes the currency of the bribe. To overcome these concerns, this article suggests introducing an autonomous offense specifically designed to criminalize the conduct of those in a position of power demanding or receiving sexual services in exchange for treatments or services to which those who provide the sexual activity are already legally entitled. Placing the sextortion issue at the European level would fit within the current legal basis of the treaties (Article 83(1) and (2) TFEU) and align with current European initiatives in the field of corruption and gender-based violence.

Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of High-Speed Shear Crushing of High-Density Fluid

Plasma atomization is a technology that can produce high sphericity, small particle diameters, and high-purity copper powder, which is of great significance for the development of metal additive manufacturing. At present, although plasma atomization can realize the industrial preparation of spherical copper powder, there are still some problems, such as unclear understanding of the atomization process and a lack of theoretical support for powder quality control. This leads to the inability to predict the average particle diameter of powder in advance based on the actual atomization conditions and to optimize the process parameters, which seriously affects the further development of the plasma atomization process. We mainly studied the non-stationary simulation of a DC argon plasma torch. The purpose of this paper was to study the specific influence law of the average particle diameter of the powder in the process of plasma atomization by means of numerical simulation and experimental observation. The aim was to establish the mapping relationship between the atomization condition and the average particle diameter of the powder and realize the controllable preparation of the plasma atomized powder. At the same time, we used industrial-grade plasma atomization equipment to carry out pulverizing experiments to verify the plasma atomization theory and the powder average particle diameter control scheme proposed in this paper, thus proving the reliability of this study.

REPRESENTATION OF THE STATE’S INTERESTS IN COURT AS A FUNCTION OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE: FEATURES OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATIONS

The article highlights some features of the legislative regulation the representation of the state’s interests in court by the public prosecutor’s office, the peculiarity of which periodically become the objects of review by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, initiated by interested parties, who in current conditions demand revision of such regulation for its compliance with the principles of the rule of law. The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the legislative regulation of the representative function of the prosecutor’s office through the prism of establishing its compliance with European standards of the prosecutor’s office activities in the researched field, the method of legislative determination of the scope of the representation of the state’s interests by the prosecutor’s office, the legitimate purpose of adopting legislative provisions on prosecutorial representation, ensuring the implementation of the representation of state’s interests in court by the prosecutor’s office in exceptional cases, the expediency of introducing changes to the legally defined mechanism of implementation of the representative function by the prosecutor’s office regarding the substantiation by the prosecutor of the grounds for such activities, as well as highlighting one’s own vision regarding its further development. It is stated that the constitutional and legal regulation of the prosecutor’s office function of representing the interests of the State in court is characterized by a number of legal categories which are evaluative in nature, and which, given the lack of their legislative definition, are understood in the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and in the practice of the relevant entities applying law, mainly, judicial and prosecutorial practice. It is established that the updated constitutional and legal status of the prosecutor’s office in Ukraine in terms of determining the scope of its powers in activities outside the criminal justice sphere through the prism of the function of representing the State’s interests in court in exceptional cases and in accordance with the procedure established by law embodies the European standards of the prosecutor’s office, whose defining mission in this area is to represent general or public interests, protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, and ensure the rule of law, which corresponds to the legally defined purpose of public prosecutor’s office in Ukraine. It is proved that the method of constitutional definition of exceptional cases of the prosecutor’s office’s function of representation of the State’s interests in court indicates that the legislator does not intend to limit their legislative consolidation to the limits of a specific special law and does not exclude the possibility of their consolidation in the provisions of other laws, since the list of these cases cannot be determined in advance, but should be determined in accordance with the interests which require protection in a particular historical period. It is proposed to apply a balanced approach to introducing changes to the legislatively defined mechanism for exercising the representative function by the prosecutor’s office with due regard for the achievements of judicial and prosecutorial practice of its application, so as not to make it impossible to protect the interests of the State by means of prosecutorial representation.

The law politics of bankruptcy decision execution against debtor's assets abroad

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze law politics related to the execution of bankruptcy decisions against debtor assets abroad. The research method used is normative legal research with a qualitative descriptive analysis method approach, based on comparative law, with prescriptive analytical specifications. The research findings conclude that sovereignty is interpreted as the responsibility to improve and protect all national and international community interests, manifested in the form of the state's ability to interact and establish relations with countries in the world, as well as cooperate and coordinate bilaterally, multilaterally and in international organizations. The provisions on international bankruptcy in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations or Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (Bankruptcy Law) are similar to the Dutch Bankruptcy Law, there are no comprehensive regulations related to international bankruptcy. To ensure legal certainty, a legal policy is needed in the form of changes and updates to the Bankruptcy Law by adding articles to apply the principles of international bankruptcy in the Model Law, namely the Principle of Access, the Principle of Recognition, the Principle of Assistance and the Principle of Cooperation and Coordination, as applied in the US Bankruptcy Code Chapter 15. Article 299 of the Bankruptcy Law also needs to be amended so that the procedural law applied is the special procedural law for international bankruptcy.

Sportsman’s employment contract: problematic issues and prospects for their solution

Individual contractual regulation, which reflects the real needs of the development of relations between an employee-athlete and an employer-sports organization, plays an important role in regulating the labor activities of athletes. Thus, the employment contract concluded with an athlete contains a number of conditions that objectively and significantly individualize his work, i.e. conditions inherent only to this category of employees. Moreover, it enshrines differential conditions for each specifically defined employee­athlete. The purpose of the article is to consider the specifics of the labor contract concluded between an employee-athlete and an employer­sports organization. It was concluded that the labor relations of a professional athlete should be regulated precisely by the norms of labor law and a special law on professional sports, which regulates the entire complex of relations between the state and participants in professional sports, although today there are opinions that the work of professional athletes should be provided with the help of civil - legal regulation. It is noted that, as of today, the main national law in the field of sports - the Law «On physical culture and sports» dated 12.24.1993 concerns only the general foundations of activities in the field of physical culture and sports, at the same time, it does not even contain an acceptable definition of such a concept as «labor contract with a professional athlete». Therefore, it is proposed to supplement the specified Law with a norm to provide for the definition of an employment contract with a professional athlete. In particular, as an employment agreement between an employee­athlete and an employer-sports organization with all appendices, changes and additions, concluded in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, on the basis of which labor relations arise regarding the preparation and participation of the athlete in competitions for a monetary reward paid by the club. At the same time, in addition to defining and enshrining at the legislative level the concept of an athlete’s employment contract, the proposal to develop a standard form of contract with athletes of various sports was supported, the development of which should be based on the main directions of the joint sports activities of the athlete and the sports organization, which directly consists in the preparation athlete to a successful performance at competitions.

International practice of state regulation in the field of gambling

State regulation in the field of gambling is an important factor for the harmonization of these relations and their adjustment. Currently, world practice does not have special legislation that would establish international requirements for the organization and conduct of gambling. However, the development of gambling business in other countries of the world has a long history and considerable experience of successful state regulation of these legal relations. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to study similar practices of other states and their possible consideration for further improvement of state regulation in the field of gambling in Ukraine. The article presents certain aspects of state regulation of activities related to the organization and conduct of gambling in some countries of Europe (Switzerland, France, Malta) and North America (United States of America, Canada). It is emphasized that public management and administration in the field of gambling should be aimed at solving the main problems of this sphere of social relations: meeting the needs and interests of a certain group of people; prevention of gambling; protection of citizens from criminal encroachments that pose a danger to a large segment of the population; full and timely receipt of taxes provided for by law to the state budget and their allocation to socially important needs; prevention of types of gambling addiction not permitted by law; combating corruption offenses and legalization (laundering) of proceeds obtained through crime, etc. As evidenced by international practice, in order to solve these problems and eliminate existing problems and risks in this area, a more or less permanent trend is developing in the world (for those countries in which gambling is allowed and controlled): the adoption at the national level of a special regulatory law (legal act); creation of a system of relevant authorized state bodies of public administration with the distribution of organizational, permitting, supervisory and jurisdictional powers; maintenance of the necessary balance of public interests and the interests of business entities and individuals by introducing a system of permissive, agreeable and prohibitive methods of legal regulation and relevant organizational and legal measures.

The system of international legal norms and principles – the basis of legal regulation of the activities of national law enforcement bodies

It is indicated that the introduction of advanced international and European norms regarding the functioning of law enforcement agencies into Ukrainian legislation is a key indicator that the country not only declares a sustainable course for the democratization of all aspects of public life, but also takes concrete measures for its implementation. Ukraine has made significant progress in this direction, but there are still a number of challenges, the legal analysis of which will contribute to the further approximation of the domestic system of law enforcement agencies to global and European standards. In this context, one of the priority areas of scientific research is the justification of the need to update and improve the ethical codes of conduct of law enforcement officers based on international standards. This task becomes particularly relevant in view of the need for constant improvement of professional ethics and standards of behavior in the law enforcement sphere. This approach will not only improve the efficiency of law enforcement agencies, but also strengthen public trust in them, which is crucial for building the rule of law and civil society. In addition, it will allow Ukraine to demonstrate its commitment to the principles of the rule of law and the protection of human rights in the international arena. The article examines the system of international legal norms and principles that form the basis of legal regulation of the activities of national law enforcement agencies. Two groups of international standards are distinguished. The first group includes international legal acts that declare human rights and freedoms, primarily those that may be violated by the unethical behavior of law enforcement officers as representatives of state bodies. The second group represents international legal standards of professional and ethical behavior of employees of a specific law enforcement agency, the norms of which directly indicate the proper behavior of law enforcement officers in a specific area of law enforcement activity (judicial, prosecutorial, police, investigative, etc.). The main emphasis is on the need to cover the rules of professional ethical behavior of employees of all law enforcement agencies without exception, including those legally endowed with special rights and competence.

Criminal Fines and Customary Justice in Papua: Socio-Legal Analysis in Child Sexual Intercourse Cases

This study aims to analyze the formulation and application of criminal fines for child sexual intercourse within Papuan Indigenous society. Utilizing a socio-juridical or empirical legal research method, the study examines criminal sanctions, particularly fines, in cases involving child sexual intercourse. Data collected from primary, secondary, and tertiary sources are analyzed qualitatively to draw legal conclusions. The research highlights that customary law, recognized under the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia, plays an essential role in the legal culture of Indigenous communities, including those in Papua. Customary courts, as established by Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province, are recognized within specific customary law communities. These courts operate based on the respective community's customary law, with provisions allowing for judicial review in formal courts if a party disagrees with the customary Court's ruling. Regarding fines as a criminal sanction, determining the appropriate amount often complicates the resolution of cases. The system is rooted in communal values emphasizing collective rather than individual justice, reflecting principles of kinship, religious beliefs, and societal cohesion in decision-making.

Quantitative Finance and Information Technologies: A Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Trading and Cryptocurrency and Their Regulatory Challenges

As technology has improved in the last decade, financial institutions have developed new technologies, including quantitative trading and cryptocurrency, to enhance their financial products and services. This paper first provides a brief background of quantitative trading and argues for the transactional efficiency of quantitative trading over traditional trading practices; it characterizes quantitative trading as fast and precise. Meanwhile, the study also accounts for the regulatory concerns–including data leakage and platform security–that quantitative trading firms may encounter. This study then establishes a distinction between cryptocurrency and quantitative trading–the former is money-driven, and the latter is data-driven. This paper then discusses the speculative nature of cryptocurrency and addresses its financial concerns citing the FTX collapse. Overall, this paper establishes the argument that quantitative trading supported by technological experts and facilitators offers more advantages than disadvantages compared to cryptocurrency trading. This research concludes that since quantitative trading and cryptocurrency trading are conducted without consideration for international boundaries, they offer bold financial potential as alternatives to traditional banking practices, as long as specific international financial laws are complied with.

FACILITATION OF THE JUDICIARY IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA BY APPLYING THE NOTARY SERVICE

With the independence of the Republic of North Macedonia in 1991, the need was felt for the legal circulation of goods and services. In order to facilitate legal transactions due to their multiplicity, in 1996, for the first time, we brought the corresponding law for notaries. They operate within various branches based on law. The public power was entrusted to him from November I of 1997, and in 1998 we had the first notaries. One of the reasons for introducing notaries is to make the courts easier. This process of non-judgment in European countries is not recent. As early as September 16, 1986, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted the Recommendation on measures to prevent and reduce court overcrowding in order to relieve the courts of cases that do not fall within the typical judicial function. The transfer of some powers from the courts to bodies outside the judicial system for non-contentious matters is an effective means of their relief. The legal basis for the action of notaries as court commissioners is found in the Law on Notaries, which provides that the court may entrust the notary with duties defined by special laws.

CHILDREN’S RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM LABOUR AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION

Children's rights have a very important place in human rights law. One of the important steps towards protecting fundamental children's rights is establishing a 'special juvenile justice system.' Special laws for children in modern societies are important in protecting children's rights. In addition to special laws, international agreements in this context play a key role in protecting and developing children's rights. There are different forms of child exploitation, such as sexual exploitation, child labour, physical abuse, psychological abuse, forced marriage, sexual assault, organized begging, etc. Nowadays, we see a significant increase globally when we look at the data related to child abuse and child labour. When it comes to child sexual abuse, no universally accepted definition defines sexual abuse. In this context, it is also important to emphasize the difference between sexual abuse and sexual exploitation. When we consider child labour, child labour negatively affects children's mental, social, physical, and psychological development. Child workers work long hours, often in dangerous conditions, to contribute to the livelihood of their families. Working conditions, also prevent these children from going to school, spending time with their peers, playing games, and spending their free time. There are important international conventions such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention); Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale and sexual exploitation of children; The Budapest Convention; Convention 182 on The Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999; Maritime Labour Convention, 2006; Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999 (No. 190) that we should particularly highlight in terms of the prevention of both child sexual exploitations.

Sustainable Community-Based Ecotourism Development Mechanism: Oaxaca and Puebla Cases in Mexico

This research intends to identify the processes and factors of Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) development in indigenous communities, focusing specifically on the states of Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico. Six different CBET initiatives were investigated. Two methodologies were used for data collection. One approach involves conducting in-depth interviews with community representatives to potentially refine the hypothesis from prior studies and preliminary fieldwork. The other approach uses a questionnaire for the quantitative validation of the hypothesis. The findings revealed core factors influencing CBET success, such as deep community pride, an active community-centered approach, management skills, and the integration of ecotourism with traditional lifestyles. Surprisingly, communities demonstrated a willingness to embrace government support as a pivotal catalyst in the initial phases of CBET endeavors. This openness is influenced by specific national laws that endorse and safeguard indigenous autonomy, ensuring that accrued benefits are retained within the community. This study underscores the delicate balance between heritage preservation and a thoughtful acceptance of modern progress, offering valuable insights to CBET.

Холистическая антропология А.Л. Чижевского в контексте научного и религиозного мировоззрения

The article is devoted to the holistic views of A.L. Chizhevsky on human; fea­tures of their reflection in the philosophical and scientific works of the thinker, as well as in his poetry, are revealed; scientific and religious aspects of the scien­tist’s holistic anthropology are investigated. Analysis of the holistic world­view presented in the metaphysical work “The main beginning of the universe. Cosmic system. Problems”, allows us to state that the holistic approach to the human by Chizhevsky the philosopher is based on his conviction in the impact of the uni­versal principle of circulation on a single electric substrate. A study of the scien­tific works of one of the founders of space natural science suggests that the holistic anthropology reflected in them is based on specific laws that demonstrate human dependence on the environment (solar activity and ionized air). The Chizhevsky-poet forms the reader’s idea of the closest connection between micro- and macrocosm, about the cosmicity of a human being by using vivid images, with­out references to determinism; nevertheless, the anthropocosmic poems of “Leo­nardo da Vinci of the 20th century” are thematically related to his scientific re­search. The relevance of A.L. Chizhevsky’s holistic anthropology to the concept of global evolutionism and the post-classical type of scientific rationality is shown

ON SOME ISSUES OF IMPROVING LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

Environmental pollution caused by waste-related activities remains one of the main problems of modern society. Improper waste management has serious consequences for the environment, human health and the economy. It is necessary to strictly comply with legislation, develop effective waste management strategies and raise awareness of environmental responsibility to solve these problems. Legislation on the management of production and consumption waste is regulated by regulatory legal acts, primarily the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, etc. The article suggests some ways to improve the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of waste management, developed scientifically sound recommendations and proposals for their implementation. In this regard, the authors identified gaps, as well as duplicate, outdated norms, conducted an audit of the conceptual apparatus and assessed the effectiveness of the implementation of the Law. In particular, it is recommended to adopt a special law regulating public relations related to the management of production and consumption waste. A review and analysis of scientific and legal approaches to the management of production and consumption waste has been carried out, on the basis of which it is proposed to update the terminology used within the framework of waste management legislation: «waste», «waste of production», «waste of consumption», «waste of consumption and production». Thus, the relevance of this study is enhanced due to the objective needs of further improving the effectiveness of legislation in the field of waste management, its consistency and consistency.

HE SYSTEM OF COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD MEDICAL WASTE: CURRENT STATE, LEGAL REGULATION AND PROSPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the study of the problem associated with the uncontrolled release of household pharmaceutical waste accumulated from expired or unused medicines. The authors conducted a review of foreign experience in its legal support, referring to the need to introduce a new method of waste management in the country, in particular, a system for collecting and disposing of household medical waste, which is successfully available in the world, which will reduce environmental damage from these wastes. The existing systems of collection and disposal of household medical waste in European countries are analyzed in depth as successful samples. The authors propose to adopt a special law for the successful implementation of the system and regulation of its functioning and to amend and supplement the codes on the environment and the health of the people and the country's health system. In addition, the authorized bodies consider that the draft law, which should be revised and developed by some regulatory acts, should contain a certificate on household medical waste, be established by the participating entities, and consolidate their rights and obligations. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that this change is necessary today, given that the implementation of the system in the country and its legal support require measures and resources that must be implemented at a large-scale state level. According to the authors, the problem can be solved only by proper utilization of medical waste. For this purpose, the state should have a legal mechanism of appropriate regulation. And legal regulation in Kazakhstan operates only in relation to waste exported from health care organizations. In the era of intensive use of medicines in households, this becomes a big problem that needs to be solved.

Study on the Type, Situation, and Cause of Juvenile Crime

The comprehensive strength of minors affects whether China can stand on the international stage for a long time in the future. The country issued several special laws and regulations and judicial interpretations about juvenile crimes, but in recent years, with China’s reform and opening up and the influence of multiple factors such as social environment, juvenile crime began to grow, the social influence and crime happens, minor crime become the main influencing factors of social unrest. To effectively prevent and reduce juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to accurately analyze and grasp the types of juvenile delinquency, crime trends, and characteristics of crime, then to dig out its internal reasons, to provide solutions to this social problem.