Attitude Of Speaker Research Articles

The prosodic marking of rhetorical questions in Standard Chinese

The present study investigates the prosody of information-seeking (ISQs) and rhetorical questions (RQs) in Standard Chinese, in polar and wh-questions. Like in other languages, ISQs and RQs in Standard Chinese can have the same surface structure, allowing for a direct prosodic comparison between illocution types (ISQ vs RQ). Since Standard Chinese has lexical tone, the use of f0 as a cue to illocution type may be restricted. We investigate the prosodic differences between ISQs and RQs as well as the interplay of prosodic cues to RQs. In terms of f0, results showed that RQs were lower in f0, with the f0 range on the first word being expanded followed by f0 compression. RQs were further longer in duration and more often realized with non-modal voice quality (glottalized voice) as compared to ISQs. These prosodic cues were largely manipulated in tandem (illocutionary pairs with larger durational differences also showed larger differences in mean f0; voice quality, in turn, seemed to be an additional cue). We suggest three possible explanations (assertive force, focus, speaker attitude) that unite the present findings on RQs in Standard Chinese with the findings on RQs in other, non-tonal languages.

Indefiniteness, interrogativity, and speaker stance: Insights from the extended uses of ‘what’-words in Chaozhou

This paper examines how ‘what’-words extend from referential to non-referential uses, with special attention to their extensions from indefinite and interrogative pronominal uses to negative attitudinal uses. Using conversational data from Jieyang Chaozhou, a Sinitic language, this study examines the attitudinal uses of ‘what’-words ▪, ▪, ▪, and ▪ along two grammaticalization pathways. Along the indefiniteness pronoun pathway, all four ‘what’-words have developed placeholding functions, with ▪ and ▪ also recruited in the formation of attitudinal constructions (e.g. ▪ ‘so whatchamacallit’, which could express either a positive or negative speaker attitude depending on the inferred meaning of placeholder ▪). Along the interrogative pronoun pathway, in addition to the frequent use of ▪ as a mirativity marker, the ‘what’-words ▪, ▪, and ▪ have also evolved attitudinal marking functions, typically negative in tone and often used to express the speaker's annoyance, dismissiveness and challenge toward someone, something, some event or some state of affairs raised in the prior speech turn. Crucially, this study sheds light on the intimate relationship between indefiniteness, interrogativity and speaker stance, with both indefinite and interrogative uses of ‘what’-words often interacting to form attitudinal constructions with stronger negative overtones.

BMT-Net: Broad Multitask Transformer Network for Sentiment Analysis.

Sentiment analysis uses a series of automated cognitive methods to determine the author's or speaker's attitudes toward an expressed object or text's overall emotional tendencies. In recent years, the growing scale of opinionated text from social networks has brought significant challenges to humans' sentimental tendency mining. The pretrained language model designed to learn contextual representation achieves better performance than traditional learning word vectors. However, the existing two basic approaches for applying pretrained language models to downstream tasks, feature-based and fine-tuning methods, are usually considered separately. What is more, different sentiment analysis tasks cannot be handled by the single task-specific contextual representation. In light of these pros and cons, we strive to propose a broad multitask transformer network (BMT-Net) to address these problems. BMT-Net takes advantage of both feature-based and fine-tuning methods. It was designed to explore the high-level information of robust and contextual representation. Primarily, our proposed structure can make the learned representations universal across tasks via multitask transformers. In addition, BMT-Net can roundly learn the robust contextual representation utilized by the broad learning system due to its powerful capacity to search for suitable features in deep and broad ways. The experiments were conducted on two popular datasets of binary Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2) and SemEval Sentiment Analysis in Twitter (Twitter). Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the improved representation with both deep and broad ways is shown to achieve a better F1 -score of 0.778 in Twitter and accuracy of 94.0% in the SST-2 dataset, respectively. These experimental results demonstrate the abilities of recognition in sentiment analysis and highlight the significance of previously overlooked design decisions about searching contextual features in deep and broad spaces.

Aesthetics in Styles and Variation: A Fresh Flavor

Speaker attitudes, ascriptions, qualia, and other forms of overt aesthetic commentary function as constraints on language and culture and are central to sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Despite the importance of aesthetics, sociolinguists studying variation and change have largely shied away from the topic. This review suggests that covert aesthetic evaluations play a role in variation and change. We draw on non-Western approaches to aesthetics ( rasa and “everyday aesthetics”) that emphasize the interplay between receiver and the aesthetic stimulus. We present two case studies. One, from fieldwork on Nkep (an Oceanic language spoken in Vanuatu), draws attention to the way aesthetic factors seem to slow language change. The other, from fieldwork on Spanish in California, shows how aesthetic evaluations of linguistic features facilitate the transfer of variation in a situation of language contact.

Proximal and distal terms in Persian interactions: an integrative approach

This study examines the use of proximal and distal deictic terms in Persian interactions to determine the cause of their paradoxical behavior in certain contexts of situations. It adopts an integrative (i.e., cognitive-interactive) approach to investigate both interactional and (inter)subjective aspects of deictic practice. The analysis of 184 different Persian interactions reveals that although the relative congruity and egocentricity can account for many canonical uses of proximal and distal terms, such an egocentric approach cannot handle the paradoxical uses of such deictic terms. We then propose that based on the ongoing interaction, any deictic act is governed by three main interactional factors, namely the focus of interaction, the information status of the object of reference (e.g. the speaker's mind, the addressee's consciousness, and the unfolding discourse), and the speaker's attitude towards the referent. In addition, it is argued that interactional factors themselves are regulated by the speaker's (inter)subjective thought/belief state. This indicates that interaction and (inter)subjectivity – as key concepts – satisfactorily explain paradoxical uses of proximal and distal terms in Persian.

On the evolution of a multifunctional discourse marker: A Discourse Grammar analysis of Korean com

Based on the Discourse Grammar framework, this study investigates what mechanisms are deployed in the rise of Korean DM com. The development of DM com involves two distinct mechanisms, namely grammaticalization and cooptation proposed by Heine et al. (2013a,b, 2020, 2021). More specifically, the rise of DM com involves the following three major stages: early grammaticalization leading from the diminutive quantifying noun cyekoma ‘a little (bit)’ to the adverb com ‘a little’ via phonological erosion, followed by cooptation whereby the coopted unit com is deployed as a discourse marker (DM), and finally late grammaticalization whereby the use of DM com is extended to new contexts inviting new discourse functions. The DM com is employed in various contexts including making polite requests, toning down assertions in potentially face-threatening situations, expressing negative emotions, and representing the speaker's playful engagement in seemingly impolite exchanges (e.g. banter and mock-disputes). Our analysis highlights a pivotal phase, which Heine refers to as ‘cooptation’, whereby lexical uses of com as quantifying noun and adverbial are redeployable for pragmatic uses as discourse markers expressing speaker attitude. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how quantifying nouns can also evolve into speaker stance markers.

On the Discourse Functions of “nar de hua”

The non-interrogative usage of interrogative pronouns is a common phenomenon across languages which has been noticed for many years. However, there is still much room for the investigation of constructions related to the noninterrogative use of interrogative pronouns. From the interactional perspective, this paper discusses the distribution of the discourse marker “nar de hua” in dialogue, and explores its discourse function, forming mechanism as well as motivation. According to the different semantic intensities of negative assessment in a specific context, the discourse functions of “nar de hua” can be summarized as a continuum: accident, reminder, disaffirmation, refutation and reprimand. In addition, “nar de hua” is often used as a polite expression to express the speaker's modest attitude or respect for others. The negative orientation of “nar de hua” is mainly driven by subjectivity, and it is still in a dynamic development process from doubt to negation.

Cursed Concepts: New insights on combinatorial processing from ERP correlates of swearing in context

Expressives (damn) convey speaker attitude and when used in context (Tom lost the damn dog) can be flexibly applied locally to the noun (dog) or globally to the whole sentence (the situation). We used ERPs to explore brain responses to expressives in sentences. Participants read expressive, descriptive, and pseudoword adjectives followed by nouns in sentences (The damn/black/flerg dog peed on the couch). At the adjective late-positivity-component (LPC), expressives and descriptives showed no difference, suggesting reduced social threat and that readers employ a ‘wait-and-see’ strategy to interpret expressives. Nouns preceded by expressives elicited a larger frontal P200, as well as reduced N400 and LPC than nouns preceded by descriptives. We associated the frontal P200 with emotional salience, the frontal N400 with mental imagery, and the LPC with cognitive load for combinatorics. We suggest that expressive adjectives are not bound to conceptual integration and conclude that parsers wait-and-see what is being damned.

A Study of the Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy From the Perspective of Appraisal Theory

An Inaugural Address is a speech made by a speaker when he or she assumes a new position, stating his or her position, views and policies in light of domestic and international political and economic situations. Based on Martin's Appraisal Theory, this paper mainly uses the three subsystems of Appraisal Theory: Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation to explore and analyze the evaluative devices in Kennedy's Inaugural Address and its expression of the speaker's views and attitudes, and to fully reveal the reasons for the enduring popularity of this speech.

Discourse markers within sentence grammar: Further evidence from ʕaad in Jordanian Arabic

This article investigates the discourse functions of ʕaad in Jordanian Arabic (JA), based on a naturally occurring corpus which consists of 20 sociolinguistic interviews with 60 participants. Upon analysing all occurrences of ʕaad in the corpus, we propose that ʕaad is a discourse marker that provides supplementary information that relates the speaker's attitude (i.e., disagreement) to the proposition expressed by the host sentence. Additionally, this article offers a syntactic account of this discourse marker arguing that its distribution (and interpolation) can be syntactically captured. The syntactic analysis is based on the notion of grounding (Wiltschko and Heim, 2016; Thoma, 2016; Wiltschko, 2017a, 2017b). We essentially argue that the marker ʕaad heads the so-called Speaker-oriented Ground Phrase, following its main function in expressing the commitment that the speaker displays towards the proposition rather than asking the addressee for a request of how to respond to the utterance. In so doing, this article adds credence to proposals under which discourse markers can be incorporated within sentence grammar with no need for an extra level of grammar representation (see Potts, 2005; de Vries, 2012; Wiltschko and Heim, 2016).

Риторика: актуальное слово в коммуникативной ситуации текущего времени

Based on the corpus of statements recorded in the Integrum database (https://www.integrum.ru), the article examines the actual meanings of the rhetoric lexeme, diagnosing the communicative situation at the current time (the chronological frame of the sample: 2021 - the first half of 2022). The analysis is based on the I.A. Sternin's works in the field of lexicology and communication theory. It has been established that the difference between rhetoric as a fundamental science and false rhetoric, or manipulative technologies of speech influence perceived by the Russian community, testifies to the enduring importance of the Russian, first of all, classical rhetoric. There preserved the primary systemic meaning of the analyzed word, fixed by the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, “the Science of Oratory”. Communicatively relevant actual meanings make it possible to clarify the formed secondary meaning: rhetoric is “insubstantial public speech, characterized by excessive rigidity and aggressiveness.” The reflexively evaluating perception of public speech, taking into account the scope of its functioning, mental originality, the presence / absence of the speaker's strategic attitude, allows fixing the pain points of the communicative situation at the current time.

Judgement Modality In The Editorials Of The Epoch Times Newspaper

The purpose of this study was to determine the type of epistemic modality most frequently used and also to determine the speaker's attitude towards his editorial. The level of editorial confidence in the written editorial can be seen by looking at the use of verb modals which is epistemic modality. The writer assesses modality based on qualitatif method to describe the speaker’s attitude and quantitative to determine the type of modality that is the most often used. The data collection procedure was sourced from newspaper and used 43 editorial texts as the research sample. The results of this study found that the type of epistemic modality most often used was the assumptive type which reached 61,8%. The second is the speculative type with a percentage of 26,4%. The third is deductive type with a percentage of 8,9%. And the fourth is concessive type with a percentage of 2,9%. Apart from that, this study also found that the speaker's attitude was doubtful about his proposition when based only on possible conclusions. The speaker's attitude is confident in his proposition when it is based on a sound conclusion. The speaker's attitude of being confident and believing what is necessity to do is based on the only possible conclusion. And the speaker predicts something to be true when the speaker has evidence that contrasts with the proposition.

Beyond negation: “Not” as evaluation and speech-act trigger in Mandarin Chinese negative markers

Beyond canonical negation, Chinese negators do not alter the truth condition of the negated expression under certain conditions, a phenomenon traditionally referred to as redundant negation in Mandarin Chinese. The aim of the study is two-fold. While adopting and extending the notion of evaluative negation (EN) first proposed by Yoon (2011), I elaborate on the mechanism underlying the semantics and pragmatics of EN within the framework of evaluation and speech-act theory. Then I go further to explore the evaluative properties inherent in Chinese negative markers by analyzing the distribution and licensing conditions of EN. I propose that this logically vacuous negation is in fact semantically meaningful in that it has an evaluative force encoded by negators to presuppose the speaker's attitudes or psychological states as to the expressed proposition. Moreover, the presence of the so-called redundant negators has its pragmatic contribution. Together, the observations and analysis in this study will make effective contributions to a better understanding of the rationale and occurrences of EN cross-linguistically. Findings in this study also have implications for both L2-Chinese learners and instructors.

Is free enrichment always free? Revisiting ad hoc-concept construction

In relevance-theoretic pragmatics, lexical adjustment, or ad hoc-concept construction, is considered a case of free pragmatic enrichment. It is hence included within the group of non-linguistically mandated processes that are automatically carried out during comprehension. Its output is an inferentially-specified representation of the conceptual content encoded, or activated, by open-class words like nouns, adjectives, verbs or adverbs. Ad hoc-concept construction is a necessary step to obtain a fully propositional, truth-evaluable form that captures in a more precise manner the portion of meaning that the speaker communicates explicitly. However, this paper argues that this lexical pragmatic process needs not always be described as completely exempt from linguistic mandate: it may sometimes be enacted and steered by a series of linguistic elements. These fall within two categories: (i) the evaluative morphemes that some lexical items may receive in some languages, and (ii) lexical and phrasal items adjacent to content words. These elements would finetune the representations arising from content words as regards more specific, contextdependent features or shades. Moreover, they could add to such representations information about the speaker's attitude towards, or stance about, what the speakers refer to. Therefore, that information needs not always be derived as implicatures.

Kosakata Pinjaman dalam Pemakaian Bahasa Bali pada Mingguan Bali Orti di Koran Bali Post Edisi Januari-Juni Tahun 2018

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Use of loan vocabulary from other language especially, English in Balinese language become important to be studied at this time. Some of the English loan vocabulary actually equivqlences in Balinese language. The use of loan vocabulary certainly has an impact in the attitude of Balinese speaker. In this research the researcher reviewing: 1) kinds of English the loan vocabulary in Balinese language; 2) The factor causing loan vocabulary; 3) the attitude of Balinese speaker towards the loan vocabulary. Relating to the kinds the loan vocabulary are classified into two: 1) based on the levelof frequency and extent of usage they are devided into two kinds, that is speech loans for example: now, discontinue, net control, and example language loan: outbond, modern; 2) based of factor causing loan devided into two are loands need example: now, spiritual, discontinue, instrument. Furthermore, the factor that cause the occurrence of English loan vocabulary are caused by three factors, such as: 1) the borrower does not find an equvqlent word in the Balinese language; 2) expressive power of lost word; 3) difference in certain social values in the language involved. Then relating to the attitude of the language of Balinese speakers declarethem selves to be positive toward Balinese language, but the people also received the entry of loan vocabulary from English in the use of Balinese language. </span></p></div></div></div>

Deteção de linguagem tendenciosa em decisões judiciais

The linguistic expression of subjectivity is a complex phenomenon that has been the object of reflection by several sub-areas of Linguistics and, more recently, of Computational Linguistics. Linguistic subjectivity, in terms of the linguistic expression of the speaker's opinions and attitudes, affects all levels of discourse organization and is present, to different degrees, in diverse textual genres. Subjectivity and bias are connected, in the sense that the presence of bias in discourse has been related, both in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics, to the occurrence of signs of subjectivity.
 Court decisions are an argumentative text genre that may convey traces of subjectivity but should not be biased. As a discourse that represents the State’s position on social matters, it should reflect the principle of Equality. Nonetheless, a preliminary analysis of cases of gender violence reveals that this is not always the case. The research proposed in this paper aims to study the linguistic formulations that convey subjectivity and bias in court decisions on gender violence against women. The goal is to develop a linguistic model to detect these instances of bias, with a future possibility of application in a tool for automatic detection of gender bias in discourse, fueled by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. A corpus of court decisions on gender violence has been extracted from the public access database of Instituto de Gestão Financeira e Equipamentos da Justiça (IGFEJ), and has been subject to analysis. A set of examples has been compiled in the analytical section of this study, demonstrating the possibility of connecting certain linguistic features, such as mitigation and intensification mechanisms, evidential expressions and counter-argumentative movements, to the presence of subjectivity and bias in discourse.

ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ОДОБРЕНИЯ- ПОХВАЛЫ И НЕОДОБРЕНИЯ-НЕДОВОЛЬСТВА В КОНКРЕТНОЙ РЕЧЕВОЙ СИТУАЦИИ

This article examines the basics of linguistic research of linguistic means expressing various speech actions of approval-praise; disapproval-discontent. Approval-praise and disapproval-discontent have linguistic and non-linguistic basis. The phenomenon is caused by the human psyche on the basis of a linguistic society, evaluating the actions of another person, certain social relations, institutions and other processes that take place within a given linguistic society. In the phenomenon of approval-praise and disapproval- discontent, the speaker's own attitude is manifested. The notions of “approval-praise” and “disapproval-discontent” are among similar other psycholinguistic phenomena: promise, consent, objection, request, demand, advice, recommendation, warning, prohibition, threat, participation, sympathy, encouragement.

A Comparative Study of the Korean Adjunct Mwel ‘What’ and Its Chinese Counterpart

Many languages use the wh-word to produce negative speaker attitude in the negative wh- construction. In this case, the constructions do not get an interrogative reading. The Korean mwel can be used not only as an argument but also as an adjunct. When mwel is used as an adjunct, the construction mainly expresses the speaker’s negative attitude. In this paper, we investigate how the Korean adjunct mwel expresses emphatic negative force, compared with its Chinese counterpart shenme ‘what’ (Cheung 2008; Dong and Jin 2019; Lau and Tsai 2020; Pan 2014; Yang 2008; among others). Following Rizzi (1997, 1999, 2004), we have argued that the adjuncts mwel and shenme should move to ForceP of the left periphery of CP in order to appropriately derive the speaker’s negative force.

Analisis Modalitas Pada Cerpen Isshunboushi

Linguistics studies language as a means of communication. Communication is not limited to verbal speech but also written ones, such as remarks available in short stories. This means that modalities in a short story can be a valid object to be researched. Modality is a marker that expresses a speaker's attitude towards a proposition as well as towards an interlocutor. This research aims to determine modalities used in the short story of Issunboushi. Data is gathered by library research technique, meanwhile analysis method used is qualitative descriptive by observation and note-taking technique. As a result, there are 7 types of modality that can be found, such as irai, ishi, setsumei, meirei, ganbou, hikyou, and gaigen. These modalities' usage are related to context and settings presented in the story.

A Study of Modality as a Stylistic Approach in the Analysis of Awareness of Iraqi EFL University Students

It was noted that normativity constitutes one of the basic areas in linguistics, especially in stylistics. The complexities of multiple meanings and the uses of regular verbs in their various functions posed a real challenge for students learning English as a foreign language. Normative refers to the speaker's attitude and responses, which range from desire to obligation, duty, and certainty or uncertainty regarding the likelihood of the proposed meaning of the utterance. The current study investigates the role of teaching standard verbs as a stylistic approach in strengthening the performance and awareness of Iraqi students learning English as a foreign language in the Department of English - University of Kufa. The study attempts to answer the following questions: 1) To what extent can students learning English as a foreign language master and distinguish standard verbs at all levels of production and recognition. 2) To what extent are methods of teaching standard verbs in relation to their function and context effective in enhancing the ability of students learning English in learning and communication. 3) Show the grammatical and semantic properties of standard verbs and how students can identify their function and uses