Special Economic Zones In Poland Research Articles

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES MECHANISMS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE COUNTRIES (CASE OF POLAND)

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are widely used in most developing countries and in many developed countries. The main goal of this study is to identify mechanisms of SEZs functioning and their role in the economic development of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (based on the examples of Poland). As a result of the study presented in the article, the conclusions can be drawn that in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe SEZs are successfully used both as a tool of investment and industrial policy, and through the mechanisms of functioning of SEZs, the interests of private investors and national goals of economic development of the countries are actually merged. The formation of SEZs in Central and Eastern European countries is aimed at industrial development, in particular export production, involvement of advanced technologies and domestic R&D, development of innovative potential of the countries, employment generation, etc. SEZs in Poland serves as an effective tool for the investment policy and are actually part of a competitive package of measures that are used to attract foreign investors along with other forms of promotion of foreign investment. In the history of economic development of SEZs, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, a wealth of experience has been accumulated in attracting foreign investment, and its analysis and use can be useful in justifying the methods and organization of state investment policy in transition countries, including Ukraine.

Robustness analysis for imprecise additive value efficiency analysis with an application to evaluation of special economic zones in Poland

We introduce an algorithmic framework for investigating the robustness of efficiency analysis results in the presence of imprecise information about data and preferences. We employ an additive value efficiency model accepting ordinal and interval information about the performances of Decision Making Units and imprecision in the specification of input and output weights and the shapes of marginal value functions. We verify the stability of efficiency measures using a combination of mathematical programming and Monte Carlo simulations. The results capture various certainty levels, emphasizing the necessary, possible, extreme, and expected outcomes and the distribution of outcomes in the space of feasible weights, performances, and marginal functions. The practical usefulness of the proposed framework is demonstrated in a real-world problem concerning the functioning of Special Economic Zones in Poland. We discuss results that increase the discrimination power, indicate overall good performances, and provide hints on the required improvements.

Special economic zones (SEZ) in the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic

The aim of the publication is to analyse and evaluate the functioning of special economic zones in Poland, focusing in particular on the capital invested in the zones and on the creation of new jobs. This publication addresses the subject of special economic zones in Poland and the conditions for their functioning. The article focuses on the structure of capital invested in the zones, the number of workers and industry specialisation. Special attention was paid to issues related to the functioning of SEZs in Poland in the conditions of the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Activation of Investment Processes in the Context of Operation of Special Economic Zones in Poland

Purpose: The paper aims to present the potential of activation of investment processes in special economic zones in Poland. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study's general purpose was to diagnose the status of investments in projects implemented by companies as part of special economic zones in Poland. The study was carried out by analyzing reports of special economic zones forming a part of the Polish Economic Zone. Two economic zones were selected for analysis, namely the Katowice Special Economic Zone (KSEZ) and the Pomorze Special Economic Zone (PSEZ). These zones clearly differ concerning the permissible level of regional aid. Data from the years 2014-2019 were analyzed on account of the introduction, in 2014, of the so-called new map of regional aid for years 2014-2020. Findings: This paper is devoted to the issue of investments and the basic terminology accompanying it. Definitions and main types of investments were specified, and results of studies about the activation of investment processes in special economic zones for the benefit of the region between 2014 and 2019 were presented. Enterprises investments are dominant in analyzed zones. Simultaneously, more companies invest in KSEZ, huge ones. The SME sector's interest in both zones is comparable, resulting from too high amounts that must be invested in making use of the SEZ aid. Practical Implications: The current legal solutions and the applicable quality requirements increase the significance of special economic zones in forming growth and development processes based on a set of criteria relying on sustainable attributes. Both the instrument of special economic zones and their operation concept contribute to the formation of sustainable processes in the actual sphere. Liquidation of territorial restrictions offers an impulse to create an investment climate and the possibility of its use by all local governments to activate local investment zones and primarily the opportunity for such an instrument to be used by every company that is developing and investing. Originality/Value: The article is, hence, an attempt to fill the gap in creating an investment climate. Furthermore, studies concerning corporate investments in special economic zones may be an important source of information that enterprises can apply to determine further development areas.

Workers' resistance in special economic zones in Poland

PurposeThis article compares workers' resistance in foreign direct investments (FDIs) in the automotive and electronics sectors in two special economic zones (SEZs) in the north-east and south-west of Poland. It aims to investigate why, despite the shared characteristics of the SEZs, that there are different outcomes in terms of the balance of formal resistance through trade unions and informal resistance through sabotage.Design/methodology/approachA spatial framework of analysis is posited to examine how global capital, national employment frameworks and regional institutions play out in local labour markets and shape workers' sense of place and their capacity for workplace resistance. The research study is based on interviews with trade union officials and non-union employees in four foreign investment firms in Poland.FindingsThe findings point to the importance of the type of production in influencing the structural power of organised labour and the social agency workers influenced by their understanding of place.Originality/valueAnalysing workplace resistance and industrial relations from a spatial perspective.

EDUCATIONAL CLUSTER INVEST IN EDU – SUMMARY OF COOPERATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND BUSINESS (2015-2018)

Education for the needs of a rapidly changing labor market is undoubtedly a modern challenge for education and science, while for business, the acquisition of employees with the competences expected by employers. Therefore, effective methods of cooperation between socio-economic and academic communities are increasingly sought for. This article presents the concept of cooperation between business and science in form of the Educational Cluster “INVEST in EDU”, established in Wałbrzych, in February 2015. The Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK” is the leader of this cluster - it is one of the largest Special Economic Zones in Poland. Presentation of the conclusions that result from the summary (over three years) of the Educational Cluster “INVEST in EDU” functioning is purpose of this article. Authors analyzed existing clauses in the cluster’s strategic documents, as well as actions undertaken in 2015-2018. Final recommendations regarding further cooperation between business and science representatives were based, among others, on experience of The Angelus Silesius University of Applied Sciences in Wałbrzych, who became a member of the Cluster in June 2017.

Oddziaływanie specjalnej strefy ekonomicznej Euro-Park Mielec na rozwój przemysłu

Artykuł przybliża problematykę związaną z występowaniem specjalnych stref ekonomicznych na terytorium Polski. Przedstawiono ją na przykładzie najstarszej specjalnej strefy ekonomicznej (SSE) w Mielcu – jej historii, rozwoju oraz najważniejszych inwestorów. Omówiona została kwestia związana z rozwojem przemysłu i usług na terenach strefy. Poruszana tematyka jest istotna z tego punktu widzenia, iż często podkreśla się wpływ specjalnych stref ekonomicznych na rozwój gospodarczy regionów, w których zostały zlokalizowane. Jednocześnie można odnaleźć liczne opracowania i analizy przedstawiające odmienne stanowisko, mówiące o niskim wpływie takich obszarów na rozwój uprzemysłowienia danego regionu. Z przeprowadzonej analizy danych ekonomicznych od początku występowania strefy w Mielcu do końca roku 2016 otrzymano wnioski o pozytywnym wpływie SSE na rozwój terenów strefy. Wartym podkreślenia jest fakt, że wpływ ten jest istotny, to znaczy w sposób znaczący strefa wpływa na rozwój przemysłu oraz usług powiązanych z otoczeniem, zarówno na jej terenie, jak i poza nim. Jednak działalność strefy wiąże się także z negatywnym oddziaływaniem na środowisko naturalne. Uciążliwość podstrefy w Mielcu stanowi przykład niepożądanych skutków związanych z występowaniem strefy przemysłowej na danym terenie.

Use of Investment Areas in Special Economic Zones in Poland in the Context of Planned Legislation Changes

Abstract Boundaries of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Poland change constantly and preferential conditions, including attractive investment land sites, become important factors underlining a decision to choose the location of an enterprise. Not all land allocated to investment projects within special economic zones in Poland has been developed and, in the context of planned amendments to the law regulating SEZs, it is worth asking whether the extent to which the zones are developed will change once the new law becomes effective. This is an important question because much of the investment land offered by SEZs is composed of land plots ready to be developed. The aim of this paper has been to diagnose and assess the current level and changes in the development of investment areas within special economic zones in Poland. Attention was paid to potential consequences of the planned amendments in the Act on the Principles of Supporting New Investments to the management of areas enclosed in SEZs. The research data were obtained from the Ministry of Development, published in Reports on the Implementation of the Act on Special Economic Zones (covering the years 2009-2016), and from the Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH).

Can public intervention improve local public sector economic performance? The analysis of Special Economic Zones in Poland

Abstract Boosting the local economic growth and cohesion policy may be supported by using the public intervention. The local governments may benefit directly and indirectly from the place-based policy implemented as Special Economic Zones (SEZ). SEZ directly increase the employment and the number of firms, while, indirectly, they can raise the local public sector financial performance in the long run by increasing revenues from personal and corporate income taxes. This article assesses the efficiency of this policy at the local level in the context of an institutional environment and inter-agent local diffusion. It also uses the statistical methodology based on the comparison of the empirical density distributions of the economic and financial indicators within the institutional groups to detect the global shift or divergence or convergence patterns. This article examines the Polish experience of public intervention in 1995–2016 with 14 SEZ located in more than 350 different locations. It proves that in general, the financial and economic situation of the municipalities with SEZ did not improve. An institutional analysis of the SEZ operating conditions indicates that the weak operating requirements for SEZ firms together with a poor location cannot constitute a catalyst for local development.

Effectiveness of special economic zones of Poland

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) are economic enclaves, created by the state in order to attract domestic and foreign investors, so as to stimulate economic growth in the region. One of the models related to SEZ presenting the way of measuring the effectiveness of their impact on the surrounding economy is P. Warr’s enclave model (1983). The main purpose of the article is to verify the assumptions made in the original Warr model and adapt it to the economic conditions in transforming economy. Poland was chosen for the research because of excessive network of SEZs which influence Polish economy locally and create national and international economic relations. As a result of analysis of the effectiveness of SEZs in Poland, we conclude that the impact of SEZs on Polish economy is positive and additionally they are the source of value added for the market.

The Concept of Sustainable Development in the Functioning of Municipalities Belonging to Special Economic Zones in Poland

Special economic zones (SEZs) differ in terms of the scope and principles of functioning, they have the same objective: to attract investments and create jobs and simultaneously generate benefits for municipalities and their residents. However, in order to make the activity of SEZs and their further development possible and acceptable, activities undertaken in these areas should be consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, in addition to the leading economic benefits in the development of municipalities social and environmental ones should also be expected. The activity of the entities investing in SEZs certainly arouses some doubts as to their involvement in the search for balance between three pillars of sustainable development. The objective of the research was to assess the concept of special economic zones taking into account measurable economic, social and environmental criteria accompanying the idea of sustainable development. The research included the analysis of selected results of the activity of Polish municipalities. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to independent groups indicated that the municipalities functioning in the area of SEZs differ in a positive way from other municipalities in terms of the analyzed scope.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

Free economic zones of the world are investigated. The features of functioning and management of special economic zones in Ukraine are determined. The volume of foreign direct investment in Ukraine is analyzed. The positive and negative components of the experience of free economic zones in Ukraine are highlighted. The foreign experience of functioning of special economic zones and prospects of development in Ukraine is investigated. The dynamics of indicators of functioning of special economic zones in Poland is given. The change of priorities is substantiated in the spatial organization in the direction of stimulating the formation of zones of intensive development of applied science and science – intensive production – special economic zones of the third generation (technological, scientific, industrial parks, industrial and innovative clusters).

Current issues of the legal regime of specific eonomic zones in the cases of Special Economic Zones in Poland and the Free Zones in Serbia

Financial Law Review » Issue 9 (1)/2017 » Current issues of the legal regime of specific eonomic zones in the cases of Special Economic Zones in Poland and the Free Zones in Serbia A A A

Tax incentives as an instrument attracting investors to Special Economic Zones

Abstract Special Economic Zones have been operating in Poland since 1994 and are still growing. Tax incentives being offered in these Zones, as good infrastructure and administration support, are supposed to be attractions for newly established companies. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether tax incentives have an impact on the decision process of locating the investments in Special Economic Zones in Poland. The article presents a preliminary study, based on results of a questionnaire survey conducted among companies located in SEZ in Poland and presents subjective opinions of the investors about tax policy in SEZs. Results show that tax incentives are an important instrument attracting investors to Special Economic Zones. As the following analysis presents, tax reliefs seem to be an important investment incentive, however, the importance of income taxes is greater than the local costs to doing business. There are also some differences in evaluating tax support depending on a company’s size and the level of support in a particular region.

(NIE)ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ SPOŁECZNA SPECJALNYCH STREF 6 EKONOMICZNYCH W POLSCE?

(NIE)ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ SPOŁECZNA SPECJALNYCH STREF 6 EKONOMICZNYCH W POLSCE?

The DEA method in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the Special Economic Zones in Poland in 2014

The aim of the study is to examine the degree of effectiveness of the Special Economic Zones in Poland and to indicate the diversity in their operation. In addition, the author’s intention was to identify the determinants of efficiency, taking into account the political and economic conditions in which the zones function and their geographical location. The study uses data included in the Information on the implementation of special economic zones available on website premier.gov.pl from 2015. The data available in the source material allowed for the analysis of year 2014 only. In order to determine the effectiveness of the zones, the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method was used.

Preferencyjne opodatkowanie działalności gospodarczej na terenie Specjalnych Stref Ekonomicznych

Special economic zones (SEZ) are one of the regional policy instruments having a positive impact on development of regions, particularly those less advanced. SEZ were created in Poland in the 1990s as an attempt to combat a wide scale of unemployment disclosed after the economic changes in Poland, which included the transition into a market economy and growing differences in development of individual regions. This article aims to show the possibilities for entrepreneurs arising from tax preferences in the form of income tax exemption specified by the law, the use of preferences and an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the special economic zones in Poland.

Impact of Production of Electric Appliances on the High-Tech Development in Poland

The article refers to the issues related to the development of high-tech industry. The text describes the history of the beginning of its development that as well as the main factors that determine its origins that development and location. Scientific description highlights the importance of high-tech industry. It is the cooperation of scientific knowledge with technological capabilities of the twenty-first century and a reasonable use of the opportunities offered by financial institutions while using the modern infrastructure. aim of this work is to identify the role of high-tech industry in the economy of European countries, especially Polish. The description illustrating the situation of the world technology helps decide the place of Poland in technological reality. Large differences in the political burden of the past significantly delayed the Polish industry. The positives of the current situation of Polish industry are constantly increasing expenditures on research and development and the use of the possibilities offered by EU funds for the financing of innovative projects. The existence of technology parks and special economic zones in Poland described in the article also brings with it the opportunities for the development of high-tech in the future.

Special Economic Zones 20 Years Later

In this paper we undertake an ex-post evaluation of whether the special economic zones (SEZs) introduced in Poland in 1994 have been successful in meeting regional development objectives. We evaluate the policy on as many of its objectives as possible: employment creation, business creation (which includes attracting foreign direct investment), income or wage effects, and environmental sustainability. We use different panel data methods to investigate this question at the powiat (nuts4 or something similar to a commune) and gmina (nuts5 or something similar to a village) levels in Poland during the 1995-2011 period. It is also possible to include numerous controls to reduce the problem of the omitted variables bias such as education level, dependency rates, state ownership, general subsidies and whether the area is urban or rural.Our results indicate that SEZs in Poland have been successful in a number of their objectives such as private business creation. The positive effect of the policy however mainly comes through foreign direct investment (FDI), whereas the effects on e.g. investment and employment are small or insignificant. In other areas, such as securing higher income levels and locking firms into the sustainability agenda through the adoption of green technologies and reduced air pollution, we find only a small positively moderating effect of the policy on what are traditionally economically disadvantaged areas in Poland that used to be dependent on the socialist production model. Hence, despite high levels of FDI, the zones policy has not managed to overcome the legacy of backwardness or lagging regions.The main policy implication of the paper is that SEZs may be successful in stimulating activity in the short run but the policy must be seen as one of necessary temporality and can therefore not stand alone. Before launching SEZs, policymakers must have plans in place for follow up measures to ensure the longer term competitiveness and sustainability implications of such an initiative. There is a need to understand the connection between the specific incentive schemes used (in this particular case tax incentives were used) and the kinds of firms and activities they attract, including the behavioral models that those incentives promote.

English

The aim of this study is to explain the principles of the creation, operation and analysis of the effects of special economic zones. Zones are a tool of regional policy, aiming at accelerating the economic development of disadvantaged areas. Attracting capital activates specific areas of the economy, allows beneficial transformations into its structure and allows for the creation of new jobs. One factor that influenced the development of special economic zones in Poland was country's accession to the European Union. Access to the common market, tax benefits and relatively low labor costs have led investors to undertake activities in the zones. Research which help to understand the impact of special economic zones on socio-economic development is important, useful in deciding whether to continue their functioning or not. Results can also be useful for practitioners of economic when it comes to making a decision about starting new business in the sphere.   Key words: Special economic zone, regional policy.