Special Hybrid Research Articles

Achieving Significantly Boosted Dielectric Energy Density of Polymer Film via Introducing a Bumpy Gold/Polymethylsilsesquioxane Granular Blocking Layer.

Polymer dielectrics are the key materials for pulsed energy storage systems, but their low energy densities greatly restrict the applications in integrated electronic devices. Herein, a unique bumpy granular interlayer consisting of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and polymethyksesquioxane (PMSQ) microspheres is introduced into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film, forming trilayered PVDF-Au/PMSQ-PVDF films. Interestingly, the Au/PMSQ interlayer arouses a dielectric enhancement of 47% and an ultrahigh breakdown strength of 704MVm-1, which reaches 153% of pure PVDF. It is revealed that the greatly enhanced breakdown strength originated from the Coulomb-blockade effect of Au NPs and the excellent insulating properties of PMSQ microspheres with a special molecular-scale organic-inorganic hybrid structure. Benefiting from the concurrently enhanced dielectric and breakdown performances, an outstanding energy density of 22.42Jcm-3 with an efficiency of 67.1%, which reaches 249% of that of the pure PVDF, is achieved. It is further confirmed that this design strategy is also applicable to linear dielectric polymer polyethyleneimine. The composites exhibit an energy density of 8.91Jcm-3 with a high efficiency of ≈95%. This work offers a novel and efficient strategy for concurrently enhancing the dielectric and breakdown performances of polymers toward pulsed power applications.

Unveiling hybrid culinary cultures in Macao: a corpus-assisted multimodal approach to the translation of Macanese cuisine

ABSTRACT This study investigates the special foodscape and hybrid culinary cultures in Macao through the translation of Macanese cuisine. It employs a corpus-assisted multimodal approach, with the concept of intersemiotic translation and multimodal theories as the theoretical basis for analysis and discussion. The data under investigation is a self-built multimodal database of Macanese cuisine translations. The study first examines the ingredients and cooking methods in Macanese cuisine dish names and then delves into the translation strategies and methods used in the translations across Portuguese, English and Chinese. Multimodal analysis is also conducted to explore the intersemiotic translation between the verbal and visual materials of Macanese cuisine. The research results show that hybrid culinary features are represented in the ingredients, cooking methods and translations of Macanese cuisine, constituting an inclusive, integrated and diversified foodscape in Macao. Moreover, the intersemiotic translation between the verbal and the visual could highlight particular ingredients and cooking methods, showcase the enticing appearance of the dishes, and convey the hybrid culinary cultures in Macanese cuisine. This study holds the potential to enrich research on food translation from a multimodal perspective, while also contributing to the translation and cultural transmission of Macanese cuisine and culinary cultures in Macao.

Improving the Information and Legal Support of the Judicial System of Ukraine: Experience of the European Court of Human Rights

The research proposes a comprehensive approach to modernizing the information and legal support (ILS) of the judicial system of Ukraine, given European integration processes and the war of Russia against Ukraine. The need for substantial modernization of existing court automation systems to integrate with European systems and improve analytical capabilities for processing large data sets was identified. It was specified that the legal framework for the functioning of court information systems (IS) must be adapted to European legislation, and the organization of data warehouses and information flows must comply with EU standards. The principles of the functioning of court information systems should ensure the possibility of easy integration with the IS of the EU. To investigate war crimes committed by Russia in Ukraine, it is proposed to establish reliable ILS, given the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in cases of human rights violations during conflicts. An innovative approach based on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools is proposed to increase the efficiency of judicial decision analysis and improve the ILS of the judicial system of Ukraine. It has been proven that the integration of the judicial systems of Ukraine and the EU is possible, provided there are reliable data analysis tools, process standardization, digitalization, data security, and integrated registers. The effectiveness of applying IT tools in the ILS of courts has been confirmed. It is proposed to establish specialized hybrid courts in Ukraine with international experts to address war crimes, harmonize legislation with international law, and implement the case law of the ECHR.

Smoke diffusion mechanism and mitigation design for fire accidents in a tunnel-groove structure of a large hydropower station

In this study, field tests and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the smoke diffusion mechanism and mitigation design for a fire accident occurring in a special hybrid structure, i.e., the tunnel-groove structure (TGS) of a large hydropower station. It is found that the characteristics of the smoke spread in the TGS include the smoke temperature attenuation, incomplete chimney effect and smoke entrainment. The combustion of the polyurethane flame-retardant material is controllable and extinguishes immediately after the fire source is removed. However, there is a fire risk in a relatively closed space under the conditions of strong winds, especially at the connection port with the external environment, due to the wind tunnel and chimney effects, which result in rapid smoke diffusions. During the fire accident, the smoke first fills in the entire tunnel (89 m long), then propagates upward along the groove, and finally reaches the dam top (115 m above the tunnel) in 10 s. The heat release rate (HRR) was determined as approximately 50 MW and the maximum velocity of the smoke spread along the dam surface could reach 10 m/s. As a result, nearly no time was available for the workers in the groove to evacuate when the fire accident occurred. Sensitivity analyses were further conducted to study the effects of different parameters, such as the HRR, the air inflow velocity and the radial gate opening, on the smoke diffusion in the TGS. A horizontal smoke plate (HSP) was proposed for the temporary smoke control to prevent life from losses due to the smoke diffusion in the TGS. The safe and dangerous zones near the dam surface were identified by analyzing the characteristics of the smoke temperature and visibility. It was finally concluded that the HSP can mitigate the smoke and heat along the groove. The results from this study may serve as a useful reference for the smoke control design in the TGS or other similar structure configurations.

Mechanical Characteristic Analysis of Special Hybrid Adhesive-Packaged FBG Strain Sensor at Liquid Helium Environment

Mechanical Characteristic Analysis of Special Hybrid Adhesive-Packaged FBG Strain Sensor at Liquid Helium Environment

Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic quartz sand hybrid filters for efficient on-demand oil/water separation

The development of an efficient and sustainable separation method for oily wastewater has become a major challenge for industrial development and environmental protection. In this work, the simple special wettability particle preparation method and the hybrid filters construction strategy was reported for enhanced oil/water separation efficiency. Two special wettability quartz sands mixed in a certain proportion could destroy the balance of dispersed droplets in the oil-water emulsion, induce the coalescence of dispersed droplets, and purify the oil-water emulsion by the tortuous channel in the filter. Based on the coupling effect of “size sieving” and “coalescence separation”, the special wettability particle hybrid filter with a mass ratio of 3:1 had good droplet coalescence ability, and the separation efficiency of various kinds of oil-water emulsions can reached more than 98%. The hybrid filters exhibited robust mechanical and chemical stability, excellent durability, which enable them to be competent for oil/water separation in multitasking and complex environment.

Special wettable cotton-containing hybrid composite for heavy oil absorption and light oil resistance in underwater atmosphere

By utilizing the gel reaction between dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-acrylate (5Acl) and branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), the self-made carboxymethylated cotton fibers, chitosan (CTS), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were simply blended in this reacting system, then only depending on gelation at room temperature, the special wettable cotton-containing hybrid composite was constructed, meanwhile dispensing with any reactive activator. When ambient atmosphere was in underwater condition, heavy oil absorption and light oil resistance of the water-wetted cotton-containing hybrid composite was displayed in the water environment, and which was radically different from the majority of the currently found superwetting phenomena. Based on this, the removal of subaqueous heavy oil was carried out by using this composite product, simultaneously getting rid of water under light oil was also implemented via its water-pretreated state, therefore by just prewetting the mentioned composite, or not, in water, the selective separation for immiscible oil-water mixture could be successfully realized, whether in oil-removing or water-removing filtering separation, its fluxes and efficiencies were higher than 3500 L/m2·h and 96%; from the perspective of difficult or easy degree of such application implementation, simpleness, easiness, adaptability and reliability for the special wettable cotton-containing hybrid composite had advantage over in selective oil-water separation. Beyond that, this unique composite also had a satisfactory capacity to separate of oil-in-water emulsion (flux: 4229.93 L/m2·h, efficiency: 99.71%).

Enhanced quantum resources via two distant atom-cavity systems under the influence of atomic dissipation

Quantum resources such as entanglement and coherence are the holy grail for modern quantum technologies. Although the unwanted environmental effects tackle quantum information processing tasks, suprisingly these key quantum resources may be protected and even enhanced by the implementation of some special hybrid open quantum systems. Here, we aim to show how a dissipative atom-cavity-system can be accomplished to generate enhanced quantum resources. To do so, we consider a couple of dissipative cavities, where each one contains two effective two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode cavity field. In practical applications, a classical laser field may be applied to drive each atomic subsystem. After driving the system, a Bell-state measurement is performed on the output of the system to quantify the entanglement and coherence. The obtained results reveal that the remote entanglement and coherence between the atoms existing inside the two distant cavities are not only enhanced, but can be stabilized, even under the action of dissipation. In contrast, the local entanglement between two atoms inside each dissipative cavity attenuates due to the presence of unwanted environmental effects. Nevertheless, the local coherence may show the same behavior as the remote coherence. Besides, the system provides the steady state entanglement in various interaction regimes, particularly in the strong atom-cavity coupling and with relatively large detuning. More interestingly, our numerical analyses demonstrate that the system may show a memory effect due to the fact that the death and revival of the entanglement take place during the interaction. Our proposed model may find potential applications for the implementation of long distance quantum networks. In particular, it facilitates the distribution of quantum resources between the nodes of large-scale quantum networks for secure communication.

Facile fabricated transparent anti-smudge coating with high hardness and excellent flexibility from MTQ and branched silicone resins

The demand for high-transparent functional coatings with glass-like hardness, polymer-like flexibility, and anti-smudge properties has increased significantly, especially for foldable touchscreens. However, it is challenging to achieve all the required properties in a coating because the realization of these properties may conflict with each other. In this study, we present a facile method for preparing a special organic-inorganic hybrid coating by utilizing epoxy MTQ silicone resins and amine-terminated hyperbranched polysiloxane (HPSi). The chemical structure of the MTQ resin was fine-tuned to obtain the optimal M/T/Q ratio, and a novel HPSi with rich crosslinking sites and excellent flexibility was prepared as the curing agent. The resulting hybrid network imparted the coating with exceptional hardness (pencil hardness, 7–9H) and excellent flexibility (<2 mm bend diameter). In addition, by modifying the MTQ resin with fluorosilane, the surface energy of the coating was reduced to 14.8 ± 0.4 mJ/m2 and its anti-smudge and self-cleaning properties were improved without sacrificing the transparency of the coating (99.4 % at 550 nm). Notablely, even after 1000 cycles of steel wool abrasion, these coatings still maintain their outstanding performance. This study provides a promising strategy for the development of hard, flexible, and anti-smudge coatings suitable for foldable displays and other related fields.

Dynamic Anti-Icing Performance of Flexible Hybrid Superhydropohobic Surfaces.

Normal superhydrophobic surfaces with a rough topography provide pocketed air at the solid-liquid interface, which guides the droplet to easily detach from the surface at room temperature. However, at low temperatures, this function attenuates obviously. In this research, a flexible hybrid topography with submillimeter (sub-mm) and microcone arrays is designed to adjust the impacting behavior of the droplet. The sub-mm cone could provide rigid support to limit deformation, leading to reduced energy consumption during impact processes. However, the microcone could maintain surface superhydrophobicity under different conditions, preventing droplet breakage and the change of the droplet contact state during impact processes by providing multiple contact points. Under the synergistic effect, such a hybrid structure could provide much more pocket air at the solid-liquid interface to limit the spreading of liquid droplets and reduce the energy loss during the impact process. At a low temperature (-5 °C), even if the impact height is reduced to 1 cm, the droplets still could be bound off, and the hybrid superhydrophobic surface presents excellent dynamic anti-icing ability. The special flexible hybrid superhydropohobic surface has potential application in fast self-cleaning and anti-icing fields.

The International Criminal Court: Whether the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine

Summary Since the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) almost two decades ago, the crime of aggression has not been tested. The Russian invasion of Ukraine seems to provide a fitting opportunity. However, the ICC lacks jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in the current Russian/Ukrainian war. Nevertheless, 24 February 2022 marked the beginning of a renewed attack, as Ukraine witnessed unimaginable proportions of human rights violations, deaths, sufferings, and displacements due to the Russian invasion. While it is incontrovertible that the crime of aggression has been committed by President Vladimir Putin of Russia against Ukraine, and the ICC has begun the investigation of crimes against humanity and war crimes, jurisdictional questions looms. The ICC is empowered to investigate, prosecute, and punish individuals for international crimes, close impunity gaps, and ensure accountability for the ongoing heinous crimes being committed in Ukraine. How can justice be served specifically to Ukrainian victims and generally to the international community for the atrocities being committed and for the crime of aggression? Since the ICC lacks jurisdiction, would the setting up of a special tribunal or hybrid court be better to deal with the situation? How would such special tribunal deal with the issues of immunity and the practicality of investigations and prosecution? This paper discusses these questions and argues that beyond the referrals to the ICC made by over forty states, it may be imperative for the referring states to utilise the universal jurisdiction principle to investigate and prosecute the crime of aggression.

Hybrid cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl starch/polyacrylamide flexible sensing hydrogels with adhesion, antimicrobial properties and multiple responses

Ionic hydrogels used as ideal and flexible strain sensor materials should have excellent mechanical, adhesive and antimicrobial properties. However, it is challenging to achieve these multifunctional requirements simultaneously. Herein, we designed and prepared a multifunctional ionic hydrogel with a multi-length tentacle bentonite backbone to initiate the free radical polymerization of acrylic acid bentonite (AABT) and acrylamide (AAm). The interactions of covalent cross-linking, hydrogen bonding cross-linking, charge interactions and physical entanglement between hybrid polyacrylamide-AABT (PAAm-AABT), sodium carboxymethyl starch (SCMS) and PAAm form an multi-in-one hybrid supramolecular network hydrogel (CABZ). This CABZ ion-conductive hydrogel is capable of detecting weak deformation with a detection limit of 1 % strain, high tensile properties of 995 %, excellent strength of 254.5 kPa, fast response (≈0.21 s), high sensitivity of 0.86 and high conductivity of 0.37 S/m. In addition, this CABZ ion-conductive hydrogel has impressive adhesion properties with shear adhesion strength up to 50.78 kPa and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties achieved by AABT-loaded ZnO nanoparticles. Through special AABT hybrid cross-linking, the CABZ ion-conductive hydrogel achieves stable mechanical properties, highly sensitive signal response and antimicrobial properties, which will make it a good choice for flexible wearable sensor materials.

Outcomes from Professional Experience Provision for Students Through Media Development and Special Hybrid Event During Covid-19 Pandemic

This research was aimed to provide professional experience to students, to develop and examine the quality of media development and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic, to evaluate the perception, and the satisfaction of the sampling group towards media and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic. The tools in this research consisted of 1) an interview schedule for students regarding professional experience provision, 2) media and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic, 3) evaluation forms for quality of contents and media presentation and activities, 4) a perception evaluation form, and 5) a satisfaction questionnaire for the sampling group regarding media and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic. The data were collected from 30 fourth-year undergraduate students from the Department of Educational Communications and Technology who enrolled in the ETM 361 Presentation Skill II course and participated in the project to raise funds for students with financial hardship in the Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology. They were chosen using purposive sampling method. The statistical methods were percentage, mean score, and standard deviation. The findings were as follows: after the professional experience provision for students,and interview them, such experience helped students gain skills in planning, problem solving, and teamwork. Therefore, the training in this course could really provide quality professional experience to students. With regards to media development and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic, this research followed the ADDIE Model which consists of 5 steps as in Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. The expert panels then evaluated the quality. It was found that the quality of contents was at a very good level (x&amp;nbsp;= 4.77, S.D. = 0.42) and that the quality of media presentation and activities was at a very good level (x&amp;nbsp;= 4.76, S.D. = 0.45). The perception and the satisfaction of the sampling group regarding the media development and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic was at the highest level (x&amp;nbsp;= 4.79, S.D. = 0.45), (x&amp;nbsp;= 4.76, S.D. = 0.45). Therefore, the professional experience provision for students through media development and special hybrid event during Covid-19 pandemic was of good quality.

An ultra-compact broadband polarizing beam splitter utilizing hybrid plasmonic waveguide

Polarizing beam splitter has rather significant applications in polarization diversity circuits and polarization multiplexing systems. In this paper, we present an asymmetric polarizing beam splitter utilizing hybrid plasmonic waveguide. The special hybrid structure with a hybrid waveguide and a dielectric waveguide can limit the energy of TE and TM modes to a different layer. Therefore, we can achieve beam splitting by adjusting the corresponding parameters of the two waveguides. First, we studied the influences of different structure parameters on the real part of the effective mode refractive index of the two waveguides, and obtained a set of parameters that satisfy the condition of strong coupling of TM mode and weak coupling of TE mode. Then, the performance of our proposed polarizing beam splitter is evaluated numerically. The length of the coupling section is only 4.1 µm, and the propagation loss of TM and TE modes is 0.0025 dB/µm and 0.0031 dB/µm respectively. Additionally, the extinction ratios of TM and TE modes are 10.62 dB and 12.55 dB, respectively. Particularly, the proposed device has excellent wavelength insensitivity. Over the entire C-band, the fluctuation of the whole normalized output power is less than 0.03. In short, our proposed asymmetric polarizing beam splitter features ultra-compactness, low propagation loss, and broad bandwidth, which would provide promising applications in polarization multiplexing system and polarization diversity circuits relevant to optical interconnection.

A scaled boundary finite element method for soil dynamic impedance of pile groups using hybrid quadtree mesh considering horizontal vibration

The numerical modeling of pile-soil dynamic interaction has been a challenging problem in engineering for many years because of the unbounded domain, which typically involves significant computational cost. This paper develops a novel scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) that can accurately calculate the soil dynamic impedance of pile groups with end bearing subjected to horizontal vibration. The three-dimensional (3D) problem is first transformed to a two-dimensional (2D) Helmholtz equation in the horizontal plane, exploiting the analytical solution for the vertical modes using separation of variables. The SBFEM is then applied to solve the 2D computational domain, which is divided into bounded and unbounded domains. Based on the SBFEM, an accurate circular artificial boundary condition (ABC) is formulated to simulate the unbounded domain of the soil. A special hybrid quadtree mesh is devised for this problem, where a high-quality structured quadrilateral mesh is generated surrounding the piles. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified using a single pile problem with known analytical solution. The effects of dimensionless frequency, pile numbers, soil depth and relative distance between piles on the soil dynamic impedance are considered.

Metal-metal oxide synergistic catalysis: Pt nanoparticles anchored on mono-layer dispersed ZrO2 in SBA-15 for high efficiency selective hydrogenation

It is generally believed that noble metal catalysts exhibited higher activity for selective hydrogenation, while metal oxides were almost inactive. Here, we report metal-metal oxide synergistic catalysis for high efficiency selective hydrogenation by a hybrid nano-structure Pt/@-ZrO2/SBA-15 catalyst, which was fabricated by anchored Pt nanoparticles on the mono-layer dispersed ZrO2 film layer coated in SBA-15 support via a photochemical route. This Pt/@-ZrO2/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity in the selective hydrogenation of CO bond, NO2, and CC bond. For the selective hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, conversion >99.9% was achieved with >99% selectivity, and the turnover frequency (TOF) can be achieved up to 4822 h−1, which was much higher than that of the atomically dispersed Pd1/TiO2-EG catalyst (1002 h−1) reported in the literature, no decay in the activity was observed by several cycles. Combined the experimental and characterization results, proved that the ZrO2 was dispersed in a mono-layer in the channel of SBA-15, and the results showed that an appropriate loading of ZrO2 in this catalyst could maximize the advantage of this hybrid nano-structure to achieve the best catalytic activity. The superior activity of Pt/@-ZrO2/SBA-15 was attributed to the synergistic catalysis, strong interface electronic effect, and the unique properties of the special hybrid nano-structure. This work demonstrated synergistic catalysis of metal Pt nanoparticles and monolayer dispersion ZrO2 for high efficiency selective hydrogenation.

Relative Controllability for a Class of Linear Impulsive Systems

Hybrid systems are systems that involve continuous and discrete event dynamical behaviors. A impulsive system is a special hybrid system. The continuous dynamics of impulsive systems are usually described by ordinary differential equations and the discrete event dynamics with instantaneously rapid jumps are described by switching laws. Various complex dynamical phenomena that can be modeled by impulsive systems arise in many areas of modern science and technology such as economics, physics, chemistry, biology, information science, radiotherapy, acupuncture, robotics, neural networks, automatic control, artificial intelligence, space technology, and telecommunications, etc. In modern control theory, controllability is one of the most important dynamical properties of considered impulsive systems, therefore, the controllability problem is regarded as one of the fundamental issues of impulsive systems. The basic questions for controllability of impulsive systems as well as for the ordinary systems without impulses and with control function are to obtain useful criteria that allow us to identify whether given dynamic systems are controllable or not. Up to now there have been being many investigation results for controllability of different kinds of impulsive systems with respect to the terminal state constraints of a point type. The purpose of this paper is to study relative controllability with respect to the terminal state constraint of a general type for a class of linear time-varying impulsive systems. In this paper, several types of criteria for relative controllability of such systems are established by a algebraic method, that is, specially speaking, by the matrix rank method. Some corresponding necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability of linear time-invariant impulsive systems are also obtained more compactly. Meanwhile, for given impulsive systems some equivalent relationships between different kinds of controllability are investigated and our criteria for relative controllability are compared with the existing results. A simple example is given to illustrate the utility of our criteria.

Conditions for minimum stiffness of proportionally loaded structures

During proportional loading of structures a significant re-arrangement of stresses may occur. It may result e.g. in the transition from a softening to a stiffening structure. This may even be the case for constant material stiffness. Since the terms stiffening structure and softening structure are lacking universally accepted definitions, it is not astonishing that the search for conditions for minimum stiffness of proportionally loaded multi degree of freedom structures has so far attracted very little attention. Presentation of such a condition, in the framework of the Finite Element Method (FEM), is the task of this publication. It is based on a linear eigenvalue problem that renders complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors possible. The point of inflection in the real part of the complex section of a specific eigenvalue function is shown to mark the load-level of minimum stiffness of a proportionally loaded structure. Complex eigenvalues require the indefiniteness of both real symmetric coefficient matrices of the underlying linear eigenvalue problem. In the given case, the first one depends on a dimensionless load parameter, whereas the second one is obtained by specialization of the first one for the onset of loading. These matrices are established with the help of a special hybrid finite element, available in a commercial FE program. The proposed condition for minimum stiffness of proportionally loaded structures is verified numerically. The results obtained in a parameter study of the investigated structure are found to agree well with the ones following from an alternative condition for the transition from a softening to a stiffening structure. This condition is based on a mechanically objective arc length in the form of a representative displacement of the structure.

Improvements in the thermal, mechanical and electrical conductivity properties of a structural adhesive: A preliminary study

Polymeric nanocomposites composed of an organic matrix and inorganic nanoparticles makes a useful union of the polymer functionalities, such as low weight and moldability, with the good mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the nanofillers. The possibilities to improve mechanical or thermal properties, developing a new material, by nanoparticles, have found applications in both academia and industry. To increase the application of adhesive bonding, many researchers have developed special hybrid welding technologies to improve bonding properties. Although epoxy resins have presented the disadvantage of not being electrically conductive – as a matrix for adhesives – electrical conductivity is a necessary property for hybrid joints of adhesive and resistance spot welding techniques. In the way to promote the weldability in adhesive joints, the objective of this paper is to develop a conductive structural adhesive by adding nanoparticles in a well-established structural adhesive. The results show that multiwalled carbon nanotubes can be the desirable filler to improve the electrical conductivity of epoxy adhesives with the addition of low concentrations of nanoparticles with a formulation comprising 1.5% CNT added to the studied adhesive presenting the best results.

Preface for the Special Issue Hybrid Nanocatalysis for Industrial Practice

Preface for the Special Issue Hybrid Nanocatalysis for Industrial Practice