Special Economic Zones Research Articles

About Free economic zones

The article explores the concept of a free economic zone. It is determined that the concept of a free economic zone is not formally updated, but in a collective understanding it is actively used by many specialists in practical circulation. The authors give arguments about the functioning of a free economic zone in Russia and analyze the general position of such zones in the world. The experience and practice of the functioning of free economic zones in the country are diligently monitored, but the main monitoring is concentrated at the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, whose reports provide positive indicators. The article discusses a cross–section of reporting data reflecting only the functionality of territorial development zones, territories of advanced socio–economic development, special economic zones. Based on a sample of reporting data and discussion of the opinions of various experts, the authors present possible variations of the expansion of the types of free economic zones. In particular, it is proposed to consider options related to meeting the needs of socially low7income citizens, pensioners and other categories of persons in need of assistance and support from the state and society. Thus, it is essential to update the concept of «free economic zone» at the legislative level and to form a unified legal message of the types of such zones.

The Legal Basis for the Creation of Special Economic and Industrial Zone

This article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the creation and functioning of special economic and industrial zones. The definition of such concepts as "special economic" and "industrial" zones is given. A comparative analysis of the rules and procedure for the creation of special economic and industrial zones has been carried out, common features and peculiarities of their functioning have been established. It is established that special economic zones are created in order to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by decision of the Government, which significantly increases its status and responsibility for the implementation of projects on its territory. The purpose of creating an industrial zone is also to attract investments, but already in the development of a certain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a decision of the local executive body and the akim of the relevant region is responsible for the implementation of projects in the territory of the industrial zone. The analysis also revealed the imperfections of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the organization of work and functioning of industrial zones. It is proposed to exclude the formal provision of the law regulating the procedure for considering the Concept of a regional industrial zone project. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the grounds for the creation of special economic and industrial zones, to consider the specifics of their functioning, as well as to improve the current legislation in this area of public relations.

Правовые основы создания специальных экономических и индустриальных зон

This article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the creation and functioning of special economic and industrial zones. The definition of such concepts as "special economic" and "industrial" zones is given. A comparative analysis of the rules and procedure for the creation of special economic and industrial zones has been carried out, common features and peculiarities of their functioning have been established. It is established that special economic zones are created in order to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by decision of the Government, which significantly increases its status and responsibility for the implementation of projects on its territory. The purpose of creating an industrial zone is also to attract investments, but already in the development of a certain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a decision of the local executive body and the akim of the relevant region is responsible for the implementation of projects in the territory of the industrial zone. The analysis also revealed the imperfections of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the organization of work and functioning of industrial zones. It is proposed to exclude the formal provision of the law regulating the procedure for considering the Concept of a regional industrial zone project. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the grounds for the creation of special economic and industrial zones, to consider the specifics of their functioning, as well as to improve the current legislation in this area of public relations

Modern methods for efficiency assessment of special economic and small industrial zones’ ecosystems

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the establishment and assessment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Small Industrial Zones (SIZs) present an urgent challenge that intertwines economic growth with ecological sustainability. Amidst these developmental initiatives, it is imperative to consider the impact of these zones on the region’s rich biodiversity and fragile ecosystems. The research systematically evaluates the performance indicators of SEZs and SIZs, drawing upon comparative analyses of legal frameworks across Central Asia and the Russian Federation. This study not only aims to enhance the economic contributions of these zones but also emphasizes the necessity of integrating environmental considerations into their design and operation. By studying successful methodologies from Kazakhstan and lessons from ecological practices in China, South Korea, and Singapore, the potential of SEZs and SIZs can be expanded to foster both economic and ecological resilience. However, the article highlights that significant infrastructural challenges and the absence of regulatory frameworks for measuring ecological impact impede the realization of these dual objectives.

Analysis of the Design Planning for the Special Economic Zone: Nongsa Digital Park as a Digital Hub

Nongsa Digital Park is a Special Economic Zone in Batam, Riau Islands, with a focus on the digital and tourism ecosystem. Its strategic location near the Singapore border presents an opportunity to develop the digital sector in Indonesia’s maritime region. The competition among ASEAN Special Economic Zones makes Nongsa Digital Park unique. The purpose of this study is to propose a planning concept for the development of the Special Economic Zone, Nongsa Digital Park, as a Digital Hub with potential for growth in Southeast Asia. This study employs qualitative methodologies, including interviews, observations, and visual analysis using Google Earth. It analyzes the policy framework of Nongsa Digital Park as a Digital Hub. Upon further investigation, this Special Economic Zone is supported by central government policies and spatial planning alignment. The zone has the potential for expansion due to the increasing demand for data centers and digital businesses.

ОЭЗ В ПРАКТИКЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СТРАН ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ

Increasing the pace of economic growth, attracting investments, and technological develop-ment are considered by governments of developing countries as priority goals. Methods of economic regu-lation, in particular the creation of special economic zones (SEZs) with a set of preferential investment and production conditions are used to this end. This paper analyzes the compliance of the applied model of SEZs with the level of industrial development, and the current stage of industrial development in the coun-try. The hypothesis is that the formation of SEZs in developing countries and the system for evaluating their effectiveness are determined by the level of industrial development and resource availability, as characteris-tics of the industrial development of the economy. The article uses systemic and institutional-evolutionary methodology, and methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparative analysis. The study revealed that at an early stage of industrial development, countries actively attract foreign capital by creating export-oriented zones. Attracting foreign direct investment can increase the pace of economic growth, form an industrial complex, and make qualitative changes in the structure of the workforce. The attractiveness of SEZs for foreign investment depends on the geographical features of the location, the available resources, and the in-frastructure. During the transition of countries to the final stage of industrialization, it is advisable to use a SEZ open to the domestic market, aimed at maintaining the innovation sector and integrating research and production. Maintaining an isolated SEZ export model may increase the vulnerability of the host country to global challenges and slow down the transition to a post-industrial economy.

Regarding the Impact of the Russian Far East Special Economic Zone on the Development of Northeast China and the Russian Far East

The paper studies how the RFE Special Economic Zone (SEZ), established in 2005, affects the development of Northeast China (NEC) and the Russian Far East (RFE). The paper uses data and interviews to analyze the trade, investment, infrastructure, energy, and environment aspects of the SEZ. The paper shows that the SEZ has positive impacts on the economic and social ties between NEC and RFE, but also faces some challenges and risks. The paper suggests more coordination and cooperation among the relevant actors to ensure the SEZ‘s sustainability and inclusiveness.

ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫЙ БАЗИС РАЗВИТИЯ ОСОБОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЫ В РЕГИОНЕ

The article examines aspects of the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region. The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that the development of the region’s production potential through the use of special economic zones is a strategically important task for ensuring sustainable economic growth and increasing the competitiveness of the region. The introduction of special economic zones helps to create a favorable investment environment, attract investments and technologies, as well as the development of new industries and services. However, if a special economic zone does not have a developed base of manufacturing industries based on the achieve- ments of regional economic development, this may lead to a decrease in attractiveness for investors, as well as slow down the pace of technological development in the region. A study of the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region will help to identify the potential for growth and determine development prospects that contribute to sustainable development as a special economic zone and the region as a whole. The subjects of the Volga Federal District are considered as the object of research, special attention is paid to the Orenburg region. The subject of the study is the economic, organizational, financial and production relations of the development of special economic zones. The purpose of the study is the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region. The article proposes methodological support for studying the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region using the example of the Orenburg region. It is highlighted that a promising direction for the develop- ment of SEZs in the region is the solution of a dual system of interrelated and interdependent goals: development of SEZs based on the use of the regions production potential; as well as the development of the regions production potential through the use of SEZ mechanisms. The results of the study can be used for further research in the search for intraregional reserves for the development of special economic zones.

РОЛЬ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЖИЗНЕННЫМ ЦИКЛОМ ОБЪЕКТОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА В РАЗВИТИИ РЕГИОНОВ

In modern Russia, effective tools for influencing socio-economic processes in the regions are the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, a program-oriented approach to the development of rural areas of the regions. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of life cycle management of construction facilities in the conditions of spatial development of regions in modern Russia. The paper uses methods for analyzing the results of management of modern organizations located in the territories of spatial development of Russian regions, including life cycle management of construction facilities, methods of logical, system analysis, and the method of expert assessments. This article is devoted to determining the role of life cycle management of construction facilities in the conditions of spatial development of regions in modern Russia. It is very important to understand the role of life cycle management of construction facilities in the spatial development of regions is the conclusion that the territory in market conditions is a subject of economic relations. The further development of the Russian economy is largely due to the increasing level of clustering of high-tech industries, which is an important prerequisite for the country's scientific and technological competitiveness. The centers of new knowledge generation, commercialization and diffusion of innovations to other regions of the country are the territories of spatial localization of manufacturing enterprises (special economic zones, industrial technoparks, etc.). The results of managing the life cycle of construction facilities in the conditions of spatial development of the regions of modern Russia depend on a combination of external and internal factors that have developed in the conditions of a specific spatial localization of industrial enterprises (special economic zones, industrial technoparks, etc. etc.), as well as depending on the factors generated by the activity of the economic entity itself. The role of life cycle management of construction facilities identified by the authors of the article in the development of regions allows economic entities in modern conditions to conduct a detailed analysis of the performance indicators of investment management in real estate based on an appropriate set of tools for each phase of the cycle, and the practical application of the concept of property value management will maximize its value at all stages of its implementation, and also maximizing profits and minimizing costs during the operation of the property.

Reconfiguration of Coastal Settlement Policy in Blue Economy Paradigm: Discources and Practices in Bintan Island, Indonesia

The blue economy paradigm promotes sustainable economic growth by linking social equality, poverty reduction and marine conservation. Bintan Island, a designated Special Economic Zone (SEZ), has faced a challenge in accommodating economic growth and social equality for indigenous people living in coastal settlements. Providing settlement permits and recognition of property rights must consider the sustainability of coastal areas and spatial allocations along the coast of Bintan Island. Policy changes and policy networks in implementing coastal settlement policy become the theoretical framework in this study. Drawing on discourse analysis, key-informant interviews across scales, and secondary data in the regulations, we examine the meanings and practices of the reconfiguration of Coastal Settlement Policy in Blue Economy Paradigm. Policy networks perform in implementing coastal settlement policy to provide legalisation of assets as a form of social equity in the blue economy paradigm. The initiative of the regional head also followed the establishment of Bintan as an SEZ by strengthening the coastal settlement certification programme. However, within the framework of the policy network, the intergovernmental relationship that works in this policy needs strengthening from other networks.

Роль специальных экономических зон в государственной политике приграничных регионов Казахстана: пример СЭЗ Qyzyljar

The article explores the role of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the state policy of Kazakhstan's border regions. It analyzes the impact of SEZs on economic activity, investment attraction, and job creation in these areas. Key aspects of SEZ operation are discussed, including integration into international economic processes, infrastructure improvement, and the development of foreign economic relations. The study employs methods such as the analysis of regulatory frameworks, economic-statistical analysis, comparative analysis. The results indicate that SEZs play a significant role in stimulating economic growth and integrating Kazakhstan into the global economy. However, there are issues that require further enhancement of state policy and management of these zones.

Regional economy and various models of its development: the role of personality in science

The contribution of Vasyl Ivanovych Pyla – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine to the development of national regionalism is considered. The materials of scientific research carried out in the 2000s show the theoretical developments and practical results obtained under his leadership in the field of development of special (free) economic zones and priority development territories, cross-border and inter-territorial cooperation. The article proposes a general review of scientific analysis in the field of state regional policy, conducted by the staff of the Scientific and Research Economic Institute of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine. In particular, this concerns the development of regulatory and legal support for cross-border and interterritorial cooperation; scientific and methodological substantiation of the foundations of state policy for the development of Euroregions; preparation of the organizational and methodological foundations of a complex analysis of special (free) economic zones and priority development territories, schemes for evaluating the results of their activities; systematic comprehensive analysis of the functioning of the domestic system of special (free) economic zones and priority development territories; study of world experience in the application of mechanisms of regional development, including the ones at the expense of foreign investments. Through the prism of the author’s personal communication experience, Vasyl Ivanovych Pyla’s scale, human qualities and the role in the development of applied economic science of Ukraine are revealed. The author shares memories, honours Vasyl Pyla.

Direction with the discovery of legal control in the field of support for rare types of entrepreneurial activity

Within the framework of the article, an analysis of the current state of legal support in the field of support for certain types of entrepreneurial activity was carried out and ways for further development of legislation in this area were proposed. An assessment is made of the current preferential legal regimes for conducting certain types of entrepreneurial activity. In particular, the author focuses on special economic zones, industrial (industrial) parks, a special investment contract and territories of advanced socio-economic development. The problems of each of the considered legal regimes are indicated. Based on this, theoretical proposals are formulated aimed at optimizing and increasing the efficiency of the entire system of measures to support individual sectors of the economy. These theoretical proposals are based on a single conceptual model of legal regulation of preferential regimes for doing business. The basis of the new conceptual model should be a separate Law on preferential regimes for doing business. Within the framework of this normative act, the preferential legal regimes that are currently quite fragmented in relation to each other will unite into a coherent and orderly system of tools to support certain areas of entrepreneurial activity.

Особые экономические зоны как точки роста для развития экономики России

The subject of the study is the special economic zones of Russia (SEZ) under the conditions of sanctions imposed by the countries of the collective West. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the possibilities of the SEZ in terms of increasing the potential of internal sources of economic growth that contribute to ensuring technological sovereignty and innovative development, as well as the formation of a supply—side economy. It is shown that the state is interested in creating SEZs as sources of new industries and jobs, including in new territories of Russia. The potential for economic recovery of Russian regions applying a preferential economic cooperation regime is noted, similar to the effect obtained from the activities of China's special economic zones, which ensure employment growth and poverty reduction of the local population. It has been established that among the Russian SEZs, industrial production and technical implementation zones prevail, which are in demand and effective, despite the sanctions against the Russian economy. It has been revealed that private investors in the SEZ of Russia are mainly domestic residents due to the introduction of a sanctions ban on foreign residents, overcome through the use of offshore zones that allow foreign businesses to invest capital in the Russian economy. Conclusions are drawn about the need for state support for SEZs in Russia.

Digital transformation as a modern strategy for sustainable socio-economic development of the Arctic zone

Insufficient attention is paid to the development of digitalization in business processes in order to improve the economic efficiency of the regions of the Arctic zone. The relevance of the study is based on the “Digital transformation” national goal. The subject of the study is a set of economic indicators affecting the development of the Arctic zone under the conditions of digital transformation. The object of the study is the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is the authors’ disclosure of the patterns and characteristics of digital transformation affecting the change in the socio-economic sphere and the development of recommendations aimed at changing the economic growth of the Arctic zone. The most significant results of the study are the analysis and assessment of the Arctic Zone as a special economic zone, the main elements used in the digital transformation (digital technology, population migration, education, etc.), as well as the identification of problems and promising recommendations affecting the economic growth of the Arctic Zone. The novelty of scientific research consists in recommendations that will solve problems and have an impact on economic growth in the regions included in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation.

ПУТИ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОСОБЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОЭЗ «ТОМСК»)

This article discusses the institution of special economic zones. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that special economic zones created and operating in Russia play an important role in the state’s economy. The main problems of the functioning of special economic zones are identified, and ways to solve them are proposed. The directions for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special economic zones in Russia and their possible development prospects are described. A conclusion summarizing the work and final proposals have been formulated.

THE SYSTEM OF REGULATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES

Foreign direct investments play a significant role in development strategies in developing countries. They are fundamentally important for the country's economic development. Foreign direct investments certainly support the national economy facing domestic investment resources shortage, and may cover the gap between investment resources and national investments. So, foreign direct investments can affect economic development and accelerate economic development. China is an example of a country that has demonstrated incredible growth in a relatively short period of time, becoming an important player in the global economic system. Over the years, foreign direct investments in the country has steadily increased, and a significant role in this investment incentive was played by China's investment policy of the early 2000s, which was aimed at attracting investments into the country, thereby stimulating various production industries. In this context, it is worth mentioning special economic zones that were established to increasingly "open China" to investors and contribute to accelerating economic growth. Additionally, China demonstrates stable economic growth and serves as a popular destination for investments due to the implementation of comprehensive measures aimed at the development of production and other sectors of the economy, a balanced and long-term policy regarding state regulation of investments, as well as measures aimed at implementing state control over foreign investment and protection of national security and interests. Despite the partial openness of this country, as well as its characteristic features, including those determined by the political regime, these aforementioned circumstances provide a basis for understanding the significance of utilizing China's experience, which other countries can adopt to their own political realities. So, China is well known as an importer of investments, but in recent years its role as an exporter of investments has been increasing. China's international presence abroad is growing, and it may happen that China even overtake the United States in the near future. Foreign investments give China an opportunity not only to strengthen its own economy, but also to apply its economic power to increase its influence abroad. Partly guided by Beijing's strategy to enter foreign markets and the "One Belt, One Road" Initiative, which encourage investments in foreign markets, Chinese firms have been actively expanding their foreign presence in a number of sectors in recent years, along with active investments attracted to their country, including through the numerous special economic zones.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ НА ВНЕШНЮЮ ТОРГОВЛЮ КИТАЯ

China, being one of the largest economic players in world trade, is actively developing and implementing regional economic strategies. They have a significant influence on its foreign trade. China’s regional economic strategies include various measures to support product exports, create special economic zones, and attract foreign investment. These and other measures are aimed at stimulating foreign trade, since a decline in China’s foreign trade volumes has become apparent this year. The features of China’s regional economic strategy are examined, and emphasis is placed on the role of special economic zones in China’s economic development and foreign trade.

Роль институтов развития в обеспечении технологического прогресса страны (на примере Орловской области)

Taking into account the technological vector of the country's development, based on the functions of development institutions, the purpose of the study is to assess how well existing development institutions meet the goals of technological development of the country, including the regional level. The first part is devoted to identifying approaches to understanding the essence of development institutions. In the second part, a methodology for analyzing the performance of such functions by development institutions is proposed. In the third (practical part), a study of the results of the development institutes of the Orel region was conducted. An example of the special economic zone "Orel" is considered in the context of the relationship between the functions of the SEZ and the needs of regional technological development. It was revealed that the region is aimed at the active use of innovative development institutions, but the SEZ «Orel» with high indicators of innovative attractiveness has low indicators of digital development. The article contributes to the discussion of deep questions about the goals and strategic objectives of development institutions in the era of technological development.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В ОБЛАСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИЯМИ В РЕГИОНАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The study identified problems in the use of economic instruments of state policy in the field of innovation management in the regions of the Russian Federation and proposed solutions through proprietary developments. A comprehensive system for applying economic tools for residents of special economic zones in the country’s regions is presented. A model for the use of economic tools at all stages of the innovation process and investor cooperation is proposed. An algorithm for adjusting regional tax rates has been created, which is presented as an effective tool for managing innovation in the regions of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the algorithm, a methodology has been developed for calculating the adjustment of income and property taxes, which will allow adapting tax policy to the current needs and development goals of the innovation sector, creating acceptable conditions for attracting investment and developing innovation at the local level.