Spatial Theory Research Articles

DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT INDICATORS IN IDENTIFYING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS USING THE MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION

Abstract. Informal settlement is one of the most common forms of urbanization, increasing every day all over the world, especially in developing countries. One of the important topics informal settlements studies is the measurement of indicators that can identify these settlements effectively. In many articles, the authors use various indicators to identify these areas. In addition, the literature shows these areas are suffering from several problems including the occurrence of fire due to the use of informal electricity, poor access to urban facilities and services such as fire stations, and dead-end and narrow alleys, isolated from other developed areas. Therefore, low accessibility and morphology of the transport network make fire suppression a very hard task in these areas. As such, in this study, we investigated the effectiveness of spatial and space syntax theory indicators in informal settlement mapping. For this purpose, we used ArcGIS and DepthMap software. The study area is District 19 in the southwestern part of Tehran in Iran, which includes 18 neighborhoods. The results show the connectivity index with 16% error or in other words, 84% correctness can be a good index or map to detect informal settlements, and the most prominent feature of informal settlements is the poor accessibility.

Does COVID-19 Affect the Accessibility of Outdoor Sports Venues? A Case Study in Nanchang, China

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a great challenge to society, the economy, and population health. It has become a significant public health event and social problem. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the accessibility of outdoor sports venues is crucial for people’s health. Based on spatial theory, the quantitative and qualitative analyses of outdoor sports venues’ spatial distribution and accessibility were conducted, and the epidemic’s impact on them was analyzed. The results show that: (1) The existing outdoor sports venues in Nanchang show a distribution pattern of “sparse in the north and south, and strong aggregation in the middle”. (2) As a result of the epidemic, the center of the standard deviation ellipse in outdoor sports sites shifted to the southeast, while the number of open venues decreased by 68%. (3) Before COVID-19, the entire study area could achieve full coverage by driving for 17 min, riding for 70 min, or walking for 119 min. After COVID-19, the time increased to 29, 109, and 193 min, respectively. (4) Under the high-risk scenario of COVID-19, the average walking time for people to reach outdoor sports venues increased from 6.2 min to 14.0 min in the study area, with an increase of 126%. Finally, according to the findings of this study, recommendations were made on how government departments could build or re-open outdoor sports venues during and after this epidemic.

Reading Landscape Designs Through Spatial Triad Theory: The Case of High Line

Landscape architects should benefit from spatial theories in social sciences in order to understand the reflections of their designs on space production processes. Lefebvre's theory of space provides an important basis for research in the social sciences. According to H. Lefebvre, the triad of perceived, designed and lived space is based on three interrelated dimensions of space: spatial practice, representational spaces and representations of space. Spaces produced with these three dimensions are social products. In this study, the relationship between spatialization and social transformation is analyzed within the scope of critical analysis through the High Line Park, one of the globally famous landscape designs of the spatial triad theory. Knowledge about the ways in which the process of spatialization affects social transformation makes it easier to understand the role of designers in the discipline of landscape design. The engagement of designers in this process, whether consciously or unconsciously, can lead to an increase in the pressure of design practices on spatial practices. In this context, design practices need to focus on place rather than neoliberal discourses and analyze in depth how the dynamism between the spatial triad can develop.

Application of Virtual Reality in the Inheritance of Peking Opera

Peking opera has rich historical, artistic, and cultural values as an intangible cultural heritage. With the advent of the digital era and the increasingly close integration of digital technology and traditional culture, the study of digital communication and the transmission of intangible cultural heritage has become a new area of concern. Through the interdisciplinary dimensions of spatial production theory and virtual reality technology, this paper examines the current situation of Peking opera cultural dissemination in the digital age, the difficulties of its dissemination, and its causes. With the help of spatial theory, this paper analyses the two leading causes of the current problems in the cultural dissemination of Peking opera: the lack of functionality and the lack of emotionality. And through the attributes of virtual reality technology, its industrial development planning, and the audience's psychological and emotional aspects, new strategies for disseminating Peking Opera culture are presented.

Research Progress and Application of Thin-walled Box-shaped Tube Folding Theory under Axial Crushing

Thin-walled box-shaped tubes, which feature good energy absorption and have a wide range of applications, can be flexibly combined with various buffer materials to form a combined energy consumption structure; However, in view of the complexity of the buffer forms when subjected to axial compression, there is still much room for intensive study in the calculation of the folding method, energy consumption and average force of the tube body during axial crushing. Based on the folding mode and spatial buckling behavior theory of box-shaped tube under axial compression, it not only sorts out the literature on the establishment and improvement process of super-folding theory, but also makes a comparison and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the classical method in the calculation of critical buckling force of box-shaped tubes. Moreover, it gives an overview on the common application methods of tube engineering and theoretical progress in terms of the application of box-shaped tubes, as well as makes a summary of the prospect and improvement of box section tube application in civil engineering at the end in this paper.

Spatial Literary Theory in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide

The notion of being a social animal makes it difficult for humans to exclude space, a quintessential factor of life itself. It serves and chisels humanity throughout. The movement and actions of individuals actuate the space because only when people and artifacts inhabit a space, it turns into a place. This space, be it social or cultural, moulds a person into a mature self and it reflects the ideology, power and politics of the institution existing within it. Every literary work testifies to a space, even though it may be virtual or fictive space. The Hungry Tide is a prophetic novel by Amitav Ghosh about insight, beauty and humanity. It explores the precarious life of some ‘desperate’ souls sustaining in the region of Sundarbans. The central plot is that Piya, an American cetologist who comes to India and gets the aid of Kanai, a translator and Fokir, a local fisherman, in her adventure in waters. The unlikely trio travel to find the rare Irrawaddy Dolphin and face several unexpected turns. Survival is an everyday battle for the settlers of the Sundarbans who have learned to strike a balance with nature. The space of sea has enormous influence in the destiny of fishermen like ‘Fokir’. The novel unravels the ongoing tension between humanity and the space of Sundarbans with its vast salty tracts of mangrove forest. The routine as well as the beliefs of the inhabitants were tamed according to the conditions of that marshy land; for instance, the perpetual threat of tigers. The paper attempts to bring forth the relevance and recognition of the role of space in this novel.

Spatial Production Analysis of the Film Mr.Six from the Perspective of Spatial Ternary Theory

Spatial Production Analysis of the Film Mr.Six from the Perspective of Spatial Ternary Theory

Accurate Detection of IoT Sensor Behaviors in Legitimate, Faulty and Compromised Scenarios

In smart farming sector, Internet of Things (IoT) based smart sensing systems are vulnerable to failure, malfunction, and malicious attacks. Also, sensors are deployed often in an alien and harsh environment. Here, the conditions are not well supportive which either causes the sensor to fail prematurely or gives unusual and erroneous readings, known as outliers. This effects the smart network's performance and decision-making ability in many ways. Therefore, it is important to accurately detect the IoT sensor behaviour in legitimate, faulty, and compromised or attack scenarios. To distinguish the sensor behaviour in different scenarios we have proposed a feasible approach using spatial correlation theory which is validated using Moran's <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> index tool. We have used Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models to test our approach. For real-time anomaly detection we have used an edge computing technology. We have compared the proposed approach, using Forest Fire real dataset, with the three existing recent works. Our results are promising in terms of accurate detection of IoT sensor behaviours in real-time. This will assist the precision farming industry in making better decisions to securely manage IoT field network, increase productivity, and improves operational efficiency.

基于空间缝合理论的城市社区景观更新研究

基于空间缝合理论的城市社区景观更新研究

基于空间生产理论下老旧城区更新研究——以济南市为例

基于空间生产理论下老旧城区更新研究——以济南市为例

Continuity of paths as a measure of transformation in urban fabric: a study in the old centre of Hila

Cities are exposed to transformations in their urban fabric over time as a result of urban renewal projects and new requirements. These transformations can have negative consequences, especially for traditional cities. Traditional cities are characterized by their historical continuity over the years, so these transformations lead to the destruction of some of their characteristics, such as connectivity or hierarchy of the city. The destruction of the characteristics of the ancient city leads to the production of a hybrid city. Al-Hila city centre is one of the areas that have undergone several aspects of transformations, for example, a change in functional uses, the construction of new roads for cars, a change in the pattern of fabric and others. Therefore, the research problem was represented in the interruption of paths continuity as a result of unstudied transformations in the urban fabric, and by adopting a hypothesis that the continuity of the urban fabric is affected by changing the ease of access and hierarchy of a part of the region that leads to an imbalance in integration. So, the research aims to find out the differences in the continuity of paths that occur in city centres when they are transformed by comparing them temporally and identifying some of the main indicators of spatial analysis theories. Hypothesis quantitative indicators emerged from the research vocabulary and were represented by (connectivity, depth, axis length, choice and integration). The most important conclusions and recommendations that were extracted from the research for spatial analysis (Space syntax) by using the (Depth map) program are that the continuity of paths in the urban fabric has been destroyed as a result of unplanned and inappropriate transformations for the place in several respects.

Optimization of Positioning Error and Time for UWB and Virtual-Real Scenes Similarity Measure Based on Error Model

To overcome the problem of large UWB positioning errors caused by obstacles and other factors in the complex environment of substations, a positioning method combining UWB and virtual-real scene similarity measures is proposed, which effectively improves the positioning accuracy of substation operation and maintenance personnel. To further improve the positioning accuracy of the operation and maintenance personnel in the complex environment of the substation, and reduce the positioning time, this paper analyzes the influence of the virtual scene image acquisition step (x, y, yaw, pitch) on the positioning error. Firstly, the mathematical relationship between the step size parameter and the positioning error as well as the positioning time is quantified using the spatial geometric relationship and probability error theory, and the spatial error model of the fusion positioning algorithm is established; then, based on the established spatial error model, the acquisition step size and the positioning error and positioning time have been optimized to make the positioning time the shortest under the conditions of allowable positioning error. The experimental results show that the spatial error model established in this paper has high accuracy and the optimization results are reliable; the spatial error model is used to optimize the acquisition step parameters, which can ensure the UWB and virtual-real scenes similarity measurement fusion positioning algorithm with positioning error less than 0.2 m (with confidence greater than 0.95) and positioning time of 0.173 s, which significantly improves the positioning speed.

Power space and governance performance: An analysis based on the Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey

Why do communities in different spatial areas display different types of governance performance? Applying the perspective of spatial theory, this paper proposes an analytical concept of “power space”. The concept refers to the distance between a community and the municipal administrative power center. Based on data drawn from the Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey, this study examines the variation in governance performance across communities located in different areas of the spatial structure of city power, and analyzes the causes and mechanisms underlying these differences. The study suggests that the spatial distance between the community and the center of governance power is not merely physical and geographical in nature but also social and political. We find that the distance to the center of power has a significant effect on the types of community governance performance that are easily observable, but little effect on those that are less perceptible. This reveals that power space exerts a strong effect on phenomena that can be easily recognized by higher-level officials, but not on phenomena that are less visible but nevertheless appreciated by the residents. Such a pattern can be explained by the current governance performance assessment system and incentive mechanism. Power space exerts an influence through the mechanisms of public resource allocation and governance performance benchmarks, which are equally applicable to other areas of social governance. In sum, this study contributes to the understanding of the underlying logic of grassroots social governance in contemporary China.

Mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland holistic protection and restoration engineering and landscape ecology.

Theoretical researches and practices on the life community of mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic and its protection and restoration have been gradually developed in China, which demands the support of a systematic disciplinary theory. Landscape ecology, as an interdisciplinary science of geography and ecology, can meet such demand thanks to its macroscopic spatial theory and technical system. Here, landscape ecology is taken as the supporting discipline of holistic protection and restoration for mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic. Firstly, we clarified that life community of mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland is a heterogeneously mosaic landscape, which bears all the characteristics of landscape and thus follows the principles of landscape ecology. Secondly, we expounded how the basic principles of landscape-ecological construction could be applied to the planning and evaluation of holistic protection and restoration for mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic. Finally, we summarized the new trend of landscape-ecological construction research, listed the theoretical and practical problems to be solved, and discussed how the projects of holistic protection and restoration for the mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic can provide a variety of practices for seeking the solutions. The combination of landscape ecology and practical restoration projects would generate effective solutions to realize sustainable development in terms of ecology, economy, and society in China and even the whole world.

Border regions in the context of spatial theories

Border regions in the context of spatial theories

Towards a Newer Analytical Frame for Theorizing Ethnic Enclaves in Urban Residential Spaces: A Critical Dialectic Approach in Relational-Spatiality

Abstract: This paper provides a critical reflection on the nature of ethnic enclaves and segregation by presenting an analytical frame that can be used to capture the contested nature of spatiality in these spaces. By underscoring the dynamics in which differences constitute distinct subject positions, this paper posits a relational orientation to studying spatiality that is based on complex relations among and between subjects and space. To date, few attempts have been made to present an analytical frame for the analysis of the spatiality of ethnic enclaves and segregation in which space becomes contested by different groups, occupants of space, and those external to space. This paper bridges this gap by synthesizing the relational approaches found in Bourdieusian field theory and Lefebvrian spatiality. This paper seeks to make three contributions. First, to provide an explicit theoretical anchor upon which relational and spatial theories converge since the underlying rationale for complementary is usually only implicitly evaluated. In detailing this convergence, the social constitution of reality and an emphasis on the duality between individuals and society as well as society and space are identified as a rationale for relational spatiality. Second, to demonstrate how a collective engagement with Bourdieu’s and Lefebvre’s approaches facilitates a recognition of spatiality as a polysemous social product and producer of social reality in addition to grounding this orientation as a critical dialectic engagement in which both the subjects and knowledge production cannot be neutral. Third, to present an analytical frame for the investigation of ethnic enclaves in and through which ethnic majorities, minorities, occupants of space, and those external to these enclaves constitute different views towards the same space.

Border Formation

This doctoral thesis examines the militarisation of the Southern border of Hungary as a process of spatial formation, expanding the debate on borders from the political to the architectural arena. Combining spatial theory with empirical research on the case study, the thesis rethinks the border as a complex spatial system, with an agency of its own. From this perspective, it contests the enforcement of spatial boundaries from the above and related ideas of fixity. It brings attention to the agency of space in the advancement of a material becoming; the role of migration in the radical redefinition of meanings and functions of space; and the action of technologies in the strategic manipulation of measures and scales. While conceptualising the border as a space in formation, this thesis builds a diagrammatic method of study and moves the research in an ontoepistemological direction. With the aim of fostering a change in those structures that control the partition and governance of space, this doctoral study calls the discipline of architecture to review its questions, methods, and practices. It invites to use architectural knowledge to engage with borders’ complexity and challenge their established meanings and makings.

&lt;em&gt;POST-SPACE&lt;/em&gt; SEBAGAI BENTUK PERLAWANAN IMIGRAN TERHADAP TATANAN KOLONIAL DALAM NOVEL &lt;em&gt;BRICK LANE&lt;/em&gt; KARYA MONICA ALI

Brick Lane's is a post-colonial literary work that raises the issues of the Bangladeshi diaspora in England. The raise of diaspora writers who settled in Europe and America has colored modern world literature. The ideas of diaspora writers do not only present works with monolithic ideas, they have also presented various spatial constructions and identities about immigrants living in the Western world. This research was conducted as an effort to answer the formulation of the problem as follows: (1). What is the postcolonial spatial response in Brick Lane Monica Ali's novel? (2). How about urban space construction and postcolonial spatial strategy in the novel Brick Lane? This study uses qualitative research methods to explore how the author constructs postcolonial space and offers post-space in his work. Data was collected inductively through the depiction of characters in the novel and classified for later analysis using Spatial Politics Sara Upstone's theory. The results of this study indicate that the authors attempt to present chaos as a postcolonial spatial response. The chaos presented by the author appears when certain individuals in the novel feel discriminated against in a space with colonial-created boundaries and orders, either because of their identity or social class. The author also constructs city space by offering a strategy displacement in the form of transferring a sense of belonging to the smaller things that construct urban space, and the relationships between figures that make individuals feel comfortable with their existence.

اإلبقاء على موسيقى أم كلثوم في الرحلة مع السندباد وأوليسيس في سفينة جبرا إبراهيم جبر

By drawing on recent approaches to music listening, spatial and postcolonial theories, this paper examines the significance of various instances of intertextuality in Jabra Ibrahim Jabra’s The Ship. It argues that intertextuality in the novel enables the characters to sustain a sense of community and national solidarity immune to closure and disintegration in exile. This paper shows that the intertexts in the novel are resources of power, strength and agency necessary to fend off alienation and loss, and the intertextual fabric functions as a transformational space from denial into presence, from helplessness into determination. The paper concludes that (inter)textuality in the novel reflects a creative mode of resistance in Palestinian culture.

Calculation of the stressed-strained state of rotating anisotropic cylindrical shells with a hole based on variational RVR-method

This paper proposes a new variational RVR-method for calculating the three-dimensional stressed-strained state of statically loaded shell elements of structures with holes of arbitrary shapes and sizes. The scientifically substantiated RVR method is based on the use of the Reissner variational principle, the Vekua method, the theory of R-functions by Rvachev, and the general equations of the spatial theory of elasticity. The use of mixed Reissner variational principle leads to an increase in the accuracy of solving boundary value problems due to the independent variation of the displacement vector and the stress tensor. The Vekua method makes it possible to replace the solution to a three-dimensional problem with a regular sequence of solutions to two-dimensional problems. The theory of R-functions at the analytical level takes into account the geometric information of boundary value problems, which is necessary for the construction of solution structures that accurately satisfy all boundary conditions. At the same time, the developed algorithm for bilateral integral accuracy assessment makes it possible to automate the search for such a number of approximations in which the process of convergence of solutions becomes stable. The possibilities of the RVR method are shown in numerous examples of solving boundary problems of calculating cylindrical shells with an elliptical hole when setting centrifugal loads according to a deformed scheme. Calculations according to the specified load scheme of the anisotropic cylinder lead (at certain values of the angular velocity of rotation) to a significant increase in stresses. Therefore, to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to set a centrifugal load that takes into account the change in the size of the body in the process of its deformation. The characteristic features of the proposed RVR-method, which can be used effectively in the manufacture of shell elements of structures in various branches of technology, are discussed.