Spawning Process Research Articles

Fator de condição relativo e hematologia de reprodutores de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

Objetivou-se avaliar o fator relativo de condição relativo e os parâmetros hematológicos de machos e fêmeas de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus após o processo de indução hormonal e desova. Foi realizada pesquisa de campo, com medidas quantitativas e qualitativas em que foram avaliados 30 peixes saudáveis, coletados aleatoriamente, sendo 14 fêmeas e 16 machos. Procedeu-se então uma coleta de sangue para análise dos seguintes parâmetros: hematócrito, proteína plasmática total, número de eritrócitos, hemoglobina, índices hematimétricos, volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM). Contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos e trombócitos e a glicose plasmática também foram determinadas. O fator de condição foi semelhante para ambos os sexos, com valores próximos a 1. A proteína plasmática total e o número de neutrófilos circulantes foram maiores nas fêmeas (P<0,05). Os demais parâmetros permaneceram inalterados. Essas diferenças constituem uma resposta de adaptação ao manejo. Todos os valores foram próximos aos relatados anteriormente para o pacu, P. mesopotamicus, em condições de higidez no sistema de cultivo intensivo, indicando que processo de indução e desova não causa prejuízos ao bem-estar dos peixes a ponto de desencadear alterações no fator de condição e parâmetros hematológicos.

Study on the Development of Spiral babylonia snail Tiger Snail Juvenil Eggs (Babylonia spirata Linnaeus, 1758) in the Laboratory

Several marine gastropods are known to have high economic value, one of which is the Spiral babylonia snail. They commonly exploited for meat, shell, or operculum. Tiger snail meat is commonly exported and consumed by fishermen. Its shell is used as a material for industrial lime and for omamen. Operculum is commonly used as a medicinal and perfume ingredient). However, the recent production has decreased due to the limited information of seasonal catch. One way to overcome these obstacles is through culture activities. The provision of seeds is an important link in the culture system, therefore the study of the spawning process and larval development is an important requirement for the development of larval rearing techniques. This study aims to determine the development process of juvenil eggs and the survival rate of tiger snails reared in the laboratory.. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Marine Farm Subdivision in Kudus, Pt Pura Bahari, Jepara Regency. This sudy used experimental method with descriptive data analysis. Adult tiger snails were caught from Bunga waters, Demak. The snails were reared in a rectangular tube filled with 15 cm filtered sea water and 5 cm of sand. Egg capsules were reared in a 4 liters circular tube with continuous aeration. The hatched larvae were reared in a 300 liters circular tube filled with filtered seawater, continuously aerated and fed with Chlorella plankton . Our result showed that tiger snails spawn naturally and produce egg capsules. The incubation period for the capsule is 6 days, then develop into veliger larva for 12 days. The veliger larvae metamorphosed,and become juvenil. The lowest survival rate observed in the veliger stage. The survival rate of the egg and the intracapsular trochopore stages were quite high (tube I = 98.413%; tube II = 98.238%; tube III = 90.476%), then the lowest was in the veliger stage (tube I = 3,468%; tube II = 2.603%; tube III = 2,598%) and the juvenil stage is quite high compared to the previous phase (tube I = 3,413%; tube II = 2,479%; tube III = 2,351%).

The effect of concrete tanks for the breeding technique of the sand sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra)

Sea cucumber are one of the Echinodermata type that have nutritional value in high protein content and as the sea of commodities with high economical value. The attempts to Obtain sea cucumber are Increasingly declining. Based on the review above, it is noticed that the cultivation of sea cucumber are needed to fulfill the needs of the market and restore the wild population. Sand sea cucumber breeding begins with the preparation of the broodstock rearing media, the availability preparation of the broodstock, water quality management, the broodstock feeding, the broodstock selection for high quality broodstock, conducting the artificial spawning using the method of temperature shock, egg incubation, hatching egg, and the larval rearing. The larvae were fed using the phytoplankton Chaetoceros sp. with a feeding frequency of once per day. The water quality parameters measured include temperature, DO, pH and salinity. The obstacles that were found on the sand sea cucumber breeding is the difficulty of getting the high quality of the broodstock, so the egg produced from spawning process are limited.

Growth performance and survival rate of Boeseman’s rainbowfish (Melanotaenia boesemani) in natural spawning technique at Depok, West Java, Indonesia

Boeseman’s rainbowfish is an endemic ornamental fish from Papua. This fish is popular because of its beauty and uniqueness. Problems that occur in rainbow fish farming are low growth rates and high mortality rates in the larvae stage. The purpose of this research is to analyze the growth performance and survival rate of Boeseman’s rainbowfish. This research was conducted at BRBIH Depok, West Java, on December 17, 2018, until January 17, 2019. The technique is used was natural spawning technique. In this technique used aquarium containers and fiberglass tanks. Maintenance of the parent is done by feeding Chironomus sp. twice a day. The parent selection is carried out before the spawning process. The results of spawning for 20 days had a fertilization rate of 91.47 % and a hatching rate of 86.12%. Growth monitoring results of the average growth rate were 0.0031 g/day, the specific growth rate was 0.013 – 0.095 %bb/day and the survival rate of larvae was 47.24%.

A multidisciplinary analytical framework to delineate spawning areas and quantify larval dispersal in coastal fish

Assessing larval dispersal is essential to understand the structure and dynamics of marine populations. However, knowledge about early-life dispersal is sparse, and so is our understanding of the spawning process, perhaps the most obscure component of biphasic life cycles. Indeed, poorly known species-specific spawning modality and species-specific early-life traits, as well as the high spatio-temporal variability of the oceanic circulation experienced during larval drift, hamper our ability to appraise the realized connectivity of coastal fishes. Here, we propose an analytical framework which combines Lagrangian modelling, network theory, otolith analyses and biogeographical information to pinpoint and characterize larval sources which are then grouped into discrete spawning areas. Such well-delineated larval sources allow improving the quantitative evaluations of both dispersal scales and connectivity patterns. To illustrate its added value, our approach is applied to two case-studies focusing on Diplodus sargus and Diplodus vulgaris in the Adriatic sea. We evidence robust correlations between otolith geochemistry and modelled spawning areas to assess their relative importance for the larval replenishment of the Apulian coast. Our results show that, contrary to D. sargus, D. vulgaris larvae originate from both eastern and western Adriatic shorelines. Our findings also suggest that dispersal distances and dispersal surfaces scale differently with the pelagic larval duration. Furthermore, 30.8% of D. sargus larvae and 23.6% of D. vulgaris larvae of the Apulian populations originate from Marine protected area (MPA), exemplifying larval export from MPAs to surrounding unprotected areas. This flexible multidisciplinary framework, which can be adjusted to any coastal fish and oceanic system, exploits the explanatory power of a dispersal model, fine-tuned and backed-up by observations, to provide more reliable scientific basis for the management and conservation of marine ecosystems.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL USAHA BUDI DAYA IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus) DI KOLAM TERPAL DAN KOLAM PERMANEN PADA UD. REPUBLIK LELE KABUPATEN KEDIRI

The purpose of the study was to analyze the financial feasibility of Clarias gareipinus cultivation in tarpaulin ponds and permanent ponds UD. Republik Lele in Kediri Regency, East Java. The method used is the analysis of profit-loss calculations using the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net B / C Ratio, Pay Back Period (PBP), and Break Event Point (BEP). The results of the study show that. The results showed that the stages of catfish cultivation included the process of spawning, catfish egg hatching, seed grading, and the augmentation process. Spread density in permanent ponds of 500 seedlings / m2, tarpaulin ponds of 450 seedlings / m2 as a whole the business of profitable catfish cultivation, with an average net pool profit of Rp. 23,918,347 / cycle / pond and tarpaulin pool Rp. 19,005,054 / pool / cycle. Based on the analysis of financial feasibility of permanent ponds and tarpaulins in a row generate (NPV) Rp. Rp 5,975,446,295 and Rp 1,645,894,923 (IRR) of 17.62% and 10.57%, (PBP) for 3 years and 3 years 9 months, Net B / C Ratio of 1.20 and 1.19, and (BEP) in the amount of Rp. 11,082,314,678 and Rp. 8,238,792,702/year. This business is feasible to be developed.
 Keywords: financial feasibility, tarpaulin pool, permanent pond, catfish

Combination effects human chorionic gonadotropin hormon and ovaprim distribution on the time latency, percentage of fertilization, hatching and survival of silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) larve fish

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) hormone has roles in inducing maturation, ovulation and fish spawning. Ovaprim is a reproductive hormone product that can stimulate the ovulation process and fish spawning. HCG hormone in marineculture is widely used for spawning fish with doses at around 1000 IU and 2 times of injections. This research was aimed to determine the effect of the combination of hCG and ovaprim hormone on spawning and figure the best treatment in inducing the spawning process of silver pompano. The method used four treatments: hCG x hCG, hCG x ovaprim, ovaprim x hCG, and ovaprim x ovaprim with three replicates of fish spawning (1 pair of parent fish). The best result in accelerating spawning latency time is ovaprim x ovaprim treatment and best performance is hCG x ovaprim treatment.

Pemanfaatan Lahan Sempit Sebagai Tempat Budidaya Ikan Cupang di Mertasinga, Cilacap

Betta splendens is an ornamental fish of economic value, this fish has the excellence color, fight instinct, and short life cycle. Betta fish into the category is easy to cultivate (narrow field). Betta splendens are one of 70 species of betta fish (Betta sp.) experienced breeding. The process begin several characters from body color, size and fin shape for ornamental and fight purposes. This potential can be implemented and developed to new breeders in members of breeder cilacap community, so as to improve the quality and quantity of betta fish. Existing problems i.e., how to optimize the unproductive narrow land more productive narrow land for the cultivation of betta fish and addition knowledges of betta cultivation, especially new breeders. This program 2 groups of citizens and 1 group of students. The solution provided, i.e., discussion about prospect of betta cultivation and focused training starting from selection of broodstock, process of breeding, egg and larvae breeding and feeding. The results from this activity is the use of land for the cultivation and the success of the spawning process new individuals both by citizens and students with entrepreneurship spirit.Sains

Molecular cloning and characteristics of DnaJa1and DnaJb1 in Coilia nasus: possible function involved in oogenesis during spawning migration

BackgroundCoilia nasus oogenesis/spawning migration is a well-defined synchronous arrangement process. DnaJs are indispensable molecular chaperones for oogenesis process. However, how DnaJs involved the anadromous spawning migration mechanism is outstanding and plausible.ResultsIn this regard, two DnaJs (Cn-DnaJa1 and Cn-DnaJb1) are cloned from the Coilia nasus’s ovary. Their structure both contains J domain, G/F domain and ZF domain. Their mRNA transcripts were found extensively expressed in all the sampled tissues and significantly highly in gonads, which probably mean that DnaJs involved in C. nasus’s gonad development basal metabolic processes. In the process of spawning migration, Cn-DnaJa1 and Cn-DnaJb1 mRNA transcripts were also expressed with significant differences during oogenesis with highest levels in the development phase, and maintaining high levels during the multiplication, mature and spawning phase. Further study showed that the DnaJa1and DnaJb1protein have high distribution in the onset phase and mainly distributed in the oocyte cytoplasm especially during the migration development phase’s.ConclusionsThis experiment study demonstrated that DnaJs participate in reproductive regulation during the spawning migration process in C. nasus and possibly play a vital role in the ovary development process. These findings also provided a base knowledge for further molecular mechanism study of spawning migration.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОБИОТИКА «OLIN» НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЕЙ ТИЛЯПИИ

In the innovative scientific and technical aquaculture center of Astrakhan State Technical University there was studied the influence of Olin probiotic as a part of productional feed on the fish-breeding and physiological-biochemical indicators of mature specimens of hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis sp .). The active process of gametogenesis and spawning of fish in both experimental groups probably did not achieve statistically significant differences in the fish-breeding and biological parameters between the control group and two experimental groups of fish. In spite of this, there was observed a certain tendency towards improvement of these indicators in the group of fish using Olin probiotic in their diet in concentration 20 g per 1 kg of feed. It has been recorded that probiotic had a positive effect on lipid metabolism. Concentration of β-lipoproteins was within normal physiological ranges. However, before the experiment it was higher in the control group than in both experimental groups. After the experiment, on the contrary, concentration was higher in experimental groups. The differences were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). This increase is probably due to an increase in generative metabolism (under the influence of the probiotic). At the beginning of the experiment concentration of cholesterol in the fish blood was higher in the control group. At the end of the experiment, on the contrary, its excess was observed in experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 2, these differences were statistically confirmed ( p < 0.05). The increase in cholesterol concentration can be also explained by activation of gametogenesis (under the influence of the probiotic). Activation of generative metabolism was confirmed by the fact of tilapia spawning in both experimental groups and obtaining viable larvae. The study results allow to recommend Olin probiotic as a component in composition of productional feed for tilapia broodstock.

Performa Kualitas Telur Ikan Gabus (Channa striata blkr) Dengan Pemberian Pakan Berbeda Dalam Wadah Terkontrol

This study aims to determine the management techniques of snakehead fish in the spawning process conducted in a controlled container and to know the performance of egg quality of snakehead fish. The experimental method was done experimentally by using a complete randomized design (RAL) with three feeding treatments and three replications, the treatment consisted of treatment A using 38% artificial protein, B treatment using rucah (fresh fish), and C treatment using mascot . The test animal used is the snake head totaling 49 tail, with the size of weight 350 grams up to 800 grams. The variables observed in this research consist of fecundity, hatchability, survival rate and water quality. The feed treatment A (golden snail) resulted in the highest number of eggs (fecundity) 5928 grains, followed by treatment B (feed trash) that is 4360 grains, and treatment A (pellet feed) ie 4134 grains. The result of hatching rate analysis at the highest treatment A reached 92,10%, in treatment B hatching degree was obtained 71,42%, while at treatment C obtained 56,60%. The observation variable for seed survival rate in treatment A resulted in 4367 head, whereas at treatment B obtained larvae 2245 tail, and at treatment C obtained 1450 tail. Based on the results of the research I can conclude that with different did not give a real effect on the number of eggs, hatchability and survival rate in snake head. While for water quality measurement obtained temperature value around 27-320C, brightness 30 - 40 cm, oxygen and pH at normal value 7. Keywords : Quality eggs, snakehead fish, Feed

Instantaneous 3D Continental-Shelf Scale Imaging of Oceanic Fish by Multi-Spectral Resonance Sensing Reveals Group Behavior during Spawning Migration

The migration of extensive social groups towards specific spawning grounds in vast and diverse ocean environments is an integral part of the regular spawning process of many oceanic fish species. Oceanic fish in such migrations typically seek locations with environmental parameters that maximize the probability of successful spawning and egg/larval survival. The 3D spatio-temporal dynamics of these behavioral processes are largely unknown due to technical difficulties in sensing the ocean environment over wide areas. Here, we use ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (OAWRS) to instantaneously image immense herring groups over continental-shelf-scale areas at the Georges Bank spawning ground. Via multi-spectral OAWRS measurements, we capture a shift in swimbladder resonance peak correlated with the herring groups’ up-slope spawning migration, enabling 3D spatial behavioral dynamics to be instantaneously inferred over thousands of square kilometers. We show that herring groups maintain near-bottom vertical distributions with negative buoyancy throughout the migration. We find a spatial correlation greater than 0.9 between the average herring group depth and corresponding seafloor depth for migratory paths along the bathymetric gradient. This is consistent with herring groups maintaining near-seafloor paths to both search for optimal spawning conditions and reduce the risk of predator attacks during the migration to shallower waters where near-surface predators are more dangerous. This analysis shows that multi-spectral resonance sensing with OAWRS can be used as an effective tool to instantaneously image and continuously monitor the behavioral dynamics of swimbladder-bearing fish group behavior in three spatial dimensions over continental-shelf scales.

Spawning, larval development and juvenile growth of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota

The tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) is one of the most widespread sea cucumber species with high economic value. To develop the artificial breeding methods of H. leucospilota, we conducted the first detailed study on the processes of spawning, embryonic and larval development, and juvenile growth of the species. The results showed that the suitable breeding season of H. leucospilota in the Daya Bay might be from June to October and that at least 30 days were needed for embryos to develop into juveniles at a temperature of 29−33 °C, a salinity of 27−30‰, and a pH of 7.9−8.2. The survival rate of the juveniles were approximately 8.5%, the average growth rate during days 31−49 of culture was 0.11 mm per day and increased to 0.72 mm per day during days 73−120. The body color of the juveniles was transparent yellow at approximately 55 days of culture, and it began to darken at 79 days later. These results indicated that an artificial culture method of H. leucospilota was realized. Our research might contribute a feasible way to the artificial breeding, natural resource restoration, and sustainable use of tropical sea cucumbers.

Artificial breeding and culture of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae in China

Though the breeding and the rearing of Acanthaster planci larvae had been reported before, the descriptions of them are not all-around, and there are no clear and detailed pictures indicating the whole process of embryonic and larval development. Besides, some methods described previously for culturing A. planci larvae are troublesome and even not available. In this study, adult A. planci were artificially induced to spawn and fertilized eggs were incubated and cultured indoor with disinfected seawater. A. planci developed from fertilized eggs to early bipinnaria by 50 h. Once a large number of late brachiolaria occurred, the diets were replaced by mixed benthic diatoms on settlement plates. Five-armed juveniles were reached after 23-day rearing when enough live Chaetoceros mueller and oceanic red yeast were supplied. It is critical to prevent infections by protozoa and pathogenic bacteria. The diets used here are universal in larval rearing and easily obtainable, which guarantees constant supply of diets and thus largely increases the successful rate of the rearing. Artificial breeding and culture of A. planci larvae not only enriched the knowledge on the spawning, larval culture, and developmental process of A. planci but also provided abundant materials to facilitate various studies.

Seasonal expression of arginine vasotocin mRNA and its correlations to gonadal steroidogenic enzymes and sexually dimorphic coloration during sex reversal in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).

Arginine vasotocin is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus of teleost fish that has been shown to regulate gonad development and sexual behavior. To study the role of arginine vasotocin in the gonadal cycle of the hermaphrodite gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, we cloned the seabream arginine vasotocin (avt) complementary DNA (cDNA). We investigated the expression of brain avt throughout the gonad cycle using real-time quantitative PCR and compared its expression levels to the expression levels of two key gonadal steroidogenic enzymes, cyp19a1a and cyp11b2. In July, when the process of sex reversal is thought to begin, avt expression was elevated over the previous 2months. Avt in the brain remained at or above the level of July until November then peaked again in December. There was no difference between males and females in the expression levels of brain avt throughout the year. However, only in ambisexual fish was the expression of the cyp19a1a gonadal aromatase correlated to the expression of avt in the brain. Cyp11b2 did not show any correlation to brain avt expression. We also found that females had more intense body coloration than males and that this intensity peaked prior to spawning. Avt expression and female coloration were positively correlated. The fact that brain avt expression was lowest during gonad quiescence, together with the observation of a correlation between brain avt with gonadal cyp19a1a and body coloration during that time suggests that avt may play a role during the process of sex reversal and spawning of the gilthead seabream.

The effect of hormone type and amount of dose on gonadotropin hormones levels in blood plasma of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during artificial spawning processes

The effect of hormone type and amount of dose on gonadotropin hormones levels in blood plasma of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during artificial spawning processes

Spawning behaviour of Engystomops pustulatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

ABSTRACTFoam nests have evolved independently in several amphibian groups as an adaptive response to prevent predation and desiccation in dry environments. Nests are normally laid on ponds, or in underground galleries, humid forest leaf litter or terrestrial bromeliads. They are built when males or females beat a foam precursor associated with the egg masses extruded by the female. The spawning process requires the synchronic actions of the mating pair to obtain a hemispheric nest that protects the offspring. Herein, we describe the spawning behaviour of Engystomops pustulatus based on videos from 13 nesting couples from the lowlands of western Ecuador. Three variables were measured as indicators of male effort: duration of mixing events, duration of resting periods, and number of kicks per mixing event. We consider that not only male physical effort but also female behaviour influences nest structure. We suggest that nest building requires prolonged and intense physical activity by the male as well as the female’s steady position during spawning and female’s oviposition site selection. Nest building has two phases. In the first phase, the duration of resting periods, the duration of mixing events, and the number of kicks increase and are highly variable. During the second phase the three variables stabilise until the end. The volume of the nest increased mainly during the second phase. In four nesting events we observed kicking movements by the female. To our knowledge, this is the first time that female kicking has been observed in leptodactylid frogs. The function of this behaviour is unknown but our observations suggest that it may be triggered by insufficient male effort. Traditionally, female mate choice in Engystomops has been explained under models of indirect benefits exclusively. We argue that the prolonged male activity during nesting could influence female fitness directly. This will allow the operation of sexual selection via direct benefits.

Breeding Potential of Adventitious Species of Carassius auratus and Carassius gibelio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) in Water Bodies of Ukraine

Abstract The following proofs of Goldfish more powerful reproductive potential are given: high individual and relative fecundity, adequate fractional spawning process resulting in numerous off spring, represented by different generations of hatchlings, little number of individuals not participating in reproduction, prevailing number of fish eggs in females’ ovaries, larger fraction of impregnated roe. All the above mentioned factors allow claiming that the Prussian carp is being replaced due to its low replacement ability. Perhaps for that reason Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) choose small isolated water bodies, where it makes small populations, backed up by successful spawning with a single male of crucian carp, Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758).

Effect of Temperature on Immunocompetence of the Blue Mussel (Mytilus Edulis).

The blue mussel is a filter-feeding bivalve commonly used in ecotoxicological monitoring as a sentinel species. Due to climate change and the increase of temperature expected in marine environment, it is important to anticipate potential impacts on this species. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunocompetence of blue mussels acclimated to different temperatures and on the effects of increasing temperatures (5, 10 and 20°C). Different indices and gonad maturation stages were also determined throughout the experiments. Cell viability, phagocytosis, serum lysozyme activity and cyclooxygenase (COX) activity were evaluated as immune parameters. The cellular immunity was also evaluated after hemocytes exposure to various cadmium concentrations in vitro. The results obtained demonstrate modulation of hemocyte viability and the ability of these cells to phagocytize in absence of contaminants. After the exposure to cadmium, hemocytes showed greater viability at 5°C while maintaining a higher phagocytic competence. In addition, the lysozyme activity stayed stable at all tested temperatures, contrary to that of COX, which increased when the mussels were maintained at 20°C. The evaluation of indices demonstrated no reduction of general conditions during all the experiment despite the increase of temperature and the reduction of the digestive gland weight. Moreover, the lack of food does not affect gonad maturation and the spawning process.

Reproductive Features of Roach, Bream and Common Carp of Zaporozhian (Dnipro) Reservoir in Contemporary Environmental Conditions

Over the past 50 years, the complete histological study of carp fish gonads was first carried out at Zaporozhian Reservoir. In conditions of environmental transformation of the reservoir the regularities of oogenesis and gonadogenesis, passing sexual cycles were found and the ecology of spawning carp fish was investigated. The adaptive potential of the carp fish reproductive systems, which is expressed through the asynchrony of reproductive products development as well as the functional peculiarities of the fish spawning process, was brought to light. Both environmental assessment and faunal analysis of biodiversity and distribution of young fish of Zaporozhian Reservoir were carried out. The growth and development of the fish larvae dwelling within the industrial agglomerations of Dnipropetrovsk city are found to be under anthropogenic influence. The efficiency of the use of artificial spawning nests for the carp fish spawning was studied, and practical recommendations for their installation and operation in the waters of the reservoir were elaborated.