Special Law Research Articles

Wave propagation in bidirectional functionally graded tapered beams incorporating porosity effect

This study addresses wave propagation in beams made of bidirectional functionally graded materials (BDFG) and having nonuniform cross section by using a quasi-3D analytical solution. For the first time, this aspect will be studied. The mechanical characteristics of the beams are supposed to be variable in both axial and transvers direction according to a specific law depending on the porosity. The mathematical formulation used is based on a displacement field containing indeterminate terms and requiring a few variables to be determined. The thickness and width of the beams are assumed to be linearly variable in the longitudinal direction. The equations governing the simply supported beams are obtained by applying the principle of virtual work and are then analytically solved to obtain the phase velocities and wave frequencies. In addition, the validation results reveal excellent concordance of the proposed theory with those given in the literature. Then, a detailed parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the several geometrical and material parameters on the wave propagation in BDFG tapered beams. It is observed that these parameters have significant impact on the wave propagation in BDFG tapered porous beams. These results can be used as benchmark solutions for future studies.

Robodebt and Novel Data Technologies in the Public Sector

The recent Royal Commission into Robodebt drew Australians’ attention to the risks of data technologies in the public sector. Novel data technologies, including artificial intelligence, offer potential public benefits but create risks to individuals and society. I argue that existing Australian data protection laws offer inadequate protection against the dangers posed by the use of such technologies in the public sector. Pending more tailored legislative change, I consider the extent to which specific human rights laws such as those in Queensland, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory, together with effective application of risk assessment methodologies within a human rights culture, could be layered over data protection laws to provide ongoing technologically-neutral protection against such harms.

Comparative Analysis of Bribery Laws and Implications

In light of the Global Peace Index's recognition of Denmark, New Zealand, and Finland as nations with excellent governance standards and low levels of corruption, this study compares the bribery laws and their effects in these three nations. Denmark's legislative system strictly prohibits bribery in the public and private sectors, as outlined in particular provisions of its Criminal Code. In line with international anti-corruption conventions including the OECD Convention and EU Criminal Law Convention, provisions prohibit both active and passive bribery. Similarly, New Zealand's approach to bribery is broad, extending its authority extraterritorially, and penalising offenders severely. It is largely handled by the Crimes Act 1961 and Secret Commissions Act 1910. Finland, on the other hand, has a thorough legislative approach that is scattered throughout its Criminal Code and covers fraud, bribery, and other corrupt practices. This strategy is in line with Finland's resolve to fight corruption by enacting specific laws and enforcing strict penalties—which include fines and jail time in more serious cases.The methodology employed is qualitative in nature and entails a thorough examination of statutory texts, case law, and international agreements. Secondary sources, such as government reports and scholarly literature, are also consulted. A detailed investigation of how each nation defines, prosecutes, and deters bribery is made possible by comparative legal analysis, which takes into account contextual elements like historical evolution, the socio-political climate, and international commitments. This study advances our knowledge of how well legal frameworks function to prevent corruption, advance transparency, and build public confidence in the public and private sectors of the economy. The comparative analysis provides valuable insights that guide efforts to strengthen anti-corruption measures worldwide. These tactics highlight the significance of strong legislative frameworks that are customised to national circumstances in order to maintain integrity and accountability in government.

METHODOLOGY OF USING VIRTUAL ASSETS AS MEANS OF PAYMENT AT THE FIAT LEVEL: PROBLEMATIC ISSUES IN UKRAINE

The FinTech sector, as one of the dynamic parts of Ukraine's economic frontier, has not only withstood the challenges of one of the most difficult times of independence, but has also continued to develop despite all the difficulties of the difficult time, and often despite it. The purpose of the article is to study the legal framework and methodology for the use of virtual assets as a means of payment in Ukraine before and after the entry into force of the cryptocurrency- specific Law No. 2074. Methodology. Both general scientific and special legal research methods were used to achieve the purpose of the study. The scientific novelty is an attempt to provide a legal assessment of the existing methodology for conducting increasingly popular transactions with virtual assets through the acquiring mechanism, against the background of an almost non-existent legal framework for their regulation. Conclusions. In fact, there is a paradigm in Ukraine regarding the recognition of virtual assets as means of payment. On the one hand, formally, at the legislative level, there are no plans to recognize virtual assets as a means of payment after the entry into force of Law 2074. On the other hand, from a practical point of view, before the entry into force of Law 2074, virtual assets are increasingly accepted as a means of payment in Ukraine. Prior to the entry into force of Law 2074, banks and cryptocurrency exchanges must act as tax agents in acquiring transactions for the purpose of payment for services and goods. Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine for the entry into force of Law 2074 do not provide for withholding tax when paying income to an individual from transactions with virtual assets. This will not contribute to the timely and full payment of taxes to the budget. The widespread use of cryptocurrencies directly in payments for goods and services in Ukraine, without official acquiring operations, before the entry into force of Law 2074 may have certain negative tax consequences for business entities.

Civil accountability resulting from the cultivation and transplantation of body organs in the laws of Iran, Egypt and Afghanistan

In the process of organ transplantation, several factors are involved, any of which may cause civil accountability: the organ donor, the recipient, or the transplant medical centers. Currently, there is no special law for compensating people who suffer through organ transplantation, and the traditional law of civil accountability is not capable of proving some of the elements and conditions, especially the relationship of causation. Therefore, a special system should be created to compensate for the damages caused by organ transplantation by establishing a special law. According to the results of this research, those who may be held responsible for causing damage include doctors, medical groups, laboratories, hospitals, and other persons who caused the damage. If the fault of any person is proven, it is obvious that compensation for the damage is the responsibility of the person causing the damage, provided that other conditions are met. It seems that the basis of civil accountability in the transfer and handling of body parts follows the theory of fault.

Exploring the Legal Approach of the Islamic Emirate towards Child Labor in Afghanistan

Children’s rights are one of the most sensitive aspects of human rights, which are emphasized in all religious and legal values. Children need the attention of the international community and the government for their growth and development. One of the violations of children’s rights is the issue of their work, which has existed for a long time, and child labor is consistently struggling with numerous challenges in Afghanistan, although throughout all the governmental periods, numerous promises have been made to guarantee the rights of child laborers to both the UN and the people of Afghanistan, but they have failed to fulfill them. Difficult circumstances compel children to do arduous deeds that have irreparable consequences for them. Considering the importance of children's rights in Afghanistan, which have been dominated by decades of war and economic poverty, with the formation of the new Islamic Emirate government, the question arises: what is the current legal approach of the Islamic Emirate system to child labor? Apparently, the current approach of the Islamic Emirate system towards child labor includes actions to protect children’s right, but there is no specific law regarding child labor. The aim of the study is to examine the current approach of the Afghan legal system to child labor. The research method is library-method, utilizing tools such as books, scientific and research articles, sharia, and social reports. Research findings indicate that the Islamic Emirate system is currently attempting to align issues related to child labor with the principles of Sharia law. However, formal and specific laws in this regard are not yet being enforced, and the life of child labor in Afghanistan is becoming increasingly dire day by day, leading to the persistence of vulnerabilities associated with child labor.

Sensitivity Analysis Nusselt Number Correlation to Thermo Physical and Rheological Properties

We present the results of sensitivity analysis of thermo physical and rheological properties to temperature and concentration and hence sensitivity of Nusselt number to thermo physical and rheological properties. Sodium alginate which is a power law fluid has been used. Thermo physical and rheological properties were first measured experimentally and using RSM models has been developed as a function of temperature and concentration. Sensitivity of these developed models has been studied for temperature and concentration. From dimensional analysis it was found that Nusselt number depends on the thermo physical and rheological properties of power law fluids. Hence sensitivity of Nusselt number model has been studied for these properties. Studied thermo physical properties include density, surface tenson, specific heat and thermal conductivity. Rheological properties like consistency index and power law index have been studied. The sensitivity analysis indicates that properties, density, surface tension and specific heat are sensitive to temperature than concentration. Result for Nusselt number shows that model is very sensitive to specific heat, thermal conductivity and power law index

Detecting superfluid transition in the pulsar core

ABSTRACT It is believed that the core of a neutron star can be host to various novel phases of matter, from nucleon superfluid phase to exotic high baryon density quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phases. Different observational signals for such phase transitions have been discussed in the literature. Here, we point out a unique phenomenon associated with phase transition to a superfluid phase, which may be the nucleon superfluid phase or a phase like the colour-flavour locked phase, allowing for superfluid vortices. In any superfluid phase transition, a random network of vortices forms via the so-called Kibble–Zurek mechanism, which eventually mostly decays away, finally leaving primarily vortices arising from the initial angular momentum of the core. This transient, random vortex network can have a non-zero net angular momentum for the superfluid component, which will generally be oriented in an arbitrary direction. This is in contrast to the final vortices, which arise from initial rotation and hence have the initial angular momentum of the neutron star. The angular momentum of the random vortex network is balanced by an equal and opposite angular momentum in the normal fluid due to the conservation of angular momentum, thereby imparting an arbitrarily oriented angular momentum component to the outer shell of the neutron star. This will affect the pulse timing and pulse profile of a pulsar. These changes in the pulses will decay away in a characteristic manner that this as the random vortex network decays, obeying specific scaling laws leading to universal features for the detection of superfluid transitions occurring in a pulsar core.

Local Self-governments’ Competences in Administrative Procedures related to Prioritized Investments in Hungary

This study examines a special administrative procedural law instrument that serves the competitiveness of the economy in Hungary. This procedural regime on prioritized investments became a part of the law after the accession to the European Union. The research clarified the specialties of the process and the relations between them highlighted by the competent public administrative bodies, the Government and the local self-governments concerned with this procedure. The implementation of such investments raises constitutional issues, through the presumed violation of local self-governments’ competences. The analysis presents the practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court.

Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Bond Deterioration in GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Members: An Entropy-Based Approach

The primary objective of acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is to accurately detect imminent critical damage, preventing premature failure by analysing the dynamic evolution of AE parameters. This study introduces AE entropy, a distinctive parameter derived from Shannon's entropy, employed to monitor the bond degradation between glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars and the concrete interface in GFRP-reinforced concrete elements. Characteristic AE parameters have been synchronously collected during flexural bond tests, and information entropy and weighted information entropy, composed of typical AE characteristic parameters based on Shannon’s information entropy theory in the time domain, have been defined. Findings indicate that, with increasing bond stress, the specimens exhibit a trend characterized by "decreasing, stabilizing, and then increasing" in both AE characteristic parameters and weighted information entropy. The information entropy value shows fluctuations during any damage associated with GFRP-concrete bond deterioration. At peak bond stress values, information entropy values experience a rapid surge, indicating significant deterioration. The evolution process of debonding between GFRP rebar and concrete, switching between a chaotic state that develops randomly and an organized state that produces in order, follows specific laws (disordered–ordered–disordered), corresponding well to AE characteristic parameters weighted information entropy. Moreover, entropy values, both individual and weighted, when correlated with bond stress and slip variations in the test specimens, distinctly outline and predict various stress transfer mechanisms between the GFRP bar and concrete. In summary, this research underscores the utility of AE entropy as a valuable tool for damage monitoring in GFRP-reinforced structures. Its ability to capture microstructural deformations positions AE entropy as a promising candidate for improving critical damage identification and preventing premature failure

지하공간에서 건설 공사를 위한 법제 고찰

The necessity for construction projects in underground spaces is gradually increasing. Currently, since there is no special law governing underground spaces, the Civil Code is applied. However, the Civil Code does not present a legal concept for underground spaces or deep strata. Therefore, there has been ongoing debate on whether the effect of land ownership under the Civil Code is recognized or excluded in deep strata. The “Deep Strata Act (Draft)” proposed in September 2020 mainly stipulates that when constructing or managing transportation facilities in deep strata, it is permissible to use the deep strata underground, and in such cases, compensation for the land as prescribed by the “Land Compensation Act” is not required, nor is it necessary to establish a separate superficies under the Civil Code. This premise implies that ownership rights do not extend below the boundary depth. However, simply limiting private ownership rights for public projects could lead to essential infringements on property rights, which necessitates considering the relationship between ownership and superficies under the Civil Code, as well as compensation for losses, when enacting special laws. Particularly, unlike the Japanese Civil Code, Article 212 of the Korean Civil Code includes an abstract provision of “legitimate interest,” making it difficult to adopt the Japanese Deep Strata Act as is. Under the current legal system, construction projects in deep strata require individual assessments of the scope of ownership, as well as the establishment of separate superficies and compensation for losses. Nevertheless, for the efficiency of construction projects in deep strata, it is believed that not only the enactment of special laws but also a legal review of the Civil Code and other legal principles is necessary.

빈집정비사업에 대한 공법적 검토

The recent issues of population decline due to aging and low birth rates have led to an increase in unoccupied houses. This increase is associated with higher crime rates, deteriorating residential environments, urban slums, imbalances in the real estate market, and environmental problems. The necessity of unoccupied house improvement has been raised, yet public law reviews on this matter remain insufficient. The concept of unoccupied houses includes both usable and unusable houses, which vary according to the investigation period and methods. Demolition targets include unusable unoccupied houses classified as Grade 3 under the ｢ACT ON SPECIAL CASES CONCERNING UNOCCUPIED HOUSE OR SMALL-SCALE HOUSING IMPROVEMENT｣ or as ‘specific unoccupied houses’ under the ｢AGRICULTURAL AND FISHING VILLAGES IMPROVEMENT ACT｣. The constitutional basis for the demolition of unoccupied houses includes the state's coordination and intervention duties under the principle of the social state, Article 122 of the Constitution, and the housing rights of neighbor of unoccupied houses. Especially, the conflict between the housing rights of neighbor and the property rights of unoccupied house owners(conflicts between fundamental rights) is transformed into a constitutional review issue as the legislator introduced a demolition system that limits the property rights of unoccupied house owners. The most important perspective in the constitutional review is adherence to the principle of proportionality, and demolition and compensation must be carried out under stricter standards, shifting from ensuring the existence of property rights to guaranteeing their value. The management and improvement obligations of unoccupied house owners are specified in the ｢AGRICULTURAL AND FISHING VILLAGES IMPROVEMENT ACT｣ but not in the ｢ACT ON SPECIAL CASES CONCERNING UNOCCUPIED HOUSE OR SMALL-SCALE HOUSING IMPROVEMENT｣. Based on the constitutional duty of property rights for public welfare and social constraints, owners may bear police responsibilities under public law, but this needs to be explicitly stated in the law. Such regulations on the responsibilities of unoccupied house owners can serve as the legal basis for enforcement fines and potentially a future unoccupied house tax when demolition orders are issued. Local governments' ex officio demolition of unoccupied houses is deemed an administrative execution. However, demolition orders for unoccupied houses are only feasible in cases involving substantial illegality, such as when legal buildings are abandoned for extended periods, resulting in significant harm to residents. In this context, recognizing the process of becoming substantially illegal should be strictly judged under the principle of proportionality. Compensation for the demolition of unoccupied houses is challenging to include in traditional public law compensation, thus falling under special public loss compensation recognized by the legislature through special laws. The compensation amount for demolition is determined as the arithmetic average of the amounts appraised by two appraisers. Issues concerning offsetting demolition costs highlight that compensation amounts can vary between voluntary demolition and enforced demolition by administrative execution, necessitating objective standards for demolition costs offset by administrative authorities.

주택임대차보호법상 법적 쟁점과 개선 방안에 대한 소고

While a lease contract is a civil relationship between private parties, the importance of residential stability, the unique characteristics of the domestic housing market, and the protection of tenants necessitate state intervention based on the special law of the Civil Code, the Housing Lease Protection Act. The original Housing Lease Protection Act was primarily focused on protecting the lease deposit, considering the social conditions at the time of its enactment. However, it has been gradually amended to stabilize the housing market and preserve the foundation of the national economy. Recently, the law has evolved to include the introduction of the right to request contract renewal and the regulation of rent increase limits. Nevertheless, during this process, issues of fairness have continuously arisen, particularly concerning whether reasonable protection is provided to both parties of the lease contract, the tenant and the landlord. There is ongoing debate about whether the emphasis on tenant protection infringes on the landlord’s fundamental property rights. Additionally, the achievement of the Housing Lease Protection Act’s fundamental objective of ensuring the stability of the tenant’s living environment remains uncertain, and there are concerns that landlords’ rights are ambiguously restricted. This underscores the need for review and reassessment. One of the main amendments to the Housing Lease Protection Act is the extension of the lease contract duration due to the tenant’s right to request renewal. While this aims to provide stability to the tenant’s living situation in the short term, it is questionable whether it benefits tenants in the long term, especially when considered alongside other tenant protection measures such as the rent cap system. Moreover, the ambiguity surrounding the landlord’s right to refuse renewal based on “actual residence” does not enhance legal stability for either party. Therefore, it is crucial to establish clear and specific standards.

Legislative support for the public policy of national memory in Ukraine

The implementation of legislative support for public policy on national memory in Ukraine is realised through the enactment of legislative acts, including the Constitution of Ukraine and Ukrainian laws. The country's prevailing political situation and social moods have primarily shaped it. This article aims to examine the legislative framework of Ukraine (1991-2024) that facilitates the formation and implementation of public policy on national memory within the state. The study demonstrates that active legislation has occurred over the past ten years and continues to the present day. It is established that the legislative base in the sphere of national memory comprises conceptual, organisational, and regulatory acts, which delineate the scope of their functionality. Significant achievements have been made in the legislative support of public policy on national memory in Ukraine. It is evident that the issue of adopting a special law that would define the fundamental principles of national memory policy in Ukraine, ensuring comprehensive regulation of its formation and implementation, still needs to be solved. The completeness of memory policy regulation at all levels of the administrative system is defined, and problematic issues are identified. The necessity for enhancing the legislative framework supporting public policy on national memory in Ukraine is revealed.

법학 연구 방법 이대로 좋은가?

Law is one of the social sciences and a field that citizens most frequently encounter in their daily lives. Despite this, legal research methods are primarily limited to literature reviews, and it is challenging to find quantitative research methods such as surveys that meticulously capture and reflect the thoughts, opinions, and intentions of the public. Legal scholars may believe that their thoughts and opinions sufficiently represent those of the public, but this can be considered intellectual arrogance. Since the overall thoughts and opinions of the public are constantly changing, laws must be created or interpreted based on frequent and comprehensive understanding of these changes. Only then will the public accept and respect the law. Of course, introducing surveys as a legal research method does not mean that all legal issues can be resolved solely based on survey results. Adjustments must be made considering the specialized theories of law and fairness with other issues. However, the current research methods that do not reflect the public's opinions at all must be improved. For this to happen, scholars and practitioners of law need to explain legal terms in simple and clear language so that the general public can understand them. Then, they should ask the public for their opinions on these explanations. Additionally, law must be approached and understood as a field accessible to everyone. The current research methods, which make law seem inaccessible to the general public through complex and difficult terminology and explanations, are both arrogant and inefficient. Legal research methods need to become more democratic and open. The public should be able to think and deliberate on legal issues so that the law can be democratic, reasonable, and truly authoritative. This way, the law can become more approachable, gaining trust and acceptance from the public. Moreover, the introduction of surveys in legal research goes beyond merely collecting public opinions; it can serve as a crucial means of developing law as a ‘science.’ Surveys systematically collect and analyze the opinions and experiences of various social groups, providing empirical evidence for legal research. This significantly contributes to enhancing the validity and acceptability of the law. Quantitative data obtained through surveys play a critical role in analyzing the correlations and causalities between social phenomena. These data, combined with advanced statistical techniques, can offer precise interpretations of social phenomena. For example, statistically analyzing the impact of a specific law after its enactment can evaluate the law's effectiveness. This approach goes beyond mere textual or theoretical analysis, enabling a concrete understanding of the law's role and impact through actual social outcomes. Even though law has normative characteristics, these norms must be based on reality, requiring the reflection of the public's actual thoughts and behaviors. Surveys allow legal scholars to verify abstract theories within concrete and realistic contexts. By collecting and analyzing diverse public opinions, legal research can yield more objective and reliable results. This process aids in making more reasonable and fair decisions during the enactment, amendment, interpretation, and application of laws. For instance, by investigating public perceptions of actions on the boundary between crime and non-crime, the alignment of legal norms with reality can be evaluated. Additionally, surveys are essential for understanding the various issues addressed by law within social and cultural contexts. By systematically collecting and analyzing public opinions, legal research can adopt a more comprehensive and multifaceted perspective. This enables the law to respond more sensitively to social changes and demands, enhancing its legitimacy and effectiveness. Consequently, surveys can play a vital role in developing law into a more scientific disci

THE NOTION OF STRATA LEASE SCHEME IN MALAYSIA: A REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

In Malaysia, leased land registration is applied to all strata titles of a multi-story building. Hence, strata lease schemes are formed through this concept. As the primary references to strata laws, there is a limitation in the Strata Titles Act 1985 and the Strata Management Act 2013, where these laws do not contain specific provisions on the development of strata lease schemes. The National Land Code [Act 828] must be referred to create a lease registration on strata title. Since no law governs a strata lease scheme, there is an unsettling debate for new legislation to safeguard every party involved in the scheme's development. Therefore, this paper aims to review whether these laws are substantial enough to uphold the requirements for constructing and administrating buildings of the strata lease scheme. The two objectives of this study are to determine what laws apply to strata lease scheme development and, secondly, whether these laws are relevant to support all parties' needs in the current development. The doctrinal and qualitative research methodologies are used to meet the objectives and cross-validate the legal reviews made through this study. It was found that nine laws are required to govern the development of a strata lease scheme. In conclusion, creating a specific law for a strata lease scheme concept may be optional. Still, one or two law updates may improve the laws' rigour and protect the parties involved in the strata lease scheme.

UMUMTAʼLIM MAKTABLARINI OʻQITUVCHI KADRLAR BILAN TAʼMINLASHDAGI OʻZGARISHLAR: YUTUQ VA MUAMMOLAR

In the article, the changes that occurred in the system of pedagogical education and pedagogical staff training in the Uzbek SSR in the years after the Second World War, the reforms implemented by the Soviet authorities in the field of higher education and secondary special education, laws and decisions, problems in their implementation, achievements in the field of pedagogical education efforts were made to highlight the achievements and problems in the education system based on available sources.

Abortion Due to Fetal Defects

Abortion is a word that symbolizes a crime in which the perpetrator must be punished because it is considered to have taken away a human being's right to life. However, sometimes abortion has to be carried out because if the pregnancy continues, the mother's life will be at stake due to the disability suffered by the occupant of her womb. Defects experienced by the fetus must be declared by a recognized medical expert in the field of pregnancy. This research question is how the laws and fatwas from Malaysian mufti clerics conclude the legal status of abortion due to fetal defects. In this research the author uses library research methods and is normative juridical in nature. Malaysia does not have specific laws governing abortion, so everything related to abortion will refer to Penal Code Section 312-316 (Act 574). Dr. Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri, former Minister of Religion and Mufti of the 7th Federal Region stated in an article uploaded to Bayan Linnas No. 68 states that abortion is divided into two laws, namely mandatory if it has not reached the age of 120 days and haram if it has reached the age of 120 days or more unless the fetus being impregnated threatens the mother's life then it is permitted. Here it can be concluded that abortion is permitted if there is harm to the mother. If there is no harm, it is prohibited and forbidden.

Uniform elastic field inside an elliptical inhomogeneity with Neuber’s nonlinear stress–strain law under generalized plane strain deformations

We prove the uniformity of the in-plane and anti-plane elastic field of stresses and strains inside an incompressible nonlinear elastic elliptical inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite linear isotropic elastic matrix subjected to uniform remote in-plane and anti-plane stresses. The elastic material occupying the elliptical inhomogeneity obeys Neuber’s special nonlinear stress-strain law. The original boundary value problem is finally reduced to a single non-linear equation for the constant effective strain within the inhomogeneity, which is rigorously proved to have a unique solution. Once the non-linear equation is solved numerically, we establish the uniform elastic field within the elliptical inhomogeneity and the non-uniform elastic field in the linear elastic matrix.

El nuevo elemento del acoso en el régimen laboral de la actividad privada

The ILO defined workplace or moral harassment in its Convention 190, which “manifests itself only once”, this new element being disruptive for Peruvian doctrine and legislation, even for Latin Americans and Europeans, also in its Recommendation N. ° 206 proposes: compensation, reinstatement of the worker, cessation of moral harassment, reimbursement of his advisor's expenses and reversal of the burden of proof. For this reason, legislators must provide in their special law a concept of harassment in the same terms and with a closed list of acts of harassment to have an objective typicality; in this way put an end to the concern of the national and international worker and employer about the element “that only one time is enough to sanction harassment”, in order to prevent the possibility of deciding whether or not harassment exists from being very subjective.