Spatiotemporal Coordination Research Articles

Phase Separation Properties in Transcriptional Organization.

Transcription is of great importance to stress response, fate control, and development, involving the functional cooperation of a large number of transcription factors and cofactors. Transcription machineries assemble rapidly to respond to the physiological and functional needs of cells. Recently, phase-separated biomolecular condensates have emerged as a universal biophysical basis for the spatiotemporal coordination of various cellular activities, including transcription. Here, we summarize and discuss recent advances in understanding of how phase separation contributes to RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated transcriptional regulation, with a focus on the physical properties and dynamics of transcriptional condensates.

Референциальность возможных миров в художественном тексте: когнитивно-дискурсивный аспект

The aim of the study is to identify and describe the cognitive-discursive features of the referentiality of possible worlds produced by the author and the reader in a literary text. The article considers space, time and eventfulness as the leading parameters of possible worlds functioning based on the novels “Stardust” and “Neverwhere” by N. Gaiman. The scientific novelty lies in the consideration of the possible worlds of a literary text in their spatiotemporal coordinates in close connection of space and time with eventfulness. The results of the study indicate the interaction in the process of decoding the meanings of a literary text of the mental worldviews of the author and the character, the author and the reader.

Surprises from Intravital Imaging of the Innate Immune Response.

Successful immune responses depend on the spatiotemporal coordination of immune cell migration, interactions, and effector functions in lymphoid and parenchymal tissues. Real-time intravital microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of the dynamic behavior of many immune cell types in the living tissues of several species. Observing immune cells in their native environment has revealed many unanticipated facets of their biology, which were not expected from experiments outside a living organism. Here we highlight both classic and more recent examples of surprising discoveries that critically relied on the use of live in vivo imaging. In particular, we focus on five major cell types of the innate immune response (macrophages, microglia, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and mast cells), and how studying their dynamics in mouse tissues has helped us advance our current knowledge of immune cell-mediated tissue homeostasis, host defense, and inflammation.

Research on the Coordination of Time and Space Coupling Between New Urbanization and Economic Development Based on Cloud Computing

Through in-depth analysis of the definition and connotation of new urbanization quality, a new urbanization indicator system with typical representativeness and quantification is established, and a spatio-temporal coupling coordination model is constructed based on this indicator system, and model input is obtained through urban statistical yearbooks and relevant government year reports Data, complete the temporal-spatial coupling coordination analysis of new urbanization and economic development. Taking a province as an example, it has been experimentally verified that the quality of new urbanization in the province has developed rapidly from 2010 to 2014, and the quality of new urbanization has stagnated from 2014 to 2015. In 2018, the quality of new urbanization in the province has rapidly increased its comprehensive value.

An innovative digitization evaluation scheme for Spatio-temporal coordination relationship between multiple knowledge driven rural economic development and agricultural ecological environment—Coupling coordination model analysis based on Guangxi

The agricultural ecological environment is the premise and foundation of rural economic development and the rural economy is an important manifestation of the vitality of the agricultural ecological environment. Taking 14 prefecture-level cities in Guangxi as the research object, this paper collects and sorts out the relevant data indicators of rural economy and agricultural ecological environment of them from 2007 to 2019, constructs the evaluation index system, calculates the development index by using the comprehensive index function, and finally uses an innovative digitization evaluation scheme to further evaluate the spatiotemporal coupling and coordination relationship between the rural economy and agricultural ecological environment. The following conclusions are ultimately drawn. First, the comprehensive level index of the rural economy shows linear growth with unbalanced regional development (values from 0.306 to 0.598). Second, the comprehensive index of the agricultural ecological environment shows fluctuating growth with obvious regional differences (values from 0.264 to 0.483). Third, the development of rural economy and agricultural ecological environment is not synchronized, and there is mutual influence. Fourth, the coordination level of the rural economy and agricultural ecological environment is low (coupling values from 0.369 to 0.513). Then, policy inspirations are proposed. First, the investment in agricultural science and technology innovation should be increased and the modern agricultural technology system. Second, agricultural industrial structure should be optimized and the agricultural industrial chain. Third, the construction of agricultural infrastructure should be improved, and the high-quality development of agriculture should be promoted. Fourth, the education of ecological civilization should be strengthened, and awareness of ecological and environmental protection should be established. Fifth, they should strengthen education and training and cultivate new professional farmers. Sixth, they should improve the utilization rate of land and enhance the arable land production capacity.

Towards novel measurements of remodeling activity in cortical bone: implications for osteoporosis and related pharmaceutical treatments.

Bone remodelling is performed by basic multicellular units (BMUs) that resorb and subsequently form discrete packets of bone tissue. Normally, the resorption and formation phases of BMU activity are tightly coupled spatially and temporally to promote relatively stable bone mass and bone quality. However, dysfunctional remodelling can lead to bone loss and is the underlying cause of osteoporosis. This review surveys how BMU activity is altered in postmenopausal, disuse and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis as well as the impact of anabolic and anti-resorptive pharmaceutical treatments. The dysfunctional remodelling observed during disease and following medical intervention bares many testable hypotheses regarding the regulation of BMU activity and may provide novel insights that challenge existing paradigms of remodelling dynamics, particularly the poorly understood BMU coupling mechanisms. Most bone remodelling research has focused on trabecular bone and 2D analyses, as technical challenges limit the direct assessment of BMU activity in cortical bone. Recent advances in imaging technology present an opportunity to investigate cortical bone remodelling in vivo. This review discusses innovative experimental methods, such as 3D and 4D (i.e. time- lapsed) evaluation of BMU morphology and trajectory, that may be leveraged to improve the understanding of the spatio-temporal coordination of BMUs in cortical bone.

PLEKHA5 Regulates Mitotic Progression by Promoting APC/C Localization to Microtubules

Progression through major cell cycle checkpoints involves spatiotemporal coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics with changes in protein activities, chromosomal dynamics, and signaling events. A major role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system is to orchestrate cell cycle progression through temporally controlled protein degradation programs. The anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is the primary E3 ligase controlling all aspects of mitosis, including G2/M transition, early mitosis, the metaphase–anaphase transition, and mitotic exit, via polyubiquitination of important mitotic effector proteins. The temporal control of APC/C‐mediated ubiquitination in these processes is well established, including identities of ubiquitination substrates and accessory factors that modulate E3 ligase activity. Much less is known, however, about the spatial organization of APC/C function, including its potential interplay with the microtubule cytoskeleton, which serves as a signaling platform and whose dynamic behavior is central to advancement through mitosis. Here, we investigate and describe pleckstrin homology domain‐containing family A, member 5 (PLEKHA5) as a new regulator of APC/C function and the ubiquitination pathway in mitosis. We found that PLEKHA5 localized to the microtubule network and interacted with APC/C. PLEKHA5 knockdown antagonized mitotic entry and progression, causing a buildup of APC/C substrates implicated in both the G2/M and metaphase–anaphase transitions, in a manner dependent upon the PLEKHA5 interaction with APC/C. In vitro ubiquitination assays showed that APC/C isolated from mitotic cells lacking PLEKHA5 had lower catalytic activity and a decreased association with its key mitotic co‐activator CDC20. We investigated the dynamic localizations of the APC/C and the potential role of PLEKHA5 in its regulation by developing a TurboID proximity biotinylation tool to assess microtubule localization of endogenous proteins. Microtubule‐targeted TurboIDs revealed that PLEKHA5, APC/C subunits, and the co‐activator CDC20 all localized to microtubules both in interphase and in M phase. Importantly, upon PLEKHA5 knockdown, a pool of APC/C, but not CDC20, lost its microtubule localization, which could explain the decreased APC/C‐CDC20 association. We propose that PLEKHA5 functions as a novel APC/C adaptor to promote its subcellular localization to microtubules and enable APC/C to search for its co‐activator CDC20 more efficiently in one dimension along the microtubule network. In this model PLEKHA5 acts to coordinate the spatial regulation of APC/CCDC20 and facilitate its efficient polyubiquitination of key mitotic effector proteins to ensure proper progression of mitosis.

Global path planning based on BIM and physics engine for UGVs in indoor environments

This paper proposes a global path planning (GPP) system based on building information modeling (BIM) and physics engine for unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) operations in indoor environments. Firstly, UGV configuration is integrated into BIM as a knowledge base of GPP system by customized IFC structure, with which a multi-layer map generation method is proposed with improved logic and efficiency. Secondly, a UGV-centric A* path planning algorithm is designed by considering UGV's properties, including mobility-based primitive expansion, geometry-based collision checking, mobility-based cost setting, and mobility-based analytical expansion. Finally, a reliable trajectory generation method is developed based on physics engine, followed with a novel spatiotemporal coordination method for efficient collision avoidance. The whole GPP system is validated in a representative university building floor and a common inspection UGV. It is demonstrated that UGV-integrated BIM improves the resources interoperability for the whole system, and the map components are clarified clearly for efficient generation and maintenance. Besides, the UGV-centric A* performs a 100% success rate in congested environments where traditional A* always fail. It can even reduce almost 50% of the trajectory time and steering jerk in open scenarios than traditional A*, but still with an acceptable computation speed (less than 0.6 s). Finally, trajectory coordination saves 50% of path traveling time compared with the general queue method.

Spatio-temporal variation and coupling coordination relationship between urbanisation and habitat quality in the Grand Canal, China

Urbanisation leads to dramatic changes in regional land use, which significantly affects habitat quality. Research on the coupling coordination relationship between urbanisation and habitat quality is conducive to promoting regional ecological environment improvement and urban sustainable development. In this article, we adopted the InVEST model and linear weighted sum method separately to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of habitat quality and urbanisation level of the Grand Canal. Then, we used the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) to investigate the interactive coercing relationship between urbanisation and habitat quality. The purpose was to provide reference for future implementation of ecological conservation work along the Grand Canal and formulation of sustainable urban development strategies. The results showed that habitat quality has continued to decline from 1990 to 2018. After becoming a world cultural heritage site, the habitat quality of the partial reaches has improved. The comprehensive urbanisation level and the four subsystem urbanisation levels, including demographic urbanisation, spatial urbanisation, economic urbanisation, and social urbanisation, of 35 cities along the Grand Canal have all steadily increased from 1990 to 2018. The social urbanisation level was obviously lower than the urbanisation levels of the other three dimensions in most cities along the Grand Canal, indicating that the quality of urbanisation seriously lags behind the speed. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) between the urbanisation level of each city and the habitat quality of the reaches in the corresponding city exhibited a fluctuating but increasing relationship. Most cities have developed in a more coordinated direction and very few cities have deteriorated. Meanwhile, the coupling coordination characteristics between urbanisation level and habitat quality have constantly changed, from the urbanisation lagged type to the urbanisation-habitat synchronised type and the habitat quality lagged type. This article has important value for implementing the ecological conservation and restoration projects of the Grand Canal, optimizing land management policies, and improving the sustainable development level of cities along the Grand Canal.

Local temporal Rac1-GTP nadirs and peaks restrict cell protrusions and retractions.

Cells probe their microenvironment using membrane protrusion-retraction cycles. Spatiotemporal coordination of Rac1 and RhoA GTP-binding activities initiates and reinforces protrusions and retractions, but the control of their finite lifetime remains unclear. We examined the relations of Rac1 and RhoA GTP-binding levels to key protrusion and retraction events, as well as to cell-ECM traction forces at physiologically relevant ECM stiffness. High RhoA-GTP preceded retractions and Rac1-GTP elevation before protrusions. Notable temporal Rac1-GTP nadirs and peaks occurred at the maximal edge velocity of local membrane protrusions and retractions, respectively, followed by declined edge velocity. Moreover, altered local Rac1-GTP consistently preceded similarly altered traction force. Local optogenetic Rac1-GTP perturbations defined a function of Rac1 in restricting protrusions and retractions and in promoting local traction force. Together, we show that Rac1 plays a fundamental role in restricting the size and durability of protrusions and retractions, plausibly in part through controlling traction forces.

Spatio-temporal coupling coordination analysis between marsh vegetation and hydrology change from 1985 to 2019 using LandTrendr algorithm and Google Earth Engine

The interaction between marsh vegetation and hydrology has become one of the hotspots in the field of ecosystem research. Taking the Honghe National Nature Reserve as the study area, this paper integrated the GEE platform and LandTrendr algorithm to build a spatio-temporal monitoring model for marsh vegetation and hydrology change using remote sensing techniques for the first time. The temporal and spatial dynamics of disturbance and restoration of marsh vegetation and hydrology from 1985 to 2019 were monitored. The Magnitude and Duration were selected to explore the temporal and spatial dynamic evolution of marsh vegetation and hydrology in the past 35 years. At the same time, an innovative coupling coordination model of marsh vegetation and hydrology was constructed to quantitatively assess the relationship between vegetation loss and restoration and hydrology change. The sensitivity analysis of the coupling relationship between marsh vegetation and hydrology was carried out by the transfer entropy model, and the influencing factors of marsh vegetation change were determined using the transfer rate. The results showed that: (1) This paper integrates the time series Landsat series images and the LandTrendr algorithm to monitor the dynamic changes of marsh vegetation and hydrology, and the accuracy rates are 83.68% and 85.78%, respectively, which proves that this method can effectively monitor the spatiotemporal evolution of marsh vegetation and hydrology. (2) In the past 35 years, the marsh vegetation in the study area has generally shown a recovery trend, and the recovery duration is ≥ 20 years. The vegetation disturbance is fragmented and marginalized, and the disturbance duration is less than 20 years. (3) The quadratic regression model was utilized to quantify the correlation between marsh vegetation and hydrology changes. The R2 between vegetation loss and restoration, and hydrology reached 0.885 and 0.811, respectively, which indicated that there is a significant correlation between wetland hydrology and vegetation changes. (4) The relationship between marsh vegetation and hydrology were in a state of imbalance from 1985 to 2019, but there was a high level of coupling between vegetation loss and hydrological changes. (5) The transfer entropy from hydrological changes to vegetation loss and restoration is significantly larger than the transfer entropy from marsh vegetation loss and restoration to hydrological changes, which indicated that hydrological changes are the driving factor for marsh vegetation loss and restoration.

Coupling Coordination of Urban Pseudo and Reality Human Settlements

Urban pseudo and reality human settlements (PHSs and RHSs) are important components of the human–land relationship regional system. To explore the coupling and coordination relationship and principle among them is an important approach to high-quality coordinated urban development. Based on the three-dimensional development of human settlements, the theoretical system of a “three states” dynamic frame diagram is constructed. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity and driving principle of coupling coordination among PHSs and RHSs in 34 prefecture-level cities in northeast China from 2011 to 2019 were explained by using the coupling coordination degree, spatial trend surface analysis and geographic detector techniques, and the evolution principle of spatio-temporal coordination was revealed. The results show that: (1) in the temporal dimension, the coupling coordination degree among PHSs and RHSs in the three provinces shows a smooth growth from “slight disadjustment” to “near disadjustment”; (2) With Shenyang, Dalian, Changchun and Harbin as the center, the coordination degree shows a circular pattern decreasing from the transition area to peripheral area. In the direction of south and north, the spatial evolution trend shows a gradual change from a “—” shape to “U” shape. There is spatio-temporal variation of the trend surface from an inverted “U” shape to “—” shape in the east–west direction; (3) The socioeconomic situation is an important driving factor, and the tool system is a new driving system for the coupling and coordinated development of urban PHSs and RHSs.

Assessment spatio-temporal coupling coordination relationship between mountain rural ecosystem health and urbanization in Chongqing municipality, China.

Coercive and constraints mechanism analysis between rural ecosystem health (REH) and urbanization is required to comprehend spatio-temporal coupling coordination relationship and promote rural ecosystem health development under the pressure of urbanization, especially those with dramatic changes in Chinese countryside. This paper, taking Chongqing municipality as the case study, analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of the coupling coordination between urbanization and REH of 38 districts and counties from 2010 to 2018 with support of coordination coupling degree (CCD) model, entropy method, and GIS spatial methods. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) the EUS (34.84%) and RSceS (35.64%) separately made the highest share contribution to urbanization and REH, the proportion of non-agricultural population in total population and consumption of farmland chemical fertilizer intensity were the main two indicators. (2) The study has confirmed the existence of an obvious differentiated U-shaped curves between urbanization and REH, a dynamic coupling coordination-X was found to exist, which conformed to a linear continuous growth curve, and has transitioned to "high quality coupling coordination" stage from "severe disorder" stage from 2000 to 2018; (3) the spatial differentiation characteristics of coupling coordination in 2018 have shown a significant regional differences pattern, and the coupling coordination in more developed areas was generally higher than most developed areas and less developed areas, namely western Chongqing > metropolitan areas > northeastern Chongqing and southeastern Chongqing. This report could provide policy implications for Chinese decision makers to formulate sustainable measures to balance urbanization development and REH protection.

Liquid-liquid phase separation drives cellular function and dysfunction in cancer.

Cancer is a disease of uncontrollably reproducing cells. It is governed by biochemical pathways that have escaped the regulatory bounds of normal homeostatic balance. This balance is maintained through precise spatiotemporal regulation of these pathways. The formation of biomolecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has recently emerged as a widespread mechanism underlying the spatiotemporal coordination of biological activities in cells. Biomolecular condensates are widely observed to directly regulate key cellular processes involved in cancer cell pathology, and the dysregulation of LLPS is increasingly implicated as a previously hidden driver of oncogenic activity. In this Perspective, we discuss how LLPS shapes the biochemical landscape of cancer cells.

Classification of pacemaker dynamics in the mouse intestine by field potential microimaging

The flexible and sophisticated movement of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract implies the involvement of mechanisms other than enteric neural circuits, to coordinate excitation in microregions. We thus performed microimaging of pacemaker dynamics in the small intestine of mice since it contains typical network-forming pacemaker cells. A dialysis membrane-reinforced low-impedance microelectrode array (MEA) enabled field potentials over a wide frequency range to be stably measured in microregions. The pacemaker dynamics were classified into basic patterns despite large variations. In the developmental process, pacemaker activity was categorized as either an ‘expanding’ or a ‘migrating’ pattern that was initiated in or propagated to the MEA sensing area, respectively. The intercellular current of the volume conductor complicated the waveform of both activities. The existence of ‘expanding’ and ‘migrating’ patterns was attributable to duplicated pacemaker systems such as intracellular Ca2+ oscillation-activated and voltage-gated mechanisms. Additionally, from the spatio-temporal feature during the period of pacemaker events, the ‘bumpy/aberrant’ pattern was defined by aberrant, incoherent propagation, and associated with local impairment of excitability, while the ‘colliding/converging’ pattern involved the interaction of multiple activities in the MEA area. Interconversion between the four micro-coordination patterns occurred in the same microregion. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) promoted ‘migrating’ activity, implying an improvement or restoration of spatial conductivity. These results agree well with the action of 5-HT to change GI movement toward propulsion. In conclusion, our MEA method of microimaging classification enables the quantitative assessment of spatio-temporal electric coordination underlying GI motility, suggesting its application to small model animals.

A Minimalist Binary Vaccine Carrier for Personalized Postoperative Cancer Vaccine Therapy.

In recent years, significant evolutions have been made in applying nanotechnologies for prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccine design. However, the clinical translation of nanovaccines is still limited owing to their complicated compositions and difficulties in the spatiotemporal coordination of antigen-presenting cell activation and antigen cross-presentation. Herein, a minimalist binary nanovaccine (BiVax) is designed that integrates innate stimulating activity into the carrier to elicit robust antitumor immunity. The authors started by making a series of azole molecules end-capped polyethylenimine (PEI-M), and weresurprised to find that over 60% of the PEI-M polymers have innate stimulating activity via activation of the stimulator of interferon genes pathway. PEI-4BImi, a PEI-M obtained from a series of polymers, elicits robust antitumor immune responses when used as a subcutaneously injected nanovaccine by simply mixing with ovalbumin antigens, and this BiVax system performs much better than the traditional ternary vaccine system, as well as, commercialized aluminum-containing adjuvants. This system also enables the fast preparation of personalized BiVax by compositing PEI-4BImi with autologous tumor cell membrane protein antigens, and a 60% postoperative cure rate is observed when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Subcellular Dynamics of a Conserved Bacterial Polar Scaffold Protein

In order to survive, bacterial cells rely on precise spatiotemporal organization and coordination of essential processes such as cell growth, chromosome segregation, and cell division. Given the general lack of organelles, most bacteria are forced to depend on alternative localization mechanisms, such as, for example, geometrical cues. DivIVA proteins are widely distributed in mainly Gram-positive bacteria and were shown to bind the membrane, typically in regions of strong negative curvature, such as the cell poles and division septa. Here, they have been shown to be involved in a multitude of processes: from apical cell growth and chromosome segregation in actinobacteria to sporulation and inhibition of division re-initiation in firmicutes. Structural analyses revealed that DivIVA proteins can form oligomeric assemblies that constitute a scaffold for recruitment of other proteins. However, it remained unclear whether interaction with partner proteins influences DivIVA dynamics. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), single-particle tracking (SPT) microscopy, and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments, we show that DivIVA from Corynebacterium glutamicum is mobilized by its binding partner ParB. In contrast, we show that the interaction between Bacillus subtilis DivIVA and its partner protein MinJ reduces DivIVA mobility. Furthermore, we show that the loss of the rod-shape leads to an increase in DivIVA dynamics in both organisms. Taken together, our study reveals the modulation of the polar scaffold protein by protein interactors and cell morphology. We reason that this leads to a very simple, yet robust way for actinobacteria to maintain polar growth and their rod-shape. In B. subtilis, however, the DivIVA protein is tailored towards a more dynamic function that allows quick relocalization from poles to septa upon division.

A novel sequential method to train physics informed neural networks for Allen Cahn and Cahn Hilliard equations

A physics informed neural network (PINN) incorporates the physics of a system by satisfying its boundary value problem through a neural network’s loss function. The PINN approach has shown great success in approximating the map between the solution of a partial differential equation (PDE) and its spatio-temporal coordinates. However, the PINN’s accuracy suffers significantly for strongly non-linear and higher-order time-varying partial differential equations such as Allen Cahn and Cahn Hilliard equations. To resolve this problem, a novel PINN scheme is proposed that solves the PDE sequentially over successive time segments using a single neural network. The key idea is to re-train the same neural network for solving the PDE over successive time segments while satisfying the already obtained solution for all previous time segments. Thus it is named as backward compatible PINN (bc-PINN). To illustrate the advantages of bc-PINN, the Cahn Hilliard and Allen Cahn equations are solved. These equations are widely used to describe phase separation and reaction–diffusion systems. Additionally, two new techniques have been introduced to improve the proposed bc-PINN scheme. The first technique uses the initial condition of a time-segment to guide the neural network map closer to the true map over that segment. The second technique is a transfer learning approach where the features learned from the previous training are preserved. We have demonstrated that these two techniques improve the accuracy and efficiency of the bc-PINN scheme significantly. It has also been demonstrated that the convergence is improved by using a phase space representation for higher-order PDEs. It is shown that the proposed bc-PINN technique is significantly more accurate and efficient than PINN.

From Cell States to Cell Fates: How Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation Are Coordinated During Embryonic Development.

The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits an extraordinary diversity of neurons, with the right cell types and proportions at the appropriate sites. Thus, to produce brains with specific size and cell composition, the rates of proliferation and differentiation must be tightly coordinated and balanced during development. Early on, proliferation dominates; later on, the growth rate almost ceases as more cells differentiate and exit the cell cycle. Generation of cell diversity and morphogenesis takes place concomitantly. In the vertebrate brain, this results in dramatic changes in the position of progenitor cells and their neuronal derivatives, whereas in the spinal cord morphogenetic changes are not so important because the structure mainly grows by increasing its volume. Morphogenesis is under control of specific genetic programs that coordinately unfold over time; however, little is known about how they operate and impact in the pools of progenitor cells in the CNS. Thus, the spatiotemporal coordination of these processes is fundamental for generating functional neuronal networks. Some key aims in developmental neurobiology are to determine how cell diversity arises from pluripotent progenitor cells, and how the progenitor potential changes upon time. In this review, we will share our view on how the advance of new technologies provides novel data that challenge some of the current hypothesis. We will cover some of the latest studies on cell lineage tracing and clonal analyses addressing the role of distinct progenitor cell division modes in balancing the rate of proliferation and differentiation during brain morphogenesis. We will discuss different hypothesis proposed to explain how progenitor cell diversity is generated and how they challenged prevailing concepts and raised new questions.

Features of the structural role of the sacred in the system of spatiotemporal coordinates of the ethnic world picture

Features of the structural role of the sacred in the system of spatiotemporal coordinates of the ethnic world picture