Spatio-temporal Continuum Research Articles

A Set-Theoretic Analysis of the Black Hole Entropy Puzzle

Motivated by the known mathematical and physical problems arising from the current mathematical formalization of the physical spatio-temporal continuum, as a substantial technical clarification of our earlier attempt (Etesi in Found Sci 25:327–340, 2020), the aim in this paper is twofold. Firstly, by interpreting Chaitin’s variant of Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem as an inherent uncertainty or fuzziness present in the set of real numbers, a set-theoretic entropy is assigned to it using the Kullback–Leibler relative entropy of a pair of Riemannian manifolds. Then exploiting the non-negativity of this relative entropy an abstract Hawking-like area theorem is derived. Secondly, by analyzing Noether’s theorem on symmetries and conserved quantities, we argue that whenever the four dimensional space-time continuum containing a single, stationary, asymptotically flat black hole is modeled by the set of real numbers in the mathematical formulation of general relativity, the hidden set-theoretic entropy of this latter structure reveals itself as the entropy of the black hole (proportional to the area of its “instantaneous” event horizon), indicating that this apparently physical quantity might have a pure set-theoretic origin, too.

A Cloud Detection Method for Vertically Pointing Millimeter-Wavelength Cloud Radar.

A new method using three dimensions of cloud continuity, including range dimension, Doppler dimension, and time dimension, is proposed to discriminate cloud from noise and detect more weak cloud signals in vertically pointing millimeter-wave cloud radar observations by fully utilizing the spatiotemporal continuum of clouds. A modified noise level estimation method based on the Hildebrand and Sekhon algorithm is used for more accurate noise level estimation, which is critical for weak signals. The detection method consists of three steps. The first two steps are performed at the Doppler power spectrum stage, while the third step is performed at the base data stage. In the first step, a new adaptive spatial filter combined with the Kuwaraha filter and the Gaussian filter, using the ratio of mean to standard deviation as the adaptive parameter, is applied to initially mask the potential cloud signals to improve the detection performance at the boundary of cloud and noise. Simulations of boundary cases were performed to compare our adaptive filter and normal Gaussian filters. Box filters are used in steps two and three to remove the remaining noise. We applied our method to cloud radar observations with TJ-II cloud radar at the Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. The results showed that our method can detect more weak cloud signals than the usual methods, which are performed only at the Doppler power spectrum stage or the base data stage.

Simultaneous representation of multiple time horizons by entorhinal grid cells and CA1 place cells

Grid cells and place cells represent the spatiotemporal continuum of an animal's past, present, and future locations. However, their spatiotemporal relationship is unclear. Here, we co-record grid and place cells in freely foraging rats. We show that average time shifts in grid cells tend to be prospective and are proportional to their spatial scale, providing a nearly instantaneous readout of a spectrum of progressively increasing time horizons ranging hundreds of milliseconds. Average time shifts of place cells are generally larger compared to grid cells and also increase with place field sizes. Moreover, time horizons display nonlinear modulation by the animal's trajectories in relation to the local boundaries and locomotion cues. Finally, long and short time horizons occur at different parts of the theta cycle, which may facilitate their readout. Together, these findings suggest that population activity of grid and place cells may represent local trajectories essential for goal-directed navigation and planning.

Pantheism, Omnisubjectivity, and the Feeling of Temporal Passage

By “pantheism” I mean to pick out a model of God on which God is identical with the totality of existents constitutive of the universe. I assume that, on pantheism, God is an omnispatiotemporal mind who is identical with the universe. I assume that, given divine omnispatiotemporality, God knows everything that can be known in the universe. This includes having knowledge de se of the minds of every conscious creature. Hence, if God has knowledge de se of the minds of every conscious creature, then divine omniscience implies omnisubjectivity. Assuming that eternalism is true, robust temporal passage is an illusion. But, conscious creatures, such as human persons, experience robust temporal passage. If God has the attribute of omnisubjectivity, then God experiences temporal passage. However, God also has a unified experience of the entire spatiotemporal continuum. God’s having these two perspectives creates a tension for pantheism given that God would seem to experience both temporal passage and an absence of temporal passage. I compare non-personal pantheism and personal pantheism and consider which one has better resources to answer the foregoing puzzle. I argue that personal pantheism is better equipped to address this problem than non-personal pantheism.

Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls: The Trans-Atlantic Mass Magazine Culture of the 1920s as a Gendered Affair

The article explores the ways in which illustrated magazines of the Weimar period contribute to a larger gendering of transnational exchange, particularly through image-text doubling and shifts. It takes the Weimar society magazine Uhu as a major reference point, investigating how it modelled itself on American lifestyle and ‘smart’ magazines and made use of the iconic figure of the ‘Girl’ to carve out a spatio-temporal continuum between ‘Amerika’ and Europe. While the Girl is a figure of the stage and screen as much as of the modern magazine, it is in the magazine that this figure comes into her own. The Girl incorporates modernity as a multimodal and multifaceted configuration much like the modern magazine itself. The article argues that the Girl enters the illustrated magazines not only as a subject matter but also as a tool of gendered self-reflection, particularly in the work of female writers, illustrators, and photographers.

Неоднорідність умісту сполук азоту в деяких орних ґрунтах Лівобережного Лісостепу України

Goal. To research the features of the spatial distribution of the content of nitrogen compounds (nitrate and ammonium groups) in arable soils of different genesis of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine and to substantiate the implementation of precision farming measures. Methods. Informational and bibliographic — for summarizing literary data and substantiating the need for conducting research; field — for breaking down a regular grid and taking soil samples; laboratory — to determine the content of nitrogen compounds; statistical and geostatistical — for mathematical processing of data and assessment of the reliability of the obtained data. Results. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the role of nitrogen compounds in plant nutrition was outlined, the heterogeneity of the content of agrochemical properties of arable soils, including the content of ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen, was analyzed. It was confirmed the existence of heterogeneous distribution of nitrogen compounds content in the spatio-temporal continuum during the observation period. It was established that the nitrate form of nitrogen has a quantitative advantage in the soils of the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, which differ in species composition, compared to the ammonium form. The important role of the granulometric composition of soils in the spatial distribution of the content of nitrogen compounds was noted. It was established that nitrate nitrogen compounds are more dynamic compared to ammonium compounds, which makes it possible to carry out diagnostics and recommend the implementation of precision farming measures based on the content of nitrate nitrogen. Conclusions. Changes in the spatial structure of the distribution of ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen at both production objects were recorded during the observation period. It has been proven that the supply of soil with nitrogen is determined by the presence of heterogeneous landforms and, to a lesser extent, by the genetic composition of soils. It was established that nitrogen nitrate compounds are more unstable in space and time during the observation period compared to ammonium compounds. On the basis of geostatistical data processing, the existence of heterogeneity in the content of nitrogen compounds in the studied soils was confirmed. It was established that nitrate compounds are more unstable in space and time during the observation period compared to ammonium compounds, which makes it possible to recommend the implementation of precision agriculture measures, in particular, differentiated application of nitrogen fertilizers, precisely on the basis of diagnostics of nitrate nitrogen content in soils. Over time, this will allow to equalize the level of soil fertility for the nutrition of agricultural crops in order to obtain stable yield.

A theoretical analysis of the scale separation in a model to predict solid tumour growth

Solid tumour growth depends on a host of factors which affect the cell life cycle and extracellular matrix vascularization that leads to a favourable environment. The whole solid tumour can either grow or wither in response to the action of the immune system and therapeutics. A personalised mathematical model of such behaviour must consider both the intra- and inter-cellular dynamics and the mechanics of the solid tumour and its microenvironment. However, such wide range of spatial and temporal scales can hardly be modelled in a single model, and require the so-called multiscale models, defined as orchestrations of single-scale component models, connected by relation models that transform the data for one scale to another. While multiscale models are becoming common, there is a well-established engineering approach to the definition of the scale separation, e.g., how the spatiotemporal continuum is split in the various component models. In most studies scale separation is defined as natural, linked to anatomical concepts such as organ, tissue, or cell; but these do not provide reliable definition of scales: for examples skeletal organs can be as large as 500 mm (femur), or as small as 3 mm (stapes). Here we apply a recently proposed scale-separation approach based on the actual experimental and computational limitations to a patient-specific model of the growth of neuroblastoma. The resulting multiscale model can be properly informed with the available experimental data and solved in a reasonable timeframe with the available computational resources.

No Outside: A Continuum Model of the Cosmos

Over the last sixty years computational modeling of dynamical systems has increasingly come to rival theory and experiment as a legitimate contributor to the ever growing body of scientific knowledge. In particular, the ability to model systems’ future and past states—to speed up or slowdown their inter/intra-relationships—has revealed once hidden spatial and temporal patterns that complicate taxonomic conventions, e.g., those separating living from non-living levels of organization. The fixed position of the viewing subject is, itself, destabilized in this modeling process as temporal frames become relativized. What follows are some thoughts on what it might mean were the human to be willing to untether itself from its imagined privileged position within a spatiotemporal hierarchy and explore instead the proposition of an open-ended spatiotemporal continuum.

A diffusion MRI-based spatiotemporal continuum of the embryonic mouse brain for probing gene–neuroanatomy connections

The embryonic mouse brain undergoes drastic changes in establishing basic anatomical compartments and laying out major axonal connections of the developing brain. Correlating anatomical changes with gene-expression patterns is an essential step toward understanding the mechanisms regulating brain development. Traditionally, this is done in a cross-sectional manner, but the dynamic nature of development calls for probing gene-neuroanatomy interactions in a combined spatiotemporal domain. Here, we present a four-dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal continuum of the embryonic mouse brain from E10.5 to E15.5 reconstructed from diffusion magnetic resonance microscopy (dMRM) data. This study achieved unprecedented high-definition dMRM at 30- to 35-µm isotropic resolution, and together with computational neuroanatomy techniques, we revealed both morphological and microscopic changes in the developing brain. We transformed selected gene-expression data to this continuum and correlated them with the dMRM-based neuroanatomical changes in embryonic brains. Within the continuum, we identified distinct developmental modes comprising regional clusters that shared developmental trajectories and similar gene-expression profiles. Our results demonstrate how this 4D continuum can be used to examine spatiotemporal gene-neuroanatomical interactions by connecting upstream genetic events with anatomical changes that emerge later in development. This approach would be useful for large-scale analysis of the cooperative roles of key genes in shaping the developing brain.

Информационно-семантическая система психической самоорганизации в сознательном самоуправлении субъекта

Introduction. The subfield “paradigm” of modern psychology includes the task of studying the mechanisms of conscious Psychology of Self-Regulation (PSR) in any self-governance and self-realization of the individual in urgent tasks of life. Here a person does not fully control their mental process. They go into auto-pilot and are autonomous mechanisms of mental self-governance. PSR is considered as an information semantic system in which the intellect performs the main function of processing information, self-awareness and conscious control over what is happening in the spatio-temporal continuum of experience and perspectives to life. Research objective: to reveal the role of the intellect (as a cognitive-information system) in the control of arbitrary activity of consciousness in order to build a semantic system of experiences and a structure of meaningful formation in PSR, which allows a person to be selfconscious of life. PSR is understood as a synergistic system of mental activity in the unity of consciousness and unconscious automatisms and attitudes, in the dynamics of the sociocultural interaction of an individual. During the research of PSR of the individual a semantic approach was used to study conscious self-governance of a person. Materials and methods. Sample of students (N=2000, ages 15-50, males 520, females 1480). The study was conducted in a natural setting during training sessions in psychological disciplines in the regions of Ukraine and Crimea (over 17 years). A quasi-experiment was used during introspection of a students work group setting. In a series of introspection experiments, participants completed tasks: stop thoughts, control and organize images, emotions, inner speech, and attention. The semantic properties of the functioning mechanisms of the information-synergetic system of the PSR of the individual, as well as the mechanism of controlling attention with the help of thinking in the organization with stream of thoughts in the mind, were studied. Results. The semantic specificity was revealed in autonomous thought formation of PSR by the inability to stop the stream of thoughts. The need for specificity of governance in PSR by the process of thinking with the help of directed or faceted inner speech with a goal or figurative representations (conscious self-organization of the thought-building process) was seen. The specificity of the automation of the thought-building of consciousness in the aspect of the subjectivity of the semantics of experience became apparent. Further studied was the ability to independently organize a stream of thoughts in autogenic training and meditation, as well as manage the existing automated anxiety complex, transform its content and meaning. Conclusion. As a result of the autonomy of PSR, the subject acts as an "observer" regarding the ongoing processes and phenomena in their mental space, being identified as their thinking and consciousness. The PSR of a person, as a system, functions largely in an autonomous mode of the flow of information-semantic associative-logical programs. An essential task of PSR in life is the management of negative emotions that cause stress and require coping or restructuring by adaptation programs. When emotions fill the content of thinking with meaning. One can manage their thoughts and emotional disturbances, and therefore, mental experience can be carried out by directing attention in that space by organizing the target stream of thought with the help of inner speech and images. All in all directing attention in the right direction of mental activity and turning off other channels of activity.

ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНЫЙ ОПЫТ

Perinatal experience constitutes in and of itself a state of subjective reality, which occurs during the period of the intrauterine development of a person. Its essential elements, those, which at the later stages form the frame of human psyche and behaviour are listed below. Firstly, there is sensory information that is fully manifest during the third trimester of the fetal development in its entirety. During the perinatal period all the sensory systems of a human being without exception are being shaped and filled with incoming information; the learning process is actively functioning, attention and fetal memory are developing. Secondly, there is emotional development that can already be detected in the second trimester. Furthermore, there is the sensation of bodily wholeness, which develops after the 25th week of pregnancy and that constitutes the first mental representation of the Self ontogenetically, that is, the foundation of subjective reality that accompanies a human being throughout their life, but that is, doubtless, still very different from authentic self-awareness. Additionally, one should mention the spatio-temporal continuum of subjective reality, which is already initiating its formation starting from the eighth week of embryo development. Finally, prenatal sensations create archetypes and archetypal patterns that permeate the unconscious structures of subjective reality during its entire existence. The incoming information flows, their processing, encoding and entrenchment in memory, the emotional response to stimuli and spatio-temporal structure of subjective reality generate initially perceptive and later spatio-figurative thinking of a fetus, which occur during the oneiric state of dreamless sleep, in cases of severe sensory deprivation, partial immobilization and hypoxia of the brain.

EAST TRYPILLIA AND WEST TRYPILLIA CULTURES: MYTH OR REALITY?

Problems of culturogenesis and structure of the cultural complex of Trypillia-Сucuteni become relevant in the last decades of the XXth century. The emergence of new sources and methods encourages researchers to understand the phenomenon of Trypillia-Сucuteni on a new level. There is a noticeable tendency to single out individual archaeological cultures instead of structural subdivisions of the cultural community at the turn of the XX—XXIth centuries. The binary scheme of the division of the Trypillia culture into the «East Trypillia» and «West Trypillia» cultures became popular in the national Trypillia studies. However, such an «innovation» is not sufficiently substantiated both at the level of methodological principles and analysis of specific materials. Elucidation of the real structure of the cultural complex of Trypillia-Сucuteni shows its versatility and proves the artificiality of its division into two archaeological cultures, which is proposed by O. V. Tsvek and S. M. Ryzhov.
 The division of the Trypillia-Сucuteni cultural complex into separate archeological cultures (two or more) is impossible until its final stage CII, because almost all its structural units are selected on the basis of ceramic traditions, and the other parameters (character of house-building, tools producing, sacred tradition) are more or less the same. All structural units combine a genetic link with the Precucuteni-Trypillya A times, which demonstrates all the features of the Trypillia-Сucuteni cultural complex as a whole, with the exception of ceramic traditions. These traditions are the most dynamic, act as an indicator of the cultural identity of certain groups of the population and reflect the structure of the cultural complex.
 The structure of the cultural complex Trypillia-Сucuteni is a spatio-temporal continuum, its complexity is due to dynamic and multifaceted processes of internal transformations of individual units of the structure, the interaction of traditions and innovations, constant contacts between them, the movement of specific groups, their interaction with surrounding cultural complexes. The binary concept of the «East Trypillia» and the «West Trypillia» cultures, which became too popular today, is an artificial construction and does not reflect the real structure of Trypillia Culture.

To see others in ourselves: justice and architectural ambiguity in the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum

Grounded in Amartya Sen’s work on justice, identity, and violence, this article studies the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Cambodia as a space that encourages the ethical assessment of justice through non-didactic, disjunctive resonance between the normative and the unfamiliar. Defining architecture as a meaningful spatio-temporal continuum, the article employs an analytical methodology drawn from creative praxis to argue that our senses of identity are formed through architecture both cognitively, in our response to the known, and affectively, in our experience of the unknown. In order to retain the discursive nature of justice, this continuum needs to operate with a destabilising ambiguity to avoid exclusive ‘othering’. This ambiguity allows for our sense of identity to expand beyond group-based ideologies that can sustain and hide societal violence.

Magnetism of strangeness: Silenced histories of landscapes

ABSTRACT Why do certain parts of landscape become places for waste disposal? This simple question seems to be easy to answer given the existence of sophisticated tools for formal modelling of a range of environmental, economic, social, and political variables which are supposed to minimize risk, cost, and disequity. There are, however, more subtle factors that shape waste disposal and its inscription in landscape. Using examples of two Czech landfills and drawing upon my ethnographic research of wastescapes, I examine how history, economic interests, social practices, events, material indeterminacies, and multispecies encounters took part in the transformation of these places into loci of ‘strangeness’. Using a metaphor of magnetism I refocus our attention to a capacity of strange entities such as garbage, rubble, military waste, dead bodies, animal farms, and shooting ranges to attract each other along a spatiotemporal continuum. I argue that strangeness sticks to places and tends to perpetuate itself through a series of ‘magnetic’ relations over time. This magnetism stems from the human propensity to classify and dispose of entities whose open-endedness is dangerous and must be controlled through placement. While this process of placement is often imagined as a management of absence, I point to a dialectical relationship to the opposite category of presence as a critical source of magnetism. Waste management, then, becomes envisioned as part of a more general social process that keeps the world meaningful.

A cross-scale framework for integrating multi-source data in Earth system sciences

Integration of Earth system data from various sources is a challenging task. Except for their qualitative heterogeneity, different data records exist for describing similar Earth system processes at different spatiotemporal scales. Data inter-comparison and validation are usually performed at a single spatial or temporal scale, which could hamper the identification of potential discrepancies in other scales. Here, we propose a simple, yet efficient, graphical method for synthesizing and comparing observed and modelled data across a range of spatiotemporal scales. Instead of focusing at specific scales, such as annual means or original grid resolution, we examine how their statistical properties change across spatiotemporal continuum. The proposed cross-scale framework for integrating multi-source data in Earth system sciences is already developed as a stand-alone R package that is freely available to download.

Симулякр в гетерогенном экранном тексте

This article aimed to describe the peculiarities of cooperation between verbal and non-verbal units during the creation of empty signs in the dynamic scope of the heterogeneous screen text. The bulk of the research consists of the polycode multimodal texts of cinematography, television and the Internet. For illustrative material the author turned to the fiction film Life of Pi, the educational TV show Made in Moscow: Doctor’s Sausage and the Instagram vine In Schools All Over the Country. The results of the study showed that in the spatiotemporal continuum of the text, a simulacrum is created as a set of audio-visual signs, which contains designation (unreal or partially real), but lacks the actual denotation. The author comes to the conclusion that a simulacrum is constructed by means of computer technology and involves manipulation of the visual image that is introduced and explained verbally. In addition, the study showed that in a polycode multimodal text the simulacrum can be a nonlinear discontinuous icon and a linear continuous kinemorph, sign-imitation. In the semiosis of sign-imitation we can observe an interpretant, an interpreter, and a partially real/unreal designatum, while the real denotatum is absent. The sign vehicle functions according to the laws of objective reality applicable to the thing it designates, which makes the viewer believe in the existence of the sign-imitation. It differs from the sign-symbol in that the latter bears no formal resemblance to the thing it designates, while the sign-imitation is constructed on the principles of formal and/or ontological resemblance. In conclusion, it is stated that further study on the simulacra in polycode multimodal texts will allow us to gain deeper insights into the process of manipulating viewers’ consciousness in the screen texts of mass culture.

Christian sacred symbols in the spatio-temporal continuum of poetic language of a Ukrainian writer Yuriy Andrukhovych

This article explores the linguistic worldview of a Ukrainian poet – postmodernist Yuriy Andrukhovytch – realized through the concept of “Christian sacred symbols” analyzed from the perspective of anthropological and cognitive aspects of lingual and cultural studies. It defines the essence and the ways of implementing the concept in the spatio-temporal continuum of poetry collection “India” as well as highlights the role of man in the poet’s imaginary world through the archetypes of the world culture and decodes symbolic meaning of cultural context of the author’s works. Contrary to a generally accepted view that the earth is round, spatial reality for the author turns out to be a planet which resembles a cake, a fl at surface, a desert, a kingdom and a bridge. The sky is seven crystal hemispheres, out lining the heavenly space with stars and planets fixed at each level. The space is represented by such geographical notions as East Asia, India, China, the river Nile. The author of the article supposes that India becomes for the writer the embodiment of our civilization at all times of mankind, another way to present man in the space of eternity, and a kind of life philosophy. The synthesis of pagan, Jewish, Hindu, Muslim and Christian ideas about man’s place in the world and his moral peace, happiness and overall love is represented by such symbols as angels, harpes, gehennr hell hrifony, dragons, percale books, lilies, honey, pythons, fl ags, birds, reptiles, saints, timpani, newts, tulips, furies, devils, Yuri’s sword, Yasmin and others.

Legal doctrine, legal science and protection of human rights (efficiency ratio)

The current state of Ukrainian society requires the scientific community to find answers to the general social impulses needed for reform strategies: from unconstructive attempts to replace the state with civil society to efforts aimed at their balanced interaction. It is the principle of social and political balance in the relationship between the rule of law and civil society should be the basis for correcting and correcting the unstable economic situation, overcoming acute social conflicts, establishing the rule of law, building a democratic state. It should be noted that it is quite clear that sometimes the implementation of a right requires at least not one, but clearly several opportunities, such as: economic, educational, social, gender, etc., existing in the relevant spatio-temporal continuum. Moreover, there is an indisputable thesis that there are no secondary or non-first-class or type of human rights, so every unrealized, not realized in time or not fully realized right, without a doubt, is based on the lack of, first of all, the corresponding real opportunities. It is also clear that the implementation of a certain right depends, for example, on the relevant regulations. we note that state-building processes, their dynamics, progressive trends depend on many factors. In this context, the interconnectedness of the development of a democratic, legal, social, European state and the formation of a mature, active, civil society was considered. Keywords: legal science, legal doctrine, human rights, rights and opportunities, legal development.

Conservation laws of some classes of models involving oscillons

In this paper, we construct and analyse the conservation laws (conserved densities) of two models that lead to oscillons; viz., in a system of two nonlinearly coupled scalar fields in (1+1)-dimensional spatiotemporal continuum and analysed a particular class of sixth-degree polynomial potentials and one in which an interaction of ‘two one-dimensional spatial vector oscillons in a trap with significant transverse dimensions’ occurs.

Dialectics of the formation and development of the human personality’s spatiotemporal structure. The initial becoming of the personal world in-self and its introduction to the social sphere for-other

The article deals with the process of formation and evolution of the chronotopological organization of human existence in the aspect of the personal world formation. The theoretical and methodological foundation of the study is formed by the integration of approaches applied in the social sciences and humanities. These approaches include: the program of cultural centrism aimed at understanding the unique essence of the subject of social and humanities knowledge; a dialectical model, according to which being is not an abstract object but a becoming process; an organicist concept, which asserts a deeply structured natural interconnectedness of being; a relational understanding of the essence of time and space, in the context of which they are considered in inseparable unity with being; a chronotopological concept, substantiated from a philosophical point of view through the prism of the spatiotemporal continuum as presented in the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. As a result of the study, a philosophical dialectical model of the personal chronotopology evolution was obtained, characterized by a complex organization and interconnectedness of elements that determine its formation and lead to its becoming as a functioning level of human chronotopology. In the formation of the personal world, three elements organizing this process have been identified. They are chronotopological dialectical principles (in-self, for-other, for-self), chronotopological modes (specific methods of the formation and state of space and time), chronotopological integrals (a certain level or form of the chronotopological structure as reached in the process of becoming). The implementation of the in-self and for-other principles is expressed by the action of four modes: near and surrounding space, linear and loop time. They lead to the initial formation and subsequent evolution of the personal spatiotemporal structure.