Special Interconnection Research Articles

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF A SMALL URAL TOWN: IMAGES OF THE IRBIT FAIR IN THE ESSAY ON THE 19TH CENTURY

The article is devoted to the key image of the historical and cultural landscape of Irbit — the Irbit fair. Based on the essays of the 19th century, three main trends in the depiction of the fair seasons of Irbit, which are dominant in different decades, are considered. In the economic essays by E. A. Verderevsky and A. G. Khitrov, the distinctive features of the Irbit Fair were first identified, and the topics of “trust” and “riddles” of the fair that were important for the trading community were declared. The second tendency of description, developing in the letters of E. A. Verderevsky and travel sketches of N. D. Teleshov developed the image of the fair season as a carnival, providing rich material for understanding the fair as a dystopia (M. Foucault), with special space-time relations, interconnection isolation and permeability. The third tendency of the image is found in the sketches of the Uralites D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak and K. D. Nosilov, aimed at improving public mores. In their texts, the fair becomes a kind of provocative landscape, both attracting and repulsive to the authors. Throughout its history, the Irbit Fair has retained its attractiveness for ethnographers, writers and folklorists as a representation of a wide range of social strata and ethnic groups. At the same time, there is no single narrative about the fair. By the end of the 19th century, the Ural literature focused on describing and exposing the spontaneous destructive forces that seize the community and the person during the days of the fair, while it was at this time that the local merchant class used the language of architecture to manifest their own collective identity. The growing gap reveals its adherence to principles during a radical rethinking of the historical and cultural heritage of Irbit in the 1920s-1930s. The article connects local “fair plots”, compares the views “from the outside” and “from the inside”, condenses the description of the regional literary context.

Working on Genomic Stability: From the S-Phase to Mitosis.

Fidelity in chromosome duplication and segregation is indispensable for maintaining genomic stability and the perpetuation of life. Challenges to genome integrity jeopardize cell survival and are at the root of different types of pathologies, such as cancer. The following three main sources of genomic instability exist: DNA damage, replicative stress, and chromosome segregation defects. In response to these challenges, eukaryotic cells have evolved control mechanisms, also known as checkpoint systems, which sense under-replicated or damaged DNA and activate specialized DNA repair machineries. Cells make use of these checkpoints throughout interphase to shield genome integrity before mitosis. Later on, when the cells enter into mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is activated and remains active until the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus to ensure an equal segregation among daughter cells. All of these processes are tightly interconnected and under strict regulation in the context of the cell division cycle. The chromosomal instability underlying cancer pathogenesis has recently emerged as a major source for understanding the mitotic processes that helps to safeguard genome integrity. Here, we review the special interconnection between the S-phase and mitosis in the presence of under-replicated DNA regions. Furthermore, we discuss what is known about the DNA damage response activated in mitosis that preserves chromosomal integrity.

Implementation of Rotation and Vectoring-Mode Reconfigurable CORDIC

CORDIC or CO -ordinate R otation Di gital C omputer is a fast, simple, efficient and powerful algorithm used for diverse Digital Signal Processing applications. Primarily developed for real-time airborne computations, it uses a unique computing technique which is especially suitable for solving the trigonometric relationships involved in plane co-ordinate rotation and conversion from rectangular to polar form. It comprises a special serial arithmetic unit having three shift registers, three adders/subtractors, Look-Up table and special interconnections. In this project A CORDIC-based processor for sine/cosine calculation was designed using VHDL programming in Xilinx ISE 13.2. The CORDIC module was tested for its functionality and correctness by test-bench analysis. Subsequently, FPGA implementation of the CORDIC core followed by Chip Scope Pro analysis of the output logic waveforms was performed.

Dissipativity reinforcement in interconnected systems

This paper focuses on the reinforcement of the quantitative performance in interconnected dynamical systems. The following problem is addressed that concerns dissipativity reinforcement via interconnection: Find a class of subsystems and their interconnection rule such that the L2 gain bound of the entire interconnected system is reduced compared with that of each individual subsystem. We assume that each subsystem has a special passivity property that is characterized by two parameters, and has a bounded L2 gain. Then, the feedback connection and the more general interconnection of the subsystems are expressed by the transition of the two parameters inheriting the same passivity property. In addition, the L2 gain bound of the entire interconnected system, estimated with the parameters, is strictly reduced and becomes less than that of each subsystem. Finally, special interconnection rules are considered to show that the scale-expansion of the interconnected system, i.e., increasing the number of subsystems, gradually reduces the L2 gain bound.

Channeling of electron transport to improve collection efficiency in mesoporous titanium dioxide dye sensitized solar cell stacks

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) modules are generally made by interconnecting large photoelectrode strips with optimized thickness (∼14 μm) and show lower current density (JSC) compared with their single cells. We found out that the key to achieving higher JSC in large area devices is optimized photoelectrode volume (VD), viz., thickness and area which facilitate the electron channeling towards working electrode. By imposing constraints on electronic path in a DSC stack, we achieved >50% increased JSC and ∼60% increment in photoelectric conversion efficiency in photoelectrodes of similar VD (∼3.36 × 10−4 cm3) without using any metallic grid or a special interconnections.

Science and technology for national development: The case of Israel's space program

In the last 25 years Israel developed highly advanced space industry and capable indigenous infrastructure of space technology. The special interconnections between the academia, the industry and different government agencies had a valuable influence on this successful process. This paper identifies and analyzes the characteristics of this partnership. It addresses the issue of sustaining this partnership and maintain it as a major driving force of the Israeli space program in order to provide some conclusions for similar actors, seeking to enhance their space activities and capabilities.

Halogenide der Seltenerdmetalle Ln4X5Z. Teil 2: Eine orthorhombische Verknüpfungsvariante o‐Ln4X5Z

AbstractRare Earth Halides Ln4X5Z. Part 2: An Orthorhombic Variant of Ln4X5ZThe compounds Ln4Cl5C2 (Ln = La, Pr) and the isotypic bromides of lanthanum and cerium are prepared by reaction of LnX3, Ln metal and carbon in sealed Ta‐ampoules at temperature 900 °C < T < 950 °C. They crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Immm: La4Cl5C2: a = 3.9208(8) Å, b = 7.9446(16) Å, c = 17.2967(35) Å, Pr4Cl5C2: a = 3.8475(8) Å, b = 7.7590(16) Å, c = 17.0105(34) Å, La4Br5C2: a = 3.9950(8) Å, b = 8.2770(17) Å, c = 18.1010(36) Å and Ce4Br5C2: a = 3.9835(8) Å, b = 8.1865(16) Å, c = 18.0171(36) Å.In the crystal structure the metal atoms are connected to Ln6 octahedra centered by C2 units. The Ln6C octahedra are condensed via opposite egdes to chains and connected via X atoms. The special interconnection of the M6X12C2 chains by the halogen atoms, Ln2n+2Xi−i2/2Xi−i(2n−2)/2Xi−a4/2Xa−i4/2 (n = 1), results in an orthorhombic crystal structure in contrast to the monoclinic variant described in part 1. The C2 groups together with the halogen atoms form ccp anionic substructure, and 4/5 of the octahedral voids is occupied by the Ln atoms. The C‐C distances vary between 1.41 und 1.44Å corresponding to a shortened C–C single bond and a lengthened C=C double bond. For metal‐metal bonds are 1 < e− < 3 electrons available suggesting an ionic formulation (Ln3+)4(X−)5C2m− e− with C26− or C24− ions (4 < m < 6).

Passivity as a Design Tool for Group Coordination

We pursue a group coordination problem where the objective is to steer the differences between output variables of the group members to a prescribed compact set. To stabilize this set we study a class of feedback rules that are implementable with local information available to each member. When the information flow between neighboring members is bidirectional, we show that the closed-loop system exhibits a special interconnection structure which inherits the passivity properties of its components. By exploiting this structure we develop a passivity-based design framework, which results in a broad class of feedback rules that encompass as special cases some of the existing formation stabilization and group agreement designs in the literature. The passivity approach offers additional design flexibility compared to these special cases, and systematically constructs a Lurie-type Lyapunov function for the closed-loop system. We further study the robustness of these feedback laws in the presence of a time-varying communication topology, and present a persistency of excitation condition which allows the interconnection graph to lose connectivity pointwise in time as long as it is established in an integral sense.

The front-end electronics of the LHCb ring-imaging-Cherenkov system

The LHCb experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider will use ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors for particle identification. By measuring rings of Cherenkov photons generated by elementary particles traversing a radiative medium, these particles can be identified across a wide range of momenta. The photons will be measured by a new type of detector, the pixel hybrid photon detector (HPD). In total, 484 HPDs will be used, providing ∼500,000 channels of data. Specific readout electronics have been developed for processing the data from the HPDs, and this paper describes the design and testing of these devices together with the final system to be used in the experiment. Emphasis is on the application-specific integrated circuits that are encapsulated within the HPDs, allowing high channel density and low noise. These are subject to the strict requirements of efficient photon detection and reliability within the harsh environment of the experiment. Special interconnect techniques developed for this application are described. Finally, the additional electronics infrastructure to readout the full system of 500,000 channels is outlined, including data transmission and power distribution.

Readout of the LHCb pixel hybrid photon detectors

The LHCb experiment will use two Ring-Imaging Cherenkov counters equipped with pixel hybrid photon detectors (HPDs) to measure Cherenkov light generated by high-energy particles traversing a radiative medium. Data from these detectors must provide efficient pattern recognition whilst coping with the environmental demands of LHCb: 25 ns time precision, up to 4% channel occupancy and 1 MHz selective frame readout rate. Dedicated CMOS electronics have been developed to meet the requirements of the HPD, together with special packaging and interconnect techniques which withstand the harsh production processes of the detector. Successful prototypes have been fabricated and tested and results are presented. Large-scale production has started in collaboration with European hi-tech industry and the individual steps in the process are described.

Research on optical multistage butterfly interconnection and optoelectronic logic operations

We briefly study butterfly interconnection construction and propose an experimental approach to implementing multistage butterfly interconnection networks by using a special interconnection grating with the reflection ladder structure and liquid crystal light valves (LCLVs), and implementing the optical butterfly interconnections and primary optical digital logic operations. With this foundation, we analyse and discuss the features of the approach by computer simulations. In terms of our theoretical analyses, we improve the ring-circuit approach, based on the reflection ladder structure gratings, into a more suitable form based on transmission gratings, and we substitute the LCLVs with optoelectronic switches. Finally we give the experimental results of both the transmission grating and optoelectronic switches.

On RC line delays and scaling in VLSI systems

We propose that a special interconnection metal layer is introduced into the VLSI process and used for global clock distribution and communication. We show that by this method the interconnection delay will not be a limiting factor for the speed of synchronous circuits in CMOS down to 0.3 μm feature sizes and up to 20 mm chip sizes.

On the Absolute Stability of Linearly Interconnected Nonlinear Systems

Given a class of continuous dynamical systems composed of the linear output coupling of N nonlinear subsystems, new general results for the global stability of the interconnected system are presented in this paper. These results are based on the Lyapunov method, special interconnection matrix properties and on the ability of each subsystem to have a “suitable” state space description. They are given in a form that can be algebraically tested in a decentralized manner. Applied to some examples, these methods have presented less conservative results than those obtained by other method.

Interconnection Issues Concerning Consumer-Owned Wind Electric Generators

Consumer-owned wind-driven electric generators present special interconnection problems to distribution systems. Distribution engineers responsible for managing those problems need to understand the operation of wind-electric systems and the possible effects they may have on distribution systems.

Nonlinear networks and invariance

We study nonlinear networks invariant under groups (mostly cyclic) of operations. We deduce the consequences of invariance on the reduced incidence matrix A, the branch admittance operator <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">{\cal Y}_{n}</tex> , and the node admittance operator <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">{\cal Y}_{n}</tex> . We consider two special kinds of excitation: symmetric (for any groups) and alternating (for cyclic groups). Under the uniqueness assumption, the solutions are shown to be symmetric and alternating respectively, and the equations required for solving the network are considerably simplified. An example shows that if uniqueness does not hold, a symmetric excitation can give rise to symmetric and nonsymmetric solutions! The case of linear networks is treated as a special case of the nonlinear networks and the decoupling property is easily obtained. For the nonlinear case, we show by examples that except for some special interconnections of nonlinear elements, the function space <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L^{n}</tex> cannot be decomposed into direct sum of subspaces which are invariant under the map <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">{\cal Y}_{n}</tex> ,. Finally we derive stability conditions for three kinds of periodic oscillations; symmetric oscillation, alternating oscillation, and oscillation with delay, where the last two cases are restricted to cyclic groups. It is shown how the stability conditions can be systematically simplified.

Analysis of Rectangular RC Distributed Circuits with Shaped Electrodes

An analysis is given for a distributed RC network that consists of a resistive layer separated by an insulator from three separate electrodes. A conducting tab is placed completely across two opposing ends of the resistive layer. These tabs form two terminals of a five-terminal network. The three electrodes form the other terminals. The short-circuit admittance parameters for this network are derived and consideration is given to special interconnections. The short-circuit transfer admittances between an electrode and either end of the resistive layer may easily be made rational. An interconnection provides the possibility of a rational short-circuit transfer admittance that does not possess a zero at the origin. The method can be extended to similar multi-electrode networks.

The CORDIC Trigonometric Computing Technique

The COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer(CORDIC) is a special-purpose digital computer for real-time airborne computation. In this computer, a unique computing technique is employed which is especially suitable for solving the trigonometric relationships involved in plane coordinate rotation and conversion from rectangular to polar coordinates. CORDIC is an entire-transfer computer; it contains a special serial arithmetic unit consisting of three shift registers, three adder-subtractors, and special interconnections. By use of a prescribed sequence of conditional additions or subtractions, the CORDIC arithmetic unit can be controlled to solve either set of the following equations: Y' = K(Y cosλ + X sinλ) X' = K(X cosλ - Y sinλ), or R = K√X <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> + Y <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> θ = tan-1 Y/X, where K is an invariable constant. This special arithmetic unit is also suitable for other computations such as multiplication, division, and the conversion between binary and mixed radix number systems. However, only the trigonometric algorithms used in this computer and the instrumentation of these algorithms are discussed in this paper.