Spearman's Hypothesis Research Articles

Hubungan antara Nomophobia dengan Kontrol Diri pada Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Makassar

Nomophobia is anxiety due to being away from a smartphone. Students in the current digital era really follow technological developments, especially smartphones. This makes students unable to stay away from their smartphones, causing feelings of anxiety when they cannot use their smartphones, which makes students experience nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia). Nomophobia is influenced by several factors, one of which is self-control. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between self-control and nomophobia in Makassar State University students. The respondents in this study were 385 students aged 18-24 years and actively using smartphones. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. The measuring instrument used is the No Mobile Phone Questionnaire (NMP-Q) to measure the nomophobia variable and the self-control scale to measure the self-control variable. This research uses the Spearman's rho hypothesis testing analysis technique. The results of the research show that the self-control variable has a significant relationship with a significance value of 0.004 towards nomophobia with a correlation coefficient of -0.145, which means the direction of the relationship is negative. The implication of this research is that it is a reference source that can contribute to other people regarding self-control and nomophobia.

The correlation between work posture and lower back pain among tailors

Background: Tailoring is an occupation pursued by a significant portion of the Indonesian population, and it is closely associated with working in a seated position. Tailors often experience rigid work postures and static muscle loads, which, if left unaddressed for extended periods, can increase the risk of work-related illnesses, one of which is lower back pain. Methods: This study employed an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The research subjects were determined using a total sampling technique. The total number of research subjects involved in this study was 37, adjusted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research data included the level of work posture risk which was measured by the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and lower back pain measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Results: The Spearman's rho hypothesis test was used to analyze the relationship between work posture and the occurrence of lower back pain at the garment in Bali, yielding a result of p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant correlation. Conclusions: This research concluded that a significant correlation between work posture and lower back pain among tailors in Bali.

Intensity of Alchohol Consumption, Peer Pressure and Popularity of Adolescent in NTT

Adolescence is a time of transition from child to adult. At this point there are various biological and psychological changes that affect the nature of the individual in relationships. Peers are one of the most important factors and should not be underestimated in adolescence. Peer pressure can have a positive or negative impact. Peer pressure and popularity can influence individuals' behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the intensity of alcohol consumption in relation to peer pressure and popularity among adolescents in NTT. This type of research is quantitative correlation and is tested using Spearman's correlation hypothesis test. The sample in this study included 361 adolescents aged 15-20 years. The sampling technique was carried out according to the convenience sampling method. Collection of data using a questionnaire and analysis using the JASP program. The results of this study indicate that there is an association between peer pressure and the intensity of alcohol consumption (r = 0.165 p = 0.002) and an association between popularity and the intensity of alcohol consumption (r = 0.155 p = 0.155 p = 0.003), such that H0 discarded and H1 is received. The conclusion is that there is a correlation between peer pressure and popularity with the intensity of alcohol consumption.

Hubungan Minat Konsumen Dengan Keputusan Pembelian Rumah Subsidi Pada Perumahan Grand Raya Korpri Residence Bengkulu

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between consumer interest and the decision to purchase subsidized housing at the Grand Raya Korpri Residence Housing. The analytical method uses Spearman's rank correlation and hypothesis testing. The number of samples studied was 59 customers. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that respondents' perceptions of the consumer interest variable obtained an average value of the consumer interest variable in subsidized housing Grand Raya Korpri Residence was 3.87, the value was between the interval 3.41 - 4.20, good criteria while respondents' perceptions of the the decision to purchase subsidized housing Grand Raya Korpri Residence Housing can be seen that the average number of respondents' answers is 3.94, the value is between the interval 3.41 – 4.20, good criteria, meaning that consumers feel that consumers have made the right decision to make purchase of subsidized housing at the Grand Raya Korpri Residence Housing. The value of the correlation coefficient obtained by the value of rho count ( ) = 0.749 means that the relationship between consumer interest and the decision to purchase subsidized housing at the Grand Raya Korpri Residence Housing is strong, because the correlation value is in the coefficient interval 0.600 – 0.799. Based on the hypothesis test obtained t count > t table (8.534 > 1.662). meaning that there is a significant relationship between consumer interest and the decision to purchase subsidized housing at the Grand Raya Korpri Residence Housing.

The Relationship Between Work Stress and Locomotive Maintenance Officer Performance

Limited human resources and time demands can increase workload resulting in faster work stress. If handled over time, it will have an impact on the performance of officers and can also increase work stress. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between work stress and the performance of locomotive maintenance workers at the Purwokerto Locomotive Depot. This study uses a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods used in this research are primary and secondary data sources. The data analysis technique used is the instrument test, Spearman rank correlation and Spearman rank hypothesis test. Calculate the rho count on the work stress variable with a performance showing a value of 0.479, while for the comparison results, the value of the rho table shows several 0.439. In the hypothesis decision-making criteria that rho count > rho table 0.479 > 0.439, there is a relationship between work stress and employee performance which can also be seen from sig. (2-tailed) of 0.028. Based on retrieval, if the sig. (2-tailed) 0.028 <0.05 means that there is a significant relationship between work stress and performance variables. Spearman's rank hypothesis test found a relationship with a correlation value of -0.479, meaning that the relationship is vital in the moderate category. The direction of the relationship from this study is harmful or not unidirectional. And the rho count is greater than the rho table, which is 0.479, which is greater than 0.439, so the hypothesis shows a relationship between work stress and employee performance.

HUBUNGAN D ISIPLIN KERJA DAN KEPUASAN KERJA DENGAN KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN PROVINSI BENGKULU

ABSTRACTTarget of in this research is to know relation discipline of work with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province and to know satisfaction of work with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province. Method Analysis the used is correlation of spearman hypothesis test and rank with test t. Analyse correlation of rank spearman to relation discipline of work with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province obtained by value 0,897 criterion very strong because result of its correlation lay in coefficient interval between 0,800 - 1,000. From result of relation hypothesis test between discipline of work with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province is 17,355 so that can be concluded that discipline of work have relation of significant with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province because value of t count bigger than t of is tables of (1,666). Correlation analysis of rank spearman to satisfaction of work with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province obtained by value 0,876 criterion very strong because result of its correlation lay in coefficient interval between 0,800 – 1,000. From result of relation hypothesis test between satisfaction of work with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province is 15,505 so that can be concluded that satisfaction of work (X2) have relation of significant with performance employee at Department of Education and Culture Bengkulu Province because value of t count bigger than t of t tables of (1,666).Keyword: Discipline of Work, satisfaction of Work, Performance

HUBUNGAN FAKTOR PERSONAL (EMPATI) DENGAN PERILAKU ALTRUISTIK PADA ANGGOTA KORPS SUKARELA PALANG MERAH INDONESIA (KSR-PMI) DI INSTITUSI X

The emergency is a condition when a person is in a life-threatening condition or even can cause permanent disability if not helped immediately. Therefore it is necessary to improve the quality of emergency services in an integrated between the Indonesia Cross Red and other sectors, especially the corps of volunteer, but most of the volunteer members do not want to participate in emergency first aid activities. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between personal factors (Empathy) and altruistic behavior in the KSR PMI X members. The method in this study is correlative analytics with the cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was all members of the corps of volunteer-Indonesia cross red in institution X. The sample in this study was 63 research members, using consecutive sampling. Data collection using questionnaires that have passed the test of validity and reliability. Analysis of the data used was rank spearmen. The results showed rank spearman hypothesis test that the correlation coefficient of 0.492 (p = 0.001; p <0.05), showed a positive direction, and the strength of the relationship was moderate, while H1 was accepted there was a relationship between personal factors (empathy) and altruistic behavior. Therefore, it is expected that all KSR-PMI members can develop their empathy, increase their commitment to participating in emergency activities.

Spearman's hypothesis not supported? Three meta-analyses of Black and White prisoners, Northeast Asians, and Arabs and Jews

Spearman's hypothesis states that differences between groups on the subtests of an IQ battery are a function of the g loadings of these subtests, and it is virtually always supported. There are anomalies: comparisons for which Spearman's hypothesis shows no supporting evidence. What they all have in common is an unusual Verbal/Performance profile. We carried out meta-analyses for these comparisons: Black and White prisoners, Asians and Whites, and Arabs and Jews in Israel. We carried out three meta-analyses based on, respectively, 2 data points and a total N=575; 15 data points and a total N=8100; 5 data points and a total N=730. In all three meta-analyses Spearman's hypothesis showed no supporting evidence with sample-size weighted correlations with values of, respectively, −.18, .01 and −.24. Correcting for reliability led to similar outcomes. Bypassing the unusual V/P profile by testing Spearman's hypothesis separately on Verbal subtests and Performance subtests led to a confirmation in approximately half of the comparisons. So, it could be that the unusual V/P profile obstructs support for Spearman's hypothesis in approximately half of the cases. We conclude that the anomalies appear to be more in line with Spearman's hypothesis than previously thought.

Psychometric problems with the method of correlated vectors applied to item scores (including some nonsensical results)

Spearman's hypothesis stating that ethnic group differences on cognitive tests are most pronounced on the most highly g loaded tests has been commonly tested with Jensen's method of correlated vectors (MCV). This paper illustrates and explains why MCV applied to item-level data does not provide a test of measurement invariance and fails to provide accurate information about the role of g in group differences in test scores. I focus on studies that applied MCV to study group differences on items of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). In an empirical illustration of the psychometric problems with this method, I show that MCV applied to 60 SPM items incorrectly yields support for Spearman's hypothesis (so-called Jensen Effects suggesting that the group difference is on g) even when the items in the second group are not from the SPM but rather from a test composed of 60 items measuring either anxiety and anger or the big five personality traits. This shows that MCV applied to item level data does not accurately reflect the degree to which item bias or g plays a role in group differences. I conclude that MCV applied to items lacks both sensitivity and specificity.

Testing Spearman's hypothesis with advanced placement examination data

The nature, source, and meaning of average group score differences between demographic groups on cognitive tests has been a source of controversy for decades. One possible explanation is “Spearman's hypothesis,” which states that the magnitude of score differences across demographic groups is a direct function of how strongly the test measures g. To test this hypothesis, Jensen (1985, 1998) developed the method of correlated vectors. In this study I used the method of correlated vectors to examine the relationship between racial/ethnic group differences of Advanced Placement (AP) exam scores and the correlation between those AP exam scores and a test of general cognitive ability, the PSAT. Results are consistent with Spearman's hypothesis for White-Black and White-Hispanic comparisons, but not for White-Asian comparisons. Comparisons of White examinees and Native Americans are inconclusive. This study shows that academic achievement tests can be used to test Spearman's hypothesis. Additionally, Spearman's hypothesis is not a unique characteristic of White-Black differences in cognitive test scores, but it may not universal either.

Spearman's hypothesis tested comparing Sudanese children and adolescents with various other groups of children and adolescents on the items of the Standard Progressive Matrices

Spearman's hypothesis tested at the level of items states that differences between ethnic groups on the items of an IQ test are a function of the g loadings of these items, such that there are small differences between ethnic groups on items with low g loadings and large differences between ethnic groups on items with high g loadings, and it has been confirmed in a fairly substantial number of studies. Most biological variables show correlational patterns that are more similar to the pattern in group differences than non-biological variables. In this paper, we tested Spearman's hypothesis, comparing a group of Sudanese children and adolescents (N=7226) with other groups of children and adolescents from Denmark, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, South Africa, Estonia, Ukraine, Ireland, Russia, and Chile (total N=13,105). The analyses were carried out on 19 comparisons between the Sudanese children and the other children. Aggregating all data points from the present study showed that Spearman's hypothesis was strongly confirmed with a sample-size–weighted r with a value of .70; it is argued that applying corrections for statistical artifacts would make this value substantially larger. These outcomes suggest that biological variables, including brain-related variables, are more important than non-biological variables in explaining group differences.

Spearman's hypothesis tested in Kazakhstan on the items of the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus

Spearman's hypothesis tested at the level of items states that differences between groups on the items of an IQ test are a function of the g loadings of these items, such that there are small differences between groups on items with low g loadings and large differences between groups on items with high g loadings. Empirical tests showed in one case no support, in some cases modest support, and in other cases strong support. In this study groups of Kazakh, Korean, Tatar, and Uzbek children from Kazakhstan were compared with a group of Russian children from Kazakhstan yielding outcomes of Spearman's hypothesis ranging from r=.24 to r=.78 with a Nharmonic-weighted average correlation of .67. We conclude that Spearman's hypothesis tested at the item level appears to be a more regular phenomenon than previously thought.

Another look at the Spearman's hypothesis and relationship between Digit Span and General Mental Ability

In a classic paper in intelligence research, Jensen and Figueroa (1975) examined differences between Digit Span Forward (DSF) and Digit Span Backward (DSB), both between groups and between individuals within groups. This paper was the basis for the later development of the Spearman's hypothesis, which states that the stronger the association between General Mental Ability (GMA) and a test, the larger the between-groups differences in test scores. In the current study we re-examine Jensen and Figueroa's results on the basis of a large, nationally representative database. One of our results replicates Jensen and Figueroa earlier results: Consistent with Spearman's hypothesis, we find that the difference between Blacks and White is larger in DSB than in DSF. However, in contrast to the Spearman's hypothesis, we find that the Hispanic–White difference is larger in DSF than in DSB. In addition, in contrast to Jensen and Figueroa (1975), we find that within groups proxies of GMA tend to be more strongly associated with DSF than DSB.

On general mental ability, digit span and Spearman's hypothesis

On general mental ability, digit span and Spearman's hypothesis

Response to: Another look at the Spearman's hypothesis and relationship between digit span and General Mental Ability

Response to: Another look at the Spearman's hypothesis and relationship between digit span and General Mental Ability

The effects of language bias and cultural bias estimated using the method of correlated vectors on a large database of IQ comparisons between native Dutch and ethnic minority immigrants from non-Western countries

Cultural factors and language bias are often used to explain the large differences in mean intelligence test scores between ethnic groups, for instance majority Dutch compared to ethnic minorities. A competing explanation comes from Spearman's hypothesis, which states that these group differences in intelligence scores are a function of the cognitive complexity of the intelligence tasks, and that the regression of group differences on IQ subtests (d) on g loadings of subtests (g) leads to a regression line with only a modest amount of scatter. However, when testing Spearman's hypothesis there are two findings that have to be taken into consideration. First, subtests of an IQ battery with a substantial language component partially measure the extent of proficiency of ethnic minorities in the Dutch language, therefore underestimate the level of g of the tested nonnative speakers, which negatively influences the hypothesized correlation between d and g. Second, ethnic minorities score relatively lower on subtests of spatial visualization and relatively better on subtests of short-term memory, and having these ‘outliers’ in an IQ battery also attenuates the outcome of tests of Spearman's hypothesis, and additionally tilts the regression line of d on g. Spearman's hypothesis was tested using 40 datasets, comparing native Dutch to Turkish, Moroccan, Netherlands Antillean, and Surinamese immigrants. We expected to find a strong positive correlation between group differences on the subtests of an IQ battery on the one hand, and the vector of g loadings on the other hand. We then estimated the influence of language bias and the influence of cultural bias, expecting at most small effects.First, we applied bare-bones psychometric meta-analytical techniques to all Dutch datasets in our non-meta-analytical database to test Spearman's hypothesis. Second, the effect of language bias was estimated by measuring the difference of subtests with a substantial language component to the regression line of d on g. Third, the effect of cultural bias was estimated by leaving out both language-biased subtests and the two kinds of ‘outliers’, computing the regression line of d on g on the remaining subtests, and checking where that more stable regression line intersected the y-axis. Fourth, we checked for the presence of publication bias, among others, by comparing the outcomes of published studies with the outcomes of unpublished studies, and by using standard publication bias analyses.First, Spearman's hypothesis is not so strongly supported in the present study with a sample size-weighted mean of only r=.32 (K=40, total N=5504). Leaving out the language-biased subtests substantially increased the value of the correlation between group differences and g loadings to r=.43. Second, a mean underestimation was found of 1.63 IQ points for all studies due to language-biased subtests. This is a small effect. Third, there was no effect of cultural bias as measured by examining the distance of the regression line from the zero point before and after removing subtests on which ethnic minorities tend to perform relatively higher or lower than native Dutch. Fourth, there is no clear proof of publication bias concerning confirmation of Spearman's hypothesis.It is concluded that mean differences in intelligence between native Dutch and ethnic minority immigrants from non-Western/non-Westernized countries in the Netherlands can be very strongly explained by the complexity of the subtests in an IQ battery, with a small effect of language bias, and very little place left for cultural bias.

Showing their true colours: Possible secular declines and a Jensen effect on colour acuity — More evidence for the weaker variant of Spearman's Other Hypothesis

ABSTRACT Spearman's Other Hypothesis predicts that the common factor amongst sensory discrimination measures corresponds to general intelligence (g). The co-occurrence model predicts that low-complexity physiological information-processing indicators reliably measure g across cohorts, and should therefore decline with time due to genetic changes in the broader population. As strong relations exist between general sensory discrimination and g, such measures should show evidence of secular declines. This is tested using N-weighted temporal regression of square-root Total Error Scores (√ TES), obtained from four Western normative samples published in the 1980s, 90s and 2000s (combined N = 752) evaluated using the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue colour acuity test (disattenuated g loading = .78). A significant temporal β value of .37 was found (controlling for national IQ), suggesting a decline in colour acuity equating to a reduction in g of − 3.15 points per decade. Analysis of the subset of the cohorts aged 20–29 years, in which colour acuity is maximized, reveals a larger secular decline (β = .67, N = 199, − 5.85 points per decade). The small number of studies employed in these analyses makes these findings tentative however. Also consistent with a weaker variant of the Other Hypothesis is the finding that 100-Hue acuity-IQ correlations are associated with the Jensen effect. The aggregate vector correlation across two studies is .63 (N = 932.5, p

NO CLEAR LINK BETWEEN G LOADINGS AND HERITABILITY: A TWIN STUDY FROM KOREA.

A fundamental theoretical question in intelligence research is to what extent the g factor and heritability coefficients of the subtests of an IQ battery are correlated. Five studies from Western countries showed modest to strong positive correlations (range = .43-.77), and six studies from a Japanese meta-analysis showed zero to modest correlations (range = -0.01-0.59). The Western and Japanese studies were compared with a Korean sample of 24 monozygotic and 20 dizygotic young adult twin pairs administered the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). A univariate twin model was applied to all subscale scores leading to estimates of heritability for all scales. g loadings were also computed using principal-axis factor analysis. Finally, the correlation between the heritabilities and the g loadings of these scales were computed. The correlations of r = -.15 were not in line with previous studies. It could be that Spearman's hypothesis is less strongly confirmed for Northeast Asians, but it is also possible that the study will be an outlier in a future meta-analysis. More primary research and a meta-analysis of all studies are needed.

Testing Spearman's hypotheses using a bi-factor model with WAIS-IV/WMS-IV standardization data

Spearman's hypothesis (SH) is a phrase coined by Arthur Jensen, which posits that the size of Black–White mean differences across a group of diverse mental tests is a positive function of each test's loading onto the general intelligence (g) factor. Initially, a correlated vector (CV) approach was used to examine SH, where the results typically confirmed that the magnitude of g loadings were positively correlated with the size of mean group differences in the observed test scores. The CV approach has been heavily criticized by scholars who have argued that a more precise method for examining SH can be better investigated using a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA). Studies of SH using MG-CFA have been much more equivocal, with results not clearly confirming nor disconfirming SH.In the current study, we argue that a better method for extracting g in both the CV and MG-CFA approaches is to use a bi-factor model. Because non-g factors extracted from a bi-factor approach are independent of g, the bi-factor model allows for a robust examination of the influence of g and non-g factors on group differences on mental test scores. Using co-normed standardization data from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition, we examined SH using both CV and MG-CFA procedures. We found support for the weak form of SH in both methods, which suggests that both g and non-g factors were involved in the observed mean score differences between Black and White adults.

Spearman's hypothesis tested comparing Libyan secondary school children with various other groups of secondary school children on the items of the Standard Progressive Matrices

Spearman's hypothesis tested at the level of items states that differences between groups on the items of an IQ test are a function of the g loadings of these items, such that there are small differences between groups on items with low g loadings and large differences between groups on items with high g loadings, and it has been confirmed in a limited number of studies. In this paper, we tested Spearman's hypothesis, comparing a group of Libyan secondary school children (N=1080) with other groups of secondary school children from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Ukraine, Russia, South Africa, Ireland, and Chile (total N=7476). The analyses were carried out on 9 comparisons between the Libyan children and the other children. Spearman's hypothesis was strongly confirmed with a mean weighted r with a value of .61. We conclude that Spearman's hypothesis tested at the item level appears to be a more regular phenomenon than previously thought.