Specific Crime Research Articles

Anatomy of Torture by Ron E. Hassner

Reviewed by: Anatomy of Torture by Ron E. Hassner Ryan M. Welch (bio) Ron E. Hassner, Anatomy of Torture (Cornell University Press 2022), ISBN 9781501762031, 200 pages. Torture works (sometimes). That rather non-committal declaration might risk me being labelled pro-torture by some. At least, that’s the feeling I get from my past experiences. For example, early in my graduate school career, a heavy-hitter scholar visited our department. He graciously took a few graduate students to coffee at our campus café. There he told a story detailing the impossibility of publishing a paper that showed state torture levels correlated with fewer terror [End Page 347] attacks in the future. Reviewers and/ or editors, it seemed, could not bring themselves to publish something that empirically showed torture may be in any way efficacious. This anecdote meshed well with my experience in a graduate seminar the following year with the rather uncomfortable title, the Ethics of Torture, where I found myself wondering aloud to the class about torture’s ability to compel people to divulge information they would rather keep secret. The looks on the students’ faces in the decidedly anti-torture class made me wonder if I had become a torture apologist just for considering it. If only Ron E. Hassner’s Anatomy of Torture had been available a decade sooner. In the book, he sets out to answer a fundamental empirical question: Can torture work? Anecdotes abound, but, due to both ethical and national security considerations, until now, we have had no way of systematically answering that question. Or so we thought. Instead of patiently waiting decades for governments to declassify material, Hassner devised a rather creative solution—look to the past; so far into the past, that the present government has no political reason to oppose the research. To that end, Hassner relies on centuries-old archives of the Spanish Inquisition. For all of the gore-filled reality of torture, the Inquisition kept decidedly tidy books of the practice including: the victims, what the Inquisition knew prior to the torture, what the victims divulged, and what the Inquisition uncovered after the torture. Voilà! Systematic data on torture and its effects. Over the course of seven chapters, Hassner paints a picture of the Spanish Inquisition as a strategic actor that learns over time. He wisps us from fifteenth-century Spain to seventeenth-century Mexico, introducing us to the human beings that would become the (future) victims of the Inquisition’s torture practices. Over these two centuries, and across several victims, the Spanish Inquisition learned a great deal about the most effective ways to wield pain for the purposes of acquiring information. In what follows, I review this brazen book by giving a short description of what Hassner finds and his methods for doing so before, then, posing several questions, that, without the book would not have occurred to me. As I’ll make clearer throughout this review, although I have several questions on main points of the book, the intellectual conversation it kicks off is invaluable for both ethical and policy reasons. Chapters 3 through 6 represent the main empirical contribution of the book. In Chapter 3, Hassner uses archival evidence to perform a sort of comparative case study between the Inquisitional courts in Ciudad Real from 1484–1500, and those same courts during the years 1500-1515. This period represents the earliest years of the Inquisition and Hassner uses it to present the Inquisition as a strategic actor capable of learning over time. From 1484-1500, the Inquisition uses a rather scattershot strategy, haphazardly deploying its tools in the service of identifying and eliminating the underground Jewish networks populated by what it called “conversos.” In this exploratory phase, the Inquisition did not know much about who belonged to these networks much less the specific religious crimes they were committing (i.e., various Jewish customs such as keeping the Sabbath on Saturday, refraining from eating pork, funeral rituals, and celebrating Jewish holidays). What it did know came from an attempt at initial information collection that came mostly from a grace period the courts instituted that offered individuals absolution for informing on [End Page 348] others. This, in...

KEJAHATAN TERHADAP PERKAWINAN (PERKEMBANGANNYA DALAM HUKUM PIDANA POSITIF INDONESIA)

The crime against marriage is for anyone who holds a marriage when knowing that marriages or marriages that have existed become a barrier to the legality of the marriage. Therefore, it is important to review a positive criminal law in Indonesia regarding crimes against marriage. This research is an empirical juridical research that then the data will be analyzed in a cailiative-normative manner, examining by interpreting by inferring the data contained in the statutory documents. In qualitative methods, it is built on secondary data in the form of theory, meaning and substance from various literatures and laws and regulations so that conclusions are reached. The results showed that crimes against marriage based on the Criminal Code in positive criminal law in Indonesia, namely crimes and violations are threatened with punishment which is suffering or torture for the person concerned. However, there are still types of crimes regulated outside the Criminal Code, known as "special crimes" such as corruption, subversion, narcotics, economic crimes. Violation is a minor criminal act, the threat of punishment is in the form of a fine or confinement. All criminal acts that are classified as violations are regulated in book III of the Criminal Code. Crimes against marriage based on Islamic law, namely in Islam when someone commits a crime, there must be criminal responsibility. Islam divides the two in regulating Islamic criminal punishment, first jarimah hudud which is the punishment given to criminal perpetrators in accordance with the Qur'an and hadith. The two jarimah takzir, namely the criminal sanctions imposed on criminals are not contained in the Qur'an and this hadith of punishment is determined by the ruler.

The Lure of the City

This article questions the impact of urbanization on crime rates by studying Amsterdam migrants in front of the correctional court between 1850 and 1905 and connecting the historiography on crime and migration. The data shows no clear link between urbanization and a rise in crime, but it does reveal the role of external factors in the prosecution of specific crimes. The crisis experienced by the urban labour market in the late 1870 and 1880s had a direct impact on Amsterdam crime rates: although Amsterdam could initially integrate low-skilled workers in its labour market, the situation became unsustainable after a few years. It led to an increase in the prosecution of vagrancy and begging offences, which were committed first and foremost by Dutch unemployed or unskilled migrant workers. This article thus shows the importance of considering migrants in crime history not as a homogenous group but as different groups, each with its own support networks, and influenced differently by the micro- and macro-economic developments of the nineteenth century.

Role of Social Media on Deviance and Crime: A Study on Content Creators of Tiktok

During this time of globalization, the mode of recreation and communication has dramatically changed and is oriented around social media. People are finding themselves glued to the screen both for work and entertainment. Like every coin has two sides, these virtual deviances and crime in a society. TikTok is such social media platform that enables us to produce and share short videos and explore ourselves in front of global and local audiences. Recent crime news related to TikTok and the new popular culture of such micro-entertainment prompted this study to add to the literature of cultural criminology. The study aims to scrutinize the uses, features, and contents of the TikTok app to understand its role in crime and deviance in society. It also sheds light on characteristics of crimes and deviances that emanate from TikTok in Bangladesh. The study’s methodology is Case Studies of fifteen crime cases related to TikTok, and Qualitative Content Analysis of ten top profiles of TikTok in Bangladesh, and the ‘For you’ page of TikTok with specific hashtags following convenience sampling. The study found distinct characteristics of crime and deviance related to TikTok, such as performance crime, copycat crime, and fame-driven crime. The study attempted to identify specific crimes such as rape, murder, sexual assault, fraudulence, etc., that have already been committed using this app.

AIST: An Interpretable Attention-Based Deep Learning Model for Crime Prediction

Accuracy and interpretability are two essential properties for a crime prediction model. Accurate prediction of future crime occurrences along with the reason behind a prediction would allow us to plan the crime prevention steps accordingly. The key challenge in developing the model is to capture the non-linear and dynamic spatial dependency and temporal patterns of a specific crime category, while keeping the underlying structure of the model interpretable. In this article, we develop AIST, an A ttention-based I nterpretable S patio T emporal Network for crime prediction. AIST models the dynamic spatio-temporal correlations for a crime category based on past crime occurrences, external features (e.g., traffic flow and point of interest information) and recurring trends of crime. Extensive experiments show that AIST outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy (e.g., AIST shows a decrease of 4.1% on mean average error and 7.45% on mean square error for the Chicago 2019 crime dataset) and interpretability. 1

Climate Change, Fish Production, and Maritime Piracy

Abstract Contemporary social science has produced little research on connections between climate change and crime. Nonetheless, much prior research suggests that economic insecurity may affect individual calculations of the cost and benefit of engaging in criminal behavior, and climate change is likely to have important economic consequences for professions like fishing that depend directly on the environment. In this paper, we test the possibility that climate change affects participation in maritime piracy, depending on the specific ways that it impacts regional fish production. Our analysis is based on piracy in East Africa and the South China Sea. These two regions are strategic in that both areas have experienced a large amount of piracy; however, rising sea temperatures have been associated with declines in fish production in East Africa but increases in the South China Sea. We treat sea surface temperature as an instrument for fish output and find that in East Africa higher sea surface temperature is associated with declining fish production, which in turn increases the risk of piracy, whereas in the South China Sea higher sea surface temperature is associated with increasing fish production, which in turn decreases the risk of piracy. Our results also show that decreases in fish production bring about a larger number of successful piracy attacks in East Africa and that increases in fish production are associated with fewer successful attacks in the South China Sea. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of the findings and point out that as climate change continues, its impact on specific crimes will likely be complex, with increases and decreases depending on context. Significance Statement There is little evidence on the effect of climate change on criminal behavior. This study seeks to quantify the impact of a specific type of climate change—rising sea temperature—on maritime piracy, a type of crime that is linked exclusively to the ocean. The risk of piracy attacks and the probability of successful attacks are higher with declines in fish production in East Africa and lower with increases in fish production in the South China Sea. These results suggest that climate change does affect maritime piracy rates and that its effect depends on the specific situational context and the rational choices that changing sea temperatures generate.

THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION AS A FORM OF PROTECTION FOR UNDERAGE CHILDREN VICTIMS OF NARCOTICS AND PSYCHOTROPIC CRIMES

The specific crime of narcotics is still something to be feared in Indonesia, the victims resulting from this problem are children. Even though the next generation of the nation are children who are in the growth stage, namely as survival assets for humans, the nation and the state. External and internal impacts are the cause of children who are victims of this evil object. Children have rights in their hands, with this right, children need to have legal protection, which has the goal of guaranteeing a child will get a decent life. Narcotics itself has been regulated in general, this is explained by the presence of Law no. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. Rehabilitation efforts as well as special rules that clearly regulate juvenile justice are explained in law number 11 of 2012. On this occasion the author would like to discuss the Rehabilitation and Legal Protection of Underage Narcotics Crimes. The method used in this writing is normative legal research with a statutory and literature study approach which is then analyzed using qualitative method techniques using primary legal sources in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal sources, namely from journals related to research and also legal sources. or or other legal sources. tertiary. From this paper it is hoped that it can provide knowledge about rehabilitation efforts for children who are caught in narcotics crime cases. The method used in this writing is normative legal research with a statutory and literature study approach which is then analyzed using qualitative method techniques using primary legal sources in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal sources, namely from journals related to research and also sources or or other legal sources. tertiary. From this paper it is hoped that it can provide knowledge about rehabilitation efforts for children who are caught in narcotics crime cases. The method used in this writing is normative legal research with a statutory and literature study approach which is then analyzed using qualitative method techniques using primary legal sources in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal sources, namely from journals related to research and also sources or or other legal sources. tertiary. From this paper it is hoped that it can provide knowledge about rehabilitation efforts for children who are caught in narcotics crime cases. secondary legal sources, namely from journals related to research and also other legal sources or sources. tertiary. From this paper it is hoped that it can provide knowledge about rehabilitation efforts for children who are caught in narcotics crime cases. secondary legal sources, namely from journals related to research and also other legal sources or sources. tertiary. From this paper it is hoped that it can provide knowledge about rehabilitation efforts for children who are caught in narcotics crime cases. Keywords: Children, Narcotics, Victims, Principles of Non-Discrimination, Rehabilitation.

Ecocide - a new crime under international law?

It is indisputable that ignorance, or lack of interest, as well as underestimation of the importance of environmental protection, has an impact not only on the quality of the environment but also poses a significant risk to human health, as well as all other organisms on Earth. It is for this reason that the issue of environmental protection is increasingly discussed, topical and desirable not only at the level of individual states but also within the international community. Taking into account the above, it is for this reason that the issue of environmental protection is increasingly discussed, topical and desirable not only at the level of individual states but also within the international community. Taking into account the above, the authors in the presented article deal with a critical assessment of the appropriateness of the proposal contained in the embedding of the special crime of ecocide originating from 2021 in the Rome Statute, including the formulation of appropriate de lege ferenda proposals.

Human Rights and Corruption in Settling the Accounts of the Past

Abstract Human rights abuses and corruption during authoritarian rule are rooted in the arbitrary and coercive use of power. This study examines how two post-authoritarian accountability issues intersected in the Philippines, South Korea, and Indonesia. In the Philippines and South Korea, human rights abuses and corruption were viewed as overlapping or related legacies of authoritarian rule. The activities to eliminate corruption worked as catalysts for milestones of transitional justice, and violations of socio-economic rights were acknowledged. In Indonesia, by contrast, corruption and human rights abuses were treated as special crimes that occur continually across time. Specialized agencies helped Indonesia deal with human rights abuses and corruption during the authoritarian era. This study shows that anti-corruption activities can work as a catalyst for the progress of transitional justice for human rights abuses. It also highlights that post-authoritarian practices to deal with economic violence existed in Asia before transitional justice took shape as a field.

Crime Prediction Utilizing ARIMA Model

With the development of society and the progress of human beings, the issue of crime has attracted more attention. This research uses one of the most common time series models named the ARIMA model as the main algorithm to predict the crime data by month in San Francisco from 2003 to 2015, obtained from Kaggle. This research is about to study all categories of crime and specific crime cases as well. The focus is on the number of cases that happened every month. By applying the ARIMA model, it can be tested whether the trend of happened crime cases fits the model and predict the future crime tendency. The verification and prediction of crime data are studied with the help of the ARIMA model. And the goal of studying this dataset is to improve the safety and security of human beings. In this research, the ARIMA model simulates the previous crime trend effectively and forecasts the future crime trend with high accuracy. This is helpful to improve the safety level and reduce the crime rates in San Francisco.

Analisis Perbedaan Item Pekerjaan dan Volume Dengan Realisasi Lapangan di Pembangunan Lanjutan Gedung Kejari Tapaktuan

Work Items and Volume are one part of construction management. Project Management is the process of implementing management functions (planning, implementing, controlling and coordinating) in a project by using existing resources effectively and efficiently in order to optimally achieve project objectives. Analysis of Construction Management in the Continuation Development Project for the Tapaktuan District Attorney's Special Crime Building (Kejari) in South Aceh District includes Work Items and Volumes. The final results obtained from the analysis of work items and volume in the Continuing Development Project of the Tapaktuan Kejari Building in South Aceh Regency after planning using a network diagram takes 150 (one hundred and fifty) / working days for the construction of the overall structure of the building is compatibility with work in the field with funding sources APBK T.A. 2022 with a budget ceiling of IDR 650,000,000 and an HPS value of IDR. 649,995,240.43.

Situational Moral Evaluations: The Role of Rationalizations & Moral Identity

Objectives Criminological research increasingly aims to better understand criminal behavior in context. Recent advancements demonstrate how perceptions of legal sanction risk are anchored in reality and influence offending decisions. Yet research on extralegal considerations involving morality has not kept pace. Such research has downplayed situational moral dynamics in offending decisions. This study presents and tests a conceptual framework on personal and situational morality that features situational rather than decontextualized moral evaluations of crime opportunities. Enduring personal morality is captured with the concept of moral identity. Findings are presented on the interrelationship between situational inputs, moral evaluations, and moral identity. Methods Data are collected with a survey containing randomized experiments to a nationwide sample of respondents ( n = 502). Findings Situational moral evaluations of specific crime opportunities vary positively with the presence of circumstances conducive to rationalizing the misconduct. There is also some indication that rationalization processes are more pronounced for individuals with stronger moral identities. Conclusions Criminological research should more closely target situational moral dynamics to better understand crime decision-making.

Legal Analysis and Imputation Path Research on Behavior of Infringing Game Virtual Property

With the rapid development of game industry brought by the change of Internet technology, there are more and more violations on game virtual property. Although there has been a consensus on the attributes of game virtual property, how to criminalize related behaviors still lacks relative basic theory and has certain difficulties. The transfer of possession in the crime of theft and the cognitive error in the crime of fraud has different performances in the specific crime of infringing game virtual property. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the nature of behaviors from the perspective of dogmatics. On the basis of theoretical analysis, it helps to clear the imputation paths of theft, fraud and the crime of illegally obtaining computer information systems from different behavioral perspectives, and determines the amount of crime and the level of sentencing.

Tracking stolen bikes in Amsterdam.

Crime has major influences in urban life, from migration and mobility patterns, to housing prices and neighborhood liveability. However, urban crime studies still largely rely on static data reported by the various institutions and organizations dedicated to urban safety. In this paper, we demonstrate how the use of digital technologies enables the fine-grained analysis of specific crimes over time and space. This paper leverages the rise of ubiquitous sensing to investigate the issue of bike theft in Amsterdam-a city with a dominant cycling culture, where reportedly more than 80,000 bikes are stolen every year. We use active location tracking to unveil where stolen bikes travel to and what their temporal patterns are. This is the first study using tracking technologies to focus on two critical aspects of contemporary cities: active mobility and urban crime.

Sistem Informasi Data Perkara Tindak Pidana Khusus Pada Kejaksaan Tinggi Aceh

The Aceh High Prosecutor's Office is one of the most important parts of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia's High Prosecutor's office. The Aceh High Prosecutor's Office is the "spearhead" of the Prosecutor's Office, even the performance of the Aceh High Prosecutor's Office is often measured by the community through the success of the Aceh High Prosecutor's Office in handling specific criminal cases. One of the duties of the Aceh High Prosecutor's Office is to process data on case files which are numerous and complex. Good data management is needed to ensure that these data can be used to generate information and make decisions. From the description of the background, the author limits the problem only to the design of a special crime case data system at the Aceh High Prosecutor's Office. The purpose of the discussion is to find out and design a data system design for special criminal cases at the web-based Aceh High Court. For the perfection of this research, the authors collected data using several data collection methods, including using field studies and literature studies as well as the waterfall method as a system development model. The system will really help users or managers of special criminal case data at the Aceh High Court more quickly, easily and accurately in every activity related to Special Crimes.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids: Considerations for forensic psychiatry, sports psychiatry, and the law

Anabolic-androgenic steroids: Considerations for forensic psychiatry, sports psychiatry, and the law

Legitimacy Of The Prosecutor's Authority In Investigation On Criminal Acts Of Corruption

ABSTRACT Corruption is a crime that is growing in various forms. So corruption needs to be eradicated as early as possible to its roots. Institutions that have the authority can carry out their responsibilities based on a legal system approach in order to take efforts and actions to eradicate criminal acts of corruption, including the Prosecutor's Office in the form of investigations. An investigation is a series of actions by an investigator in terms of and according to the method regulated in this law to seek and collect evidence which with that evidence makes clear about the criminal act that occurred and in order to find the suspect. The Legal Basis for Prosecutors in Carrying Out Investigation Authorities Against Criminal Acts of Corruption in essence, namely: Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor's Office, Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crimes based on Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Laws -Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption, and the Criminal Procedure Code. Normatively, the relationship with the prosecutor's authority is regulated by Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on Article 1 point 1 of Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, it is stated that the Prosecutor is a functional official who is authorized to act as a public prosecutor and implementer of court decisions who have obtained legal force and other powers based on the law. In terms of exercising authority over criminal acts of corruption, based on Article 30 of Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, the duties and authorities of the Prosecutor's Office are, among others: Paragraph 1 letter d, Conducting investigations into certain criminal acts based on the law and letter e. The application of the investigative authority carried out by the prosecutor against the perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption in the jurisdiction of the Indramayu District Attorney's Office, West Java Province. the existence of allegations of criminal acts of corruption in essence the procedures carried out in accordance with the provisions determined by the Criminal Procedure Code which are based on Article 183 and Article 184 regarding the acquisition of evidence in order to prove the existence of a criminal act. The implementation of the process is adjusted to the performance of the procedures, functions and duties of the Indramayu District Attorney's Office, including; the investigation stage is carried out by the Intelligence Unit and follow-up to the performance of the investigation, namely the investigation is carried out by the Special Crimes Unit, which then carries out efforts and actions including; summoning or requesting witness statements, collecting written evidence, requesting information from suspects and asking for expert advice.

Complicity of a Special Kind (sui generis): Definition, Essence and Main Features

The article pays attention to the definition of the concept and characteristics of complicity of a special kind (sui generis). On the basis of the main features inherent in such complicity it is concluded that the most dangerous organized forms of complicity such as organized group and criminal society (criminal organization) belong to the sui generis. Due to the fact that the very association of several persons into these criminal groups poses a serious public danger, the legislator considered it necessary to prohibit the creation of an organized group or a criminal community, their management and participation in them in special norms of the Special part of the Criminal Code of the RF: art. 205.4, 208, 209, 210, 282.1. The specificity of these norms on complicity lies in the fact that only they represent the characteristic features inherent in sui generis. The study reveals similarities between sui generis and the organizational criminal activity, the independent responsibility for which is also established in the articles of the Special part of the Criminal Code of the RF. Organizational criminal activity is a broader concept and includes responsibility for: 1) the organization of specific crimes or for the organization of illegal (destructive) activity (art. 110.2, part 4 art. 205.1, part 1 art. 212, part 1 art. 232, part 1 art. 241, art. 279, part 1 of art. 322.1 of the Criminal Code); 2) for the organization of the activities of various associations, in respect of which there is a decision on their liquidation (prohibition) or recognition as undesirable (articles 205.5, 239, 282.2, 284.1 of the Criminal Code).

Новые документы о финской оккупации Олонецкого района Карелии 1941–1944 гг.

The article analyzes newly identified documents detailing the detention of prisoners in Finnish detention facilities created on the territory of the Olonets region of Karelia during the Great Patriotic War. They provide an opportunity of studying regional aspects of the Finnish occupation of Karelia in 1941-44, comparing the data with other materials on the Finnish occupation of the Olonets region. The documents are letters of concentration camp prisoners, written to the archive in late 20th century in order to obtain certificates of their occupancy in the camp. Although the letters should have been stricken off, the archivists of the Olonets Archive have preserved them and carried out their initial analysis. These letters are, in essence, memoirs, and in the case of the Finnish occupation of Karelia, memoirs are often the only source allowing us to study the nature of the occupation regime. For instance, the letters have permitted to identify the exact location of some Finnish camps on the territory of the Olonets region, which remained unclear when working with the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) documents. Some war crimes of the Finnish occupiers were already known, but these documents reveal new crimes of the camp guards, some against children. The letters listing names of deceased relatives are also of great interest, showing the mortality rate in the camps. In addition to confirming their occupancy in the camp, former prisoners recalled the events of the Finnish occupation of Karelia. This material demonstrates what work was performed by prisoners, reveals specific war crimes, and reconstructs everyday life in the detention camps. It is worth noting that modern Russian historiography often raises the issue of the impact of occupation on the psyche of children. The documents presented in the article contribute to the study of this issue. They can be used for studying regional aspects of the Finnish occupation of Karelia, for identifying war crimes, for micro level study of the Finnish occupation, and for indactive study of the occupation regime on the territory of the USSR in the days of the Great Patriotic War.

THE POLICY OF CRIMINALIZATION IN THE IRAQI DOCTORS PROTECTION LAW

This research, tagged with (the policy of criminalization in the Iraqi Doctors Protection Law - an analytical study), deals with an important and vital topic of criminal law jurisprudence, and related to the legislator's criminal policy in the Doctors Protection Law, because the legislator's reliance on a successful criminalization policy in this law will inevitably lead to Securing a degree of appropriate protection for this important segment of society in order to give them a measure of freedom to practice their lofty work away from fears of attacks or illegal clan claims, as We divided the study into a prelude to clarifying the nature of the criminalization policy in general, in which the concept of criminalization policy was addressed and its criminal distinction on the policy of punishment, and then they complement each other, as there is no criminalization without punishment and no punishment without criminalization of a specific behavior, to follow it with two demands, the first of which came under the title of criminalizing illegal clan claims, which was divided into two branches. One of the innovations in the criminalization policy in this law is that the Iraqi legislator had previously criminalized this act and punished it with almost the same penalty, according to Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. 24 of 1997, as for the second section, we discussed in its framework the pillars of this general and specific crime represented by the victim's status in this crime and his being a doctor. In it the legislator referred to the provisions of Articles (229-233) of the Iraqi Penal Code in terms of showing the forms of assault and its criminal penalties, in which the behavior expands to include several forms, the most important of which are insulting the doctor, assault, resistance and intentionally preventing him from performing his duties. The second section is devoted to examining the elements of the crime of assaulting doctors; let’s end our research after that with a conclusion that includes our conclusions and suggestions