Special Characteristics Research Articles

Research on Traditional Village Spatial Differentiation from the Perspective of Cultural Routes: A Case Study of 338 Villages in the Miao Frontier Corridor

The traditional villages in the Miao Frontier Corridor are the products of migrations, social interactions, and transportation, as well as production interchanges between the central plains and the frontiers of China in ancient times. They have made significant contributions to local multicultural inheritance and regional social development. However, with the increasing pressure of heritage conservation and sustainable development, there is growing attention on how traditional villages can tap into their cultural continuity and distinctiveness. This study introduces the concept of cultural routes, with the aim of integrating traditional villages of different ethnicities, regions, and characteristics from the perspective of diversity. It analyzes their spatial differentiation characteristics and the factors influencing them, providing basic support for the overall protection of traditional villages with special characteristics. Following this idea, 338 remaining traditional villages in the Miao Frontier Corridor were selected as the research objects. With the help of 91-satellite maps and a geographic information system (GIS), a cultural and geographic database of the traditional villages in the Miao Frontier Corridor was constructed to objectively explore the roles of the traditional villages’ natural geography, historical, and humanistic elements in the spatial categorization on a large scale. This study shows that the spatial distribution of the traditional villages in the Miao Frontier Corridor is uneven, exhibiting a cluster structure with of a “single primary nucleus with multiple secondary nuclei”. The spatial differentiation of traditional villages exhibits a similar clustering pattern based on individual natural geographic factors, such as elevation, mountain undulation, slope, and water systems. Additionally, there is discernible regularity concerning historical and humanistic factors, such as ethnicity type, age of village establishment, and the presence of guard stations. Further exploring the micro-spatial level, the natural geographical environment serves as the structural foundation of traditional village space, while the historical and humanistic environment fosters multiple differentiations in traditional village space in terms of influencing factors. Together, these factors jointly influence the spatial differentiation of traditional villages. This study enriches the dynamic aspects of linear cultural heritage preservation and also provides new insights into the specialized development within the overall protection of traditional villages.

GWAS combined with QTL mapping reveals the genetic loci of leaf morphological characters in Nicotiana tabacum

BackgroundLeaf morphology plays a crucial role in photosynthetic efficiency and yield potential in crops. Cigar tobacco plants, which are derived from common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), possess special leaf characteristics including thin and delicate leaves with few visible veins, making it a good system for studying the genetic basis of leaf morphological characters.ResultsIn this study, GWAS and QTL mapping were simultaneously performed using a natural population containing 185 accessions collected worldwide and an F2 population consisting of 240 individuals, respectively. A total of 26 QTLs related to leaf morphological traits were mapped in the F2 population at three different developmental stages, and some QTL intervals were repeatedly detected for different traits and at different developmental stages. Among the 206 significant SNPs identified in the natural population using GWAS, several associated with the leaf thickness phenotype were co-mapped via QTL mapping. By analyzing linkage disequilibrium and transcriptome data from different tissues combined with gene functional annotations, 7 candidate genes from the co-mapped region were identified as the potential causative genes associated with leaf thickness.ConclusionsThese results presented a valuable cigar tobacco resource showing the genetic diversity regarding its leaf morphological traits at different developmental stages. It also provides valuable information for novel genes and molecular markers that will be useful for further functional verification and for molecular breeding of leaf morphological traits in crops in the future.

Porous Crystalline Materials Based on Tetrathiafulvalene and Its Analogues: Assembly, Charge Transfer, and Applications.

ConspectusThe directed synthesis and functionalization of porous crystalline materials pose significant challenges for chemists. The synergistic integration of different functionalities within an ordered molecular material holds great significance for expanding its applications as functional materials. The presence of coordination bonds connected by inorganic and organic components in molecular materials can not only increase the structural diversity of materials but also modulate the electronic structure and band gap, which further regulates the physical and chemical properties of molecular materials. In fact, porous crystalline materials with coordination bonds, which inherit the merits of both organic and inorganic materials, already showcase their superior advantages in optical, electrical, and magnetic applications. In addition to the inorganic components that provide structural rigidity, organic ligands of various types serve as crucial connectors in the construction of functional porous crystalline materials. In addition, redox activity can endow organic linkers with electrochemical activity, thereby making them a perfect platform for the study of charge transfer with atom-resolved single-crystal structures, and they can additionally serve as stimuli-responsive sites in sensor devices and smart materials.In this Account, we introduce the synthesis, structural characteristics, and applications of porous crystalline materials based on the famous redox-active units, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and its analogues, by primarily focusing on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). TTF, a sulfur-rich conjugated molecule with two reversible and easily accessible oxidation states (i.e., radical TTF•+ cation and TTF2+ dication), and its analogues boast special electrical characteristics that enable them to display switchable redox activity and stimuli-responsive properties. These inherent properties contribute to the enhancement of the optical, electrical, and magnetic characteristics of the resultant porous crystalline materials. Moreover, delving into the charge transfer phenomena, which is key for the electrochemical process within these materials, uncovers a myriad of potential functional applications. The Account is organized into five main sections that correspond to the different properties and applications of these materials: optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities; energy storage and conversion; and catalysis. Each section provides detailed discussions of synthetic methods, structural characteristics, the physical and chemical properties, and the functional performances of highlighted examples. The Account also discusses future directions by emphasizing the exploration of novel organic units, the transformation between radical cation TTF•+ and dication TTF2+, and the integration of multifunctionalities within these frameworks to foster the development of smart materials for enhanced performance across diverse applications. Through this Account, we aim to highlight the massive potential of TTF and its analogues-based porous crystals in chemistry and material science.

Fauna and Ecology of Macromycetes (Basidiomycota) in the Arctic Tree and Shrub Ecosystems of Central Siberia.

The research was aimed at studying the taxonomic diversity, habitat specialization, and trophic characteristics of mycobiota, including Basidiomycota, in the northern ecosystems of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (Central Siberia) near Norilsk. Larch forests and woodlands in the Siberian permafrost zone are distinctive and Basidiomycota, as a component of these ecosystems, plays an essential role in their functioning. Currently, there is a paucity of information about this group in Arctic ecosystems, both in terms of floristic and ecological aspects. Seventy species of macromycetes belonging to different trophic groups were discovered and identified. Only 15% of species occur regularly, while most species are found rarely or only once. The identified species belong to 44 genera, 25 families, and 8 orders, which are included in the class Agaricomycetes. The leading families in terms of the number of species are Russulaceae, Polyporaceae, Tricholomataceae, Suillaceae, Strophariaceae, and Cortinariaceae. Mycorrhizal fungi and wood decay fungi dominate the structure of mycobiota of the study area (the total share is 71%). The rest of the species (29%) are fungal decomposers inhabiting plant litter, the forest floor, and humus. The largest number of species occur in forest ecosystems, which are dominated by mycorrhizal and wood decay fungi (up to 70%), which are trophically associated with woody plants and debris. The fungal decomposers inhabiting plant litter, the forest floor, and humus dominate (about 80%) in the species composition of tundra, where, in the absence of woody substrate, wood decay fungi have not been found at all. The species richness of tree and shrub Arctic ecosystems is low, yet the taxonomical and ecological structure of Basidiomycota is similar to that observed in taiga and temperate forests. These data permit a more comprehensive description of the biodiversity of the Arctic and may prove useful in studying biological processes in these ecosystems.

From Intel & Qualcomm to the new Art. 102 TFEU-Guidelines – Streamlining the Form- & Effects Based Approach

Abstract Rapid digital innovation has promoted a broad range of welfare aspects and created a myriad of new business models. While these benefits are uncontentious, the special characteristics of digital markets, such as strong network effects, have led to a substantial concentration of power among a few corporate actors. The increasing complexity of these market dynamics has rendered antitrust enforcement more challenging, particularly with regard to assessing the abuse of market dominance (Art. 102 TFEU). Particularly the European Commission has been confronted with criticism relating to its previously propagated “more economic approach”, which has led to a lack of timely and effective antitrust enforcement. While there is a consensus that a new approach to ascertaining the abuse of dominance is pertinent – which the Commission endorses – the underlying assessment parameters are still contentious. This article argues for a standard of dominance to notably reflect the digital transformation and include a comprehensive framework. While the predominant intervention aim must be based on sufficient innovation, a notion of economic fairness and sustainability considerations gain momentum in antitrust enforcement.

Comparison of mechanical strengths and microstructure of Portland cement-calcium sulfoaluminate cement binders with cellulose ethers of different viscosities

Portland cement-calcium sulfoaluminate cement (PC-CSA) binders possess special characteristics that are obviously different from that of a single component. This will affect the modification effect of cellulose ethers with different viscosities on cement. This study focuses on the mechanical properties, hydration process, type and content of hydration products, pore structure and interface structure of the binders with cellulose ethers, i.e. hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC). The following results have been obtained that adding high content of CSA can improve the early mechanical strengths of the binders, while high content of PC is beneficial to the maintenance of the strengths at the middle and late stages. Compared with low viscosity HEMC, high viscosity HEMC reduces the mechanical strengths. Based on the hydration heat evolution results, high content of CSA significantly promotes the early hydration heat release of the binders. When the PC content is 85 %, adding high viscosity HEMC delays the hydration of the binders, but the hydration is promoted when the PC content is 50 %. Combined with the XRD and TG-DTG tests, the content of typical AFt and Al(OH)3 hydration product is relatively high in the binders with high content CSA. AFm has generated in the binders at mid-late age and adding HEMC improves its formation. Adding HEMC delays the formation of CH, while the HEMC viscosity has a limited effect. According to MIP results, the pore content in the binders tends to increase with the CSA content. The incorporation of HEMC significantly increases the pore content of all sizes, especially macro pores. And the greater the HEMC viscosity, the more obvious the above effect. The nanoindentation test results show that incorporating HEMC decreases the elastic modulus of the binders and weakens the interface structure between cement pastes and sands.

Adaptation of rural residential buildings in a Mediterranean climate to climate change: A case study of La Rioja (Spain)

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the building sector and rural areas in particular should be prioritised due to their special characteristics. In this work, ways to adapt rural residential buildings in a Mediterranean climate to climate change via energy renovation were studied, taking La Rioja (Spain) as a case study. Different energy renovation solutions were evaluated under different climate change scenarios considering the possible evolution of the climate zones. The energy and economic impacts of these energy-renovated buildings were compared to those of existing buildings. Nearly zero-energy buildings were achieved by changing the thermal envelopes and their corresponding interior partitions. The study discovered that, on the one hand, the heating energy demand was reduced while the cooling energy demand was increased, thus reducing the total energy demand; on the other hand, the best energy renovation solution entails compliance by nearly zero-energy buildings with current building thermal regulation for the current climate zone. This work can serve as a guide to establish and promote energy renovation policies that are effective in addressing climate change and are economically viable. Furthermore, the methodology developed and the results obtained can be extrapolated to other cold Mediterranean climate zones.

Establishment and Organization of Public Administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austrian-Hungarian rule (1878-1918)

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the process of establishment and organization of public administration during the Austro-Hungarian rule. At the Berlin Congress in 1878, Austria-Hungary was given a mandate by the great powers, with the consent of the Ottoman Empire, to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina. The occupation brought about various social, military, political, and legal issues that needed to be resolved. In fact, these issues that arose represented the classical domains of state administration, such as the army, police, foreign affairs, justice, and finance. The new authority, represented by the Joint Ministry of Finance, maintained the existing administrative-territorial structure with certain necessary adjustments. Operationally, these tasks were handled by the Bosnian Office, which was superior to the Provincial Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The administrative-territorial organization was defined by the decree of the Provincial Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1882, which prescribed that all administrative tasks be carried out in district offices with broad and diverse jurisdiction. It is important to note that the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina, within the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, had territorial affiliation instead of citizenship, which represented a special legal relationship between individuals and the state. The state administration functioned based on a hierarchical principle of subordination and responsibility, where lower organs were subordinate to higher ones. All general acts of the Provincial Government were previously submitted to the Joint Minister of Finance for approval and only came into force after obtaining such approval. The Provincial Government consisted of four departments: the political-administrative department, the financial department, the judicial department, and the civil department. The departments were headed by heads of departments. The challenges set by Austria-Hungary in the context of establishing a new administrative structure required a state administration with loyal and capable officials. A significant challenge in achieving this goal was the problem of the lack of suitable personnel, both due to the lack of professional qualifications and the departure of a significant number of educated individuals. Considering the demands of modern state administration, good education was required from officials, which, among other things, led to a significant number of officials in both central and local administrative structures being foreigners. They were mostly Austrians, Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks. Many of them stayed in Bosnia and Herzegovina for only a short period, but there were also those who permanently remained. The districts were divided into district offices led by district heads. A special characteristic of the administrative organization was that district offices, to a large extent during the Austro-Hungarian rule, also performed judicial functions. After the occupation, the Austro-Hungarian administration began establishing local self-government. Urban and rural municipalities were formed, and local people participated in their organs. Although municipalities were conceived as units of local self-government, analyzing their scope of authority, it can be determined that they mostly performed delegated tasks of the state administration with a very low degree of autonomy. The public administration operated on a hierarchical principle of subordination and responsibility, within which lower administrative organs were subordinate to higher ones. This paper aims to provide insight into the complexity of administrative organization and structure in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian period. This is significant because during that period, the foundations of modern public administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina were established, encompassing not only state administration but also local self-government and public services.

Methods of Preparation and Characterization of Cyclodextrin Encapsulated Inclusion Complex : Review

Inclusion Complex is supramolecular system which is formed by inclusion of the guest molecules into the cavity of host molecule and these molecules are held by intermolecular forces but not by covalent bond. The special characteristic of Cyclodextrins is the ability to form an inclusion complex with viable compounds. This article focuses on the various preparation methods for inclusion complexes, their formation constant, experimental and spectral approaches to demonstrate host-guest interaction. Phase solubility diagram indicated that the solubility of guest molecule increases linearly with CD concentration in AL-type and a stoichiometry of 1:1. The inclusion complex formed by various techniques was characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The study offers a variety of studies that demonstrate how cyclodextrins can be used to enhance the solubility, stability, and effectiveness of synthetic pharmaceuticals as well as their physical, chemical, and biological properties.

A Novel Method to Calculate Water Influx Parameters and Geologic Reserves for Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs with Bottom/Edge Water

In practical oilfield production, the phenomenon of water influx typically shortens the water-free recovery period of wells, leading to water flooding and causing a sharp decline in the production well yields, bringing great harm to production. Water invasion usually occurs as a result of the elastic expansion of the water as well as the compaction of the aquifer pore space. However, it can be due to the special characteristics of fractured-vuggy reservoirs such as non-homogeneity and the discrete distribution of the pore spaces. It is challenging to use traditional seepage flow theories to analyze the characteristics of water influx. Also, reservoir numerical simulation methods require numerous parameters which are difficult to obtain, which significantly reduces the accuracy of the results. In this study, considering the driving energy for water influx, a water influx characteristic model was obtained by fitting a graph plate. Subsequently, an iterative calculation method was used to simultaneously obtain water influx volume and OOIP. The aquifer to hydrocarbon ratio was determined by fitting the water influx curve with the graphic plate. Results show that the calculation method is sensitive to the values of reservoir pressure and the crude oil formation volume factor. After applying the method to one field case, it was discovered that water influx performance can be characterized into two types, i.e., linear water influx and logarithmic water influx. In the early stages, the water influx rate of logarithmic water influx is greater compared to linear water influx. However, the volume and energy of waterbody are limited, and the water invasion phenomenon occurs almost exclusively within a short period after the invasion. On the other hand, the volume of waterbody invaded by linear water influx is larger, and it can maintain a stable rate of water influx. The results of the study can provide theoretical support for the waterbody energy evaluation and dynamic analysis of water influx, as well as the control and management of water in these types of reservoirs.

Effect of Boron Substitution on Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Single-Layered Graphene Studied by Density Functional Theory Method

Abstract Graphene is a two-dimensional material that has special characteristics. The electronic properties of graphene show zero band gap conditions. The magnetic properties of graphene can be created by modifying the electronic properties through atomic substitution. In this research, we study the magnetic and electronic properties of single-layer graphene substituted with boron (B) atoms, because it has almost the same atomic radius as carbon (C) atoms, resulting in only small lattice deformation. The spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) method implemented in the Quantum Espresso package was selected to perform the calculations. The simulated models are a 4×4×1 supercell of pristine graphene structure consisting of 32 C atoms and boron-substituted graphene with a variety number of atoms (B = 1 and 2 atoms). The results of band gap energy obtained after the structure was optimized are 0.19 and 0.21 eV (spin-down and spin-up) for G-B and 0.36 and 0.37 eV (spin-down and spin-up) for G-2B. Boron substitution in graphene opens the bandgap and shifts the Fermi energy level. It also influences the magnetic moment of the graphene layer, estimated at 0.22 and 0.06 μB/cell for G-B and G-2B, respectively. This research shows that modifying graphene by substituting boron makes the graphene material semiconductive and weakly magnetic.

The effect of ballistic exercises on some kinematic variables and the development of special physical characteristics for the front straight punch skill for karate juniors

The effect of ballistic exercises on some kinematic variables and the development of special physical characteristics for the front straight punch skill for karate juniors

Surgical access to the mediastinum-all roads lead to Rome: a literature review.

The mediastinum is a complex, heterogeneous area, which leads vertically across the thoracic cavity between the bilateral mediastinal pleurae, connecting the head and neck region with the thoracic cavity. Different classifications have been published to differentiate between the so-called mediastinal compartments while the most used classification surely is the 4-compartments Gray`s classification, dividing it into the superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. Mediastinal abnormalities include infections (mediastinitis) and solid or cystic mediastinal masses. These masses can be divided into benign and malignant lesions originating from mediastinal structures/organs or represent manifestations of metastatic disease, often metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review aims to explore the different mediastinal pathologies along with indications and surgical approaches. We performed literature research in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases. Only papers written in English were included. Depending on the indication for surgical intervention and the localization of the pathology, surgical approach may differ immensely. Mediastinal staging of lung cancer, primary lesions of the mediastinum, mediastinitis and traumatic mediastinal injuries display the most frequent indications for mediastinal surgery. Surgical approaches trend towards minimally invasive, video- or robotic-assisted techniques and are becoming increasingly refined to adapt to the special characteristics of the mediastinum. However, certain indications still require open access for best possible mediastinal exposure or oncological reasons. To guide optimal surgical approach selection to the mediastinum, the following overview will present all published surgical approaches to the mediastinum and discuss their practical relevance and indications aiming to help surgeons in the management of patients with mediastinal pathologies who should undergo surgery.

Optimized Production of 188Re-HYNIC-Bombesin: New Therapeutic Agent for GRPR Targeting.

One of the most interesting methods to deliver therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation to tumor sites is radiolabeled compounds. Bombesin peptide binds to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) with great affinity. Through its appropriate physical characteristics and accessibility as the 188W/188Re generator, 188Re can be effectively used to develop a therapeutic radio complex. In this study, 188Re-HYNIC-BBN was prepared under optimal conditions. Optimization of the effective parameters on 188Re-HYNIC-BBN radio-labeling yield like ligand concentration, pH, reaction time, and temperature were performed. The final product's radiochemical purity was measured by RTLC and HPLC. The stability of the radio-complex was checked in PBS buffer (4°C) and human blood serum (37°C). The partition coefficient of the final radio-complex was studied using standard procedure. Finally, the biodistribution of 188Re-HYNIC-BBN and free 188Re in different organs of the rats were compared in various intervals. The final product was prepared with a specific activity of 7.11 TBq/mmol and radiochemical purity > 95% at the optimized conditions (pH = 4-5, reaction time = 45min, temp = 95℃). This radio-complex was found to be stable in PBS and blood serum over 24h. LogPo/w was - 1.78, showing the high hydrophilic nature of the radio-complex. The biodistribution of 188Re-HYNIC-BBN demonstrated the fast clearance of the radio-peptide from the blood circulation. The most portion of the radioactivity was excreted from the body via the urinary tract and the remaining activity was accumulated in GRPR-expressing organs. The special characteristics of the complex introduce 188Re-HYNIC-BBN as a new therapeutic agent for targeting GRPRs, however, more biological data is still needed.

Channel-Aware Decoupling Network for Multiturn Dialog Comprehension.

Training machines to understand natural language and interact with humans is one of the major goals of artificial intelligence. Recent years have witnessed an evolution from matching networks to pretrained language models (PrLMs). In contrast to the plain-text modeling as the focus of the PrLMs, dialog texts involve multiple speakers and reflect special characteristics, such as topic transitions and structure dependencies, between distant utterances. However, the related PrLM models commonly represent dialogs sequentially by processing the pairwise dialog history as a whole. Thus, the hierarchical information on either utterance interrelation or speaker roles coupled in such representations is not well addressed. In this work, we propose compositional learning for holistic interaction across the utterances beyond the sequential contextualization from PrLMs, in order to capture the utterance-aware and speaker-aware representations entailed in a dialog history. We decouple the contextualized word representations by masking mechanisms in transformer-based PrLM, making each word only focus on the words in the current utterance, other utterances, and two speaker roles (i.e., utterances of the sender and utterances of the receiver), respectively. In addition, we employ domain-adaptive training strategies to help the model adapt to the dialog domains. Experimental results show that our method substantially boosts the strong PrLM baselines in four public benchmark datasets, achieving new state-of-the-art performance over previous methods.

Research on optimal dispatch of 5G base station VPP with standby energy storage

Abstract With the rapid increase in the construction of 5G base stations, the backup battery of 5G base stations will be a huge potential energy storage resource. China’s electricity market reform is constantly advancing, and the study of 5G base stations’ standby energy storage to participate in power optimization dispatch is an effective way to realize the reciprocal benefits of power grids and telecommunication operators. Considering the special characteristics of 5G base station backup energy storage to participate in the power market, the article establishes a virtual power plant of 5G base station considering the backup energy storage. Then, the 5G base station VPP is added to the operation of the power grid as an adjustable resource, and the dual-5G base station VPP optimization matrix is built. Finally, a numerical example verifies that the standby energy storage of the 5G base station contains rich schedulable capacity and that the 5G base station VPP can validly improve the economy of power grid operation.

Quality Assessment of Developed Cumin Cookies

Abstract: Cookies are good carrier of nutrients like carbohydrate and fat which can be enriched with protein. Refined Flour is the finest type of wheat flour containing high calorie content but minimal nutritional value that is used to make pizza, bread, samosa, kachoris, puri, cakes and biscuits.by partially replacing refined wheat flour with wheat flour up to an acceptable level. It is a fast and quick recipe for cookies made with Refined wheat flour, wheat flour and cumin seeds. The special characteristic of these cookies is that, as opposed to other cookie recipes, they do not contain plain flour, sugar or even jaggery. It is an excellent snack or coffee snack for munching and is enjoyed by all age groups, including children and adults because of its rich nutrients.

Assessment and litigation of ocular injuries by less-lethal weapons.

The main cause of serious ophthalmological injuries, includingviolent eye amputations in the context of so-called less lethalweapons, is the use of blunt objects, such as batons or extendablesticks and the use of kinetic energy projectiles (rubber bullets,pellets, foam projectiles or others). Such injuries in the contextof population control have been considered to constitute cruel,inhuman or degrading treatment or even torture when they arecarried out, intentionally or unintentionally, by State officials(or with their acquiescence or protection) and involve any of thepurposes contemplated in the Convention against Torture. Dueto their special characteristics, they constitute rights violationsthat entail unique difficulties and complexity from both a legaland forensic point of view. This paper addresses some of thesedifficulties with practical legal and forensic recommendations.It is structured in two parts: First, legal, where we considerlegal difficulties and provide suggestions on elements for obtainingevidence are given. Second, medico-psychological andforensic where we review the elements to be considered in theinterview, the medical and ophthalmological evaluation, andthe psychometric, psychological and psychiatric evaluation.

Scalp Composite Tissue Transplantation for Repairing Upper Lip Defect: A Feasible Clinical Study.

The repair of upper lip defects is difficult and can result in asymmetry. The authors have developed a postauricular scalp composite tissue for the repair of upper lip defects. Herein, the authors, present the feasibility of scalp composite tissue grafts for repairing of upper lip defects. The authors conducted a retrospective study of 10 patients who underwent scalp composite tissue transplantation for upper lip repair. The surgical procedure consisted of the excision of skin lesions or scar tissue from the upper lip to prepare the recipient area, and then the scalp composite tissue was excised behind the ear and transplanted to the upper lip defect. The authors reviewed the photographs and clinical notes of these patients. The patients' self-reported satisfaction with the repair effect was assessed. Tissue sections and hematoxylin and eosin staining of the scalp composite tissues were performed. All patients successfully underwent lesion resection and scalp composite tissue transplantation to repair the wound. There was no necrosis of the scalp composite tissue in the early postoperative period. The lip wound healed completely within 2 weeks. The mean follow-up time was 16 months, ranging from 12 to 20 months. Histologic sections and hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the scalp composite tissue had abundant capillaries and dense fibrous connective tissue. All 10 patients were satisfied with the clinical effect of the procedure. Scalp composite tissue transplantation is a viable method for repairing upper lip defects. The special histomorphological characteristics of the scalp provide the basis for clinical application. IV.

Review of the Development of an Unbonded Flexible Riser: New Material, Types of Layers, and Cross-Sectional Mechanical Properties.

Unbonded flexible risers consist of several helical and cylindrical layers, which can undergo large bending deformation and can be installed in different configurations to adapt to harsh marine environments; thus, they can be applied to transport oil and gas resources from ultra-deep waters (UDW). Due to their special geometric characteristics, they can ensure sufficient axial tensile stiffness while having small bending stiffness, which can undergo large deflection bending deformation. In recent years, the development of unbonded flexible risers has been moving in an intelligent, integrated direction. This paper presents a review of unbonded flexible risers. Firstly, the form and properties of each interlayer of an unbonded flexible riser are introduced, as well as the corresponding performance and configuration characteristics. In recent years, the development of unbonded flexible risers has been evolving, and the development of machine learning on unbonded flexible risers is discussed. Finally, with emphasis on exploring the design characteristics and working principles, three new types of unbonded flexible risers, an integrated production bundle, an unbonded flexible riser with an anti-H2S layer, and an unbonded flexible riser with a composite armor layer, are presented. The research results show that: (1) the analytical methods of cross-sectional properties of unbonded flexible risers are solved based on ideal assumptions, and the computational accuracy needs to be improved. (2) Numerical methods have evolved from equivalent simplified models to models that account for detailed geometric properties. (3) Compared with ordinary steel risers, the unbonded flexible riser is more suitable for deep-sea resource development, and the structure of each layer can be designed according to the requirements of the actual environment.