Attitude Of Speaker Research Articles

Modalização em artigos científicos da área da Linguística

This study aims to analyze the modalities in the scientific paper genre of Linguistics field, the functions they perform as markers of speaker's attitudes and the relationship of these modalities with the argumentation in this text genre. Our hypothesis is that in scientific papers, modalities have functions related to the argumentation. In this research, a theoretical study of text and discourse was done according to Bakhtin (1997) and Travaglia (1991), then the argumentative structure of this genre was investigated, taking as theoretical basis Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (2002). The qualitative methodology has been used to focus on linguistic and social aspects of the scientific paper genre of Linguistics field. In this study, it was found that in order to have the support of the reader, the authors use the epistemic modalities throughout the construction of the text. However, it was observed that this kind of modality has taken different functions for each part of the text superstructure, while the volitional modality appears only in the introduction and at the end of the conclusion to mark intentions and pretensions. Also, it was noted that in scientific papers the most commonly used modalities are the epistemic, deontic and alethic, while the volitional and imperative modalities are less used.

「外国人が書いた日本語手紙文」に対する日本人の評価態度の多様性 : 質的手法によるケーススタディ( 言語・コミュニケーションの学習・教育と社会言語科学-人間・文化・社会をキーワードとして-)

「外国人が書いた日本語手紙文」に対する日本人の評価態度の多様性 : 質的手法によるケーススタディ( 言語・コミュニケーションの学習・教育と社会言語科学-人間・文化・社会をキーワードとして-)

3.MARKED-S UNIFORMITY PRINCIPLE : with special reference to speaker's expressive attitude

3.MARKED-S UNIFORMITY PRINCIPLE : with special reference to speaker's expressive attitude

Totally tall sounds totally younger: Intensification at the socio‐semantics interface

In two social perception experiments, we explore the relationship between the social meaning and the semantic/pragmatic properties of the intensifier totally in American English. In Experiment 1, we show that totally is perceived as a more salient index of social identity categories – measured in terms of Age, Solidarity and Status attributes – when it targets a scalar dimension grounded in the speaker's attitude, as opposed to when it occurs in contexts where the scale is provided by the subsequent predicate. In Experiment 2, we show that the social indexicality of totally is even more salient in contexts in which the intensifier, by virtue of its pragmatic contribution, invites a stance of heightened proximity and convergence between the interlocutors. These results point to a principled connection between the semantic, pragmatic and personality‐based social meanings of totally, providing new insights into the dynamics whereby different layers of meaning conspire to determine what an expression ‘says’ when deployed in interaction.

Ellipsis or Compression? (With Special Reference to English Modal Adverbs)

The paper examines the underlying origin of English modal adverbs known in linguistics also as disjuncts. It is acknowledged that disjuncts are semantic derivations of identical adverbs functioning as adverbial modifiers of manner. We assume that disjuncts (certainly, frankly, etc.) have passed through a number of reconstructive operations before they come to be used as such, i.e. parentheses expressing the speaker's attitude to the whole utterance. The basic aim of the research is to find out what constructions underlie these lexical units and what kind of reconstructions the latter undergo before they come to be used as disjuncts. The research is carried out in the framework of cognitive and transformational grammar. The results of the study allow us to state that lexical units of this type are the outcome of various kinds of reconstructions, which, in addition to ellipsis, include deletion, substitution, movement, expansion, etc. Each of these reconstructions generally recognized as compression defines a transformational step which the underlying structures take before obtaining their final form as single units. The paper also examines cases with some adjectives occurring in the initial position, which makes them identical to the respective adverbs functioning as disjuncts.

Slippery slope arguments imply opposition to change.

Slippery slope arguments (SSAs) of the form if A, then C describe an initial proposal (A) and a predicted, undesirable consequence of this proposal (C) (e.g., "If cannabis is ever legalized, then eventually cocaine will be legalized, too"). Despite SSAs being a common rhetorical device, there has been surprisingly little empirical research into their subjective evaluation and perception. Here, we present evidence that SSAs are interpreted as a form of consequentialist argument, inviting inferences about the speaker's (or writer's) attitudes. Study1 confirmed the common intuition that a SSA is perceived to be an argument against the initial proposal (A), whereas Study2 showed that the subjective strength of this inference relates to the subjective undesirability of the predicted consequences (C). Because arguments are rarely made out of context, in Studies 3 and 4 we examined how one important contextual factor, the speaker's known beliefs, influences the perceived coherence, strength, and persuasiveness of a SSA. Using an unobtrusive dependent variable (eye movements during reading), in Study3 we showed that readers are sensitive to the internal coherence between a speaker's beliefs and the implied meaning of the argument. Finally, Study4 revealed that this degree of internal coherence influences the perceived strength and persuasiveness of the argument. Together, these data indicate that SSAs are treated as a form of negative consequentialist argument. People infer that the speaker of a SSA opposes the initial proposal; therefore, SSAs are only perceived to be persuasive and conversationally relevant when the speaker's attitudes match this inference.

Types of Discourse Markers: Their Ethnocultural Diversity in Scientific Text

The paper aims to reveal the role of ethnolinguistic and discursive factors that determine the direction of discursive units’ functioning in an academic text. The issue is dealt with on the basis of academic texts in the German and Russian languages belonging to geological type of academic discourse. The following functional types of discursive markers (DMs) are distinguished: 1) the markers ensuring text coherence, 2) the markers disclosing a speaker's attitude to an utterance, and 3) the markers reflecting the process of interaction between the author and the reader. This article is devoted to consideration of the second group DMs. Comparative analysis of using DMsdiscloses specific ways of presenting academic knowledge and the influence of ethnolinguistic models of academic discourse organization on this variety.

MODALITAS KÖNNEN DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA JERMAN

This article is an introduction to the basic concept of using the modality ofk nnen 'can' in German sentences. The k nnen unit of modality functions to revealthe speaker's attitude and has the status of a verb modifier. Modality is divided infunction by some linguists into different areas like epistemic modality, modalitymarkingadverb, and deciderative and optative mode devices.On the basis of the results of a study conducted, it could be concluded thatthe modality unit of können 'can' in a sentence in German has the characteristics asfollows: (1) it is merely an attributive element in a verb phrase rather than a coreone so that if deleted the sentence remains grammatical, (2) its relation to any otherelement is loose in nature, and (3) its position is so firm that it cannot be permutatedwith any other element in a sentence. In addition, in sentences the können modalityvaries in meaning according to sentence context. The meaning expressed by thekönnen modality can be of possibility, ability, or permission.Keywords: the können modality

The grammatical reflexes of emphasis: Evidence from German wh-questions

This paper presents an examination of a non-information-structural notion of emphasis. We discuss word order options yielding non-truth-conditional effects that go beyond information structural interpretations by adding the evaluative dimension of speaker attitude to the meaning of an utterance. We introduce a new phenomenon in this context, namely cases of co-constituency of discourse particles and wh-elements in the left periphery of the clause. We argue that this construction shows several features of emphasis, and we substantiate our claim by a production experiment that investigates whether the construction shows some of the core characteristics of emotive speech.

Self-voice ‘-nikka’ in the Korean language

This study has investigated the interactional functions of the discourse marker -nikka in spoken Korean. When this marker is used at a sentence-final position, it exhibits non-referential meanings that play a significant role in verbal exchanges. Within discourse analysis, the study has examined how speakers express a particular attitude, through the use of this marker when quoting the speaker's own utterance. For a theoretical framework, the notion of ‘involvement’ has been used to describe the interactive nature of -nikka, by observing how the speakers use this marker to create interpersonal involvement in interaction. The current study reveals that, while this marker is used as a self-quotation in order to convey the speaker's own utterance as frequently used in casual conversations, -nikka displays different functions: hearer-oriented recollection, speaker-oriented recollection, and mutually understood recollection. By exploring these functions, this research sheds light towards understanding how the speaker's attitude is manifested through a particular discourse marker, and how that can have an influence on the hearer in interaction. Consequently, this is a clear demonstration of how language is not only a device to convey information or thoughts but also the speaker's expressive (‘affective’ or ‘emotive’) meanings. Furthermore, the findings in this study will contribute towards understanding particular functions of self-quotation in the Korean language.

Analogy-driven inter-categorial grammaticalization and (inter)subjectification of -na in Korean

Korean has a large number of polyfunctional particles and connectives. One peculiar form is -na, whose function, among others, is to mark the speaker's tepid attitude about the proposal or statement he or she is making. A historical survey suggests that the primary function of -na was largely to enumerate options, exemplars, etc. As the repetitive pattern gradually declined over time and thus a sentence pattern containing only a single -na-marked constituent evolved, the meaning of -na changed into a marker of non-specificity by implying that there are other options unmentioned. This notion of non-specificity was further subjectified into ‘tepidity’. The lack of compulsion associated with the form -na leads to its association with politeness strategies. Another significant functional divergence is its development into a sentence-final particle to mark the speaker's self-addressed question through a process of main-clause ellipsis. This monologual interrogative marker -na as a verbal morpheme is used to show that the speaker is (still) exploratory about a state of affairs, and thus to mark the speaker's cognitive non-definiteness and indecision. This, in turn, triggers the functional extension to politeness marking. An analysis of the historical data reveals that the functional spread involved analogical reasoning based on structural and functional similarity.

Explicitation patterns in English-Chinese consecutive interpreting: Differences between professional and trainee interpreters

The present study attempts to explore features of explicitation in interpreting by conducting an experiment in which 12 professional and 12 trainee interpreters were invited to carry out English-Chinese (E-C) consecutive interpreting (CI). All the explicitation shifts have been identified through a comparison between the original speech and the interpretations. The study has found 10 different forms of explicitations in E-C CI and summarized four motivations behind them. Features of explicitation found in the study include: (1) half of the explicitations are related to the experiential information; (2) most explicitations are adopted for clarification; and (3) explicitations to make up for interpreters' insufficient competence are common in E-C CI. In addition, the two groups also differ from each other in their explicitation patterns in the following aspects: (1) professional interpreters make considerably more explicitations than trainee interpreters, especially explicitations for clarification; (2) trainee interpreters make more explicitations as strategies to make up for the loss of information in their interpreting; and (3) professionals tend to emphasize the speaker's attitude through the addition of intensifiers more often than their trainee counterparts.

The meaning and interpretation of the Serbian discourse marker BRE

Bre is a word whose origin is neither exclusively tied to the Serbian language, nor is it even derived from the elements of the South Slavic languages. Nonetheless, it has come to serve as a most prominent typically Serbian linguistic item to the extent that a number of people in the social networks in Serbia (e.g. Facebook) have been signed in with the discourse marker bre between the first and the last names, in the place of the middle name (e.g. Jovan Bre Marković).This “small” bre (as Kapor (1989:9) would qualify it with the Serbian adjective malo) – inconspicuous, as it were – has a potential of an important accompaniment to the tune of a Serbian expression, to use a music metaphor. This has presented us with a challenge worthy of a deeper investigation: bre, clearly, contributes to the meaning of an utterance in which it occurs, but the question is what kind of contribution.Working within the relevance-theoretic framework (Sperber and Wilson, 1986/95; Blakemore, 2002; Carston, 2002), we explore the issue of how this discourse marker contributes to the relevance of its host utterance. We conduct our analysis around the cognitive semantic distinction between conceptual and procedural types of meaning and the pragmatic distinction between explicitly and implicitly communicated assumptions by the speaker's utterance.Basing our findings on a corpus collected from Serbian newspapers and magazines as well as face-to-face exchanges, we conclude that bre is a procedural constraint on the construction of a higher-level explicature which expresses a speaker's particular attitude to the addressee.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONDITIONALS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF CHINESE YAOSHI AND YAOBUSHI IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN DISCOURSE *

This study explores Mandarin Chinese yaoshi and yaobushi constructions in both spoken and written discourse from the perspective of grammaticalization. Although the conditional markers yaoshi and yaobuhsi seem antonymous, there are some asymmetries between them in conditional constructions. Adopting a synchronic approach, this study discusses the semantic-pragmatic uses of yaoshi and yaobushi. In addition, we also show their semantic development from the propositional domain, to the textual domain, and from there to the expressive domain, viz. a semantic development whereby the meanings of the lexical items change from less to more situated in the speaker's mental belief and attitude. By investigating the development of yaoshi and yaobushi, we can describe more accurately their various usages in contemporary Chinese and explain the asymmetries between their uses in conditionals. It is concluded in this study that the differences in their grammaticalization, subjectification and intersubjectification included, influence not only their occurrences in conditionals but also their pragmatic functions in discourse.

Étude de l’adverbe spécialement en tant que focalisateur événementiel

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar los diferentes usos que spécialement es susceptible de presentar en el discurso. Para ello, nos situamos en el marco de estudio de la semántica argumentativa según el cual la aplicación de una serie de criterios muestra que esta unidad posee dos rasgos principales: uno paradigmático, otro eventivo. Estos dos rasgos dan lugar a dos estrategias discursivas distintas según que spécialement focalice la predicación en tanto que evento o bien que modifique un constituyente preciso de esta. Cuando opera como focalizador de evento causa un efecto pragmático que consiste en la expresión directa de la actitud subjetiva por parte del hablante.

Visual analysis of online social media to open up the investigation of stance phenomena.

Online social media are a perfect text source for stance analysis. Stance in human communication is concerned with speaker attitudes, beliefs, feelings and opinions. Expressions of stance are associated with the speakers' view of what they are talking about and what is up for discussion and negotiation in the intersubjective exchange. Taking stance is thus crucial for the social construction of meaning. Increased knowledge of stance can be useful for many application fields such as business intelligence, security analytics, or social media monitoring. In order to process large amounts of text data for stance analyses, linguists need interactive tools to explore the textual sources as well as the processed data based on computational linguistics techniques. Both original texts and derived data are important for refining the analyses iteratively. In this work, we present a visual analytics tool for online social media text data that can be used to open up the investigation of stance phenomena. Our approach complements traditional linguistic analysis techniques and is based on the analysis of utterances associated with two stance categories: sentiment and certainty. Our contributions include (1) the description of a novel web-based solution for analyzing the use and patterns of stance meanings and expressions in human communication over time; and (2) specialized techniques used for visualizing analysis provenance and corpus overview/navigation. We demonstrate our approach by means of text media on a highly controversial scandal with regard to expressions of anger and provide an expert review from linguists who have been using our tool.

The Esthetic Possibilities of Onomatopoeias in Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry

The artistic imagery of a poetic work synthesizes the visual and audible component in its intonation dimension. This will significantly enlarge the volume of esthetic information, together with the speaker's emotional attitude which is able to suggest an image expressed in a poem to a reader. To reach the proper acoustic effect, poets use the ideophones (or onomatopoeias) and puns connected with them to create either overt or latent metaphors, constructing the image of a sounding thing or entity. This way the poet can concentrate any audible element to 'a point within an idiom,' activating the imagination and artistic thinking of a poem's addressee.

クチコミ発信による対象評価や記憶の変容

近年、企業はターゲット層に向けて大量のサンプル配布や試用イベントを行ったり、記者発表会と並行してアルファ・ブロガー向け商品説明会を開催したりしている。商品を提供することで消費者の認知や商品理解を高めることに加え、対面あるいはソーシャルメディアを用いて使用後の感想が広まることを期待してのことである。クチコミマーケティングを実践する企業の関心は、潜在顧客である情報受信者の態度や行動に対してプラス影響を及ぼすことにある。したがって、クチコミ研究の多くは受信者に及ぶ影響に焦点をあてたもので、発信者におよぶ影響には注意が払われてこなかった。そこで本研究では、クチコミマーケティングで目指されるポジティブなクチコミを語る行為が、発信者の評価や行動や記憶に与える影響を明らかにすることを目的とする。口述・記述することで理解（センス・メイキング）が進み、既存の知識や経験で解釈が可能になると、対象の新奇性や驚きが薄れ、発信者の対象に対する評価やクチコミ意向は時間の経過の中で低下する（仮説 1・2）。またクチコミの骨格に沿った情報が限定的に処理されるため、記憶される内容は正確だが限定的である（仮説 3・4）といった仮説を設定し、実験データを用いて検証したところ、仮説は支持された。顧客維持の観点から、発信者に及ぶ影響を考慮したマーケティング計画の策定が重要であることが示された。

Exploring the role of conventionality in children's interpretation of ironic remarks.

Irony comprehension in seven- and eight-year-old children with typically developing language skills was explored under the framework of the graded salience hypothesis. Target ironic remarks, either conventional or novel/situation-specific, were presented following brief story contexts. Children's responses to comprehension questions were used to determine their understanding of the components of irony: speaker meaning, speaker attitude, and speaker intent. It was hypothesized that conventional remarks would be easier to comprehend than novel/situation-specific remarks because they are more likely to be familiar to the children. Results indicated that children demonstrated better comprehension of speaker meaning for conventional remarks than for novel/situation-specific remarks but no significant differences were found for inferring speaker attitude or speaker intent.

The position of adverbials in the sentence. A comparison between German and Brazilian Portuguese

This paper analyses the syntactic behaviour of non-clausal adverbials in German and Brazilian Portuguese in a comparative perspective. Six classes of adverbials are examined, whose semantic functions reach from the description of the state of affairs to the description of the speaker's attitude. On the whole, the syntax of adverbials shows great similarity in the two languages. In German, there seems to be a somewhat stronger tendency towards syntactic integration of adverbials, whereas Portuguese offers more possibilities of syntactically disintegrated uses.