Spatial-temporal Research Articles

Accumulated Relative Density Outlier Detection For Large Scale Traffic Data

Outlier detection (OD) has been popularly developed in many fields such as medical diagnosis, network intrusion detection, fraud detection and military surveillance. This paper presents an accumulated relative density (ARD) OD method to identify outliers which possess relatively low or high local density. Previously, many density-based OD methods, such as local outlier factor (LOF) and Local Correlation Integral (LOCI), are applied to detect outliers which have low relative density in the data set. Relative local density (RLD) is measured and then compared with each other by statistics to label abnormities. In the proposed ARD method, a big circle centered at every data point is formed first. This big circle covers some data points with its radius. Then, for each encapsulated point inside this big circle, a small circle centered at itself is defined. Afterward, the ratio of number of covered data points inside the small circle of that particular point to the average number of data points in all small circles is defined as the RLD. After RLDs of all data points are calculated, a point whose RLD deviates greatly from the mean of all RLDs will be labeled as an outlier, otherwise as inliers. This ARD method was evaluated by a real world traffic data set which was originally represented as spatial-temporal (ST) traffic flow signals. The ST signals were processed by a principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce its dimension into two-dimensional 2D data points. An average 95% detection success rate (DSR) of OD can be achieved by this method.

Outlier Detection in Large-Scale Traffic Data by Naïve Bayes Method and Gaussian Mixture Model Method

It is meaningful to detect outliers in traffic data for traffic management. However, this is a massive task for people from largescale database to distinguish outliers. In this paper, we present two methods: Kernel Smoothing Naïve Bayes (NB) method and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) method to automatically detect any hardware errors as well as abnormal traffic events in traffic data collected at a four-arm junction in Hong Kong. Traffic data was recorded in a video format, and converted to spatial-temporal (ST) traffic signals by statistics. The ST signals are then projected to a two-dimensional (2D) (x, y)-coordinate plane by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimension reduction. We assume that inlier data are normal distributed. As such, the NB and GMM methods are successfully applied in OD (Outlier Detection) for traffic data. The kernel smooth NB method assumes the existence of kernel distributions in traffic data and uses Bayes' Theorem to perform OD. In contrast, the GMM method believes the traffic data is formed by the mixture of Gaussian distributions and exploits confidence region for OD. This paper would address the modeling of each method and evaluate their respective performances. Experimental results show that the NB algorithm with Triangle kernel and GMM method achieve up to 93.78% and 94.50% accuracies, respectively.

Modulation of host plant immunity by Tobamovirus proteins.

To establish successful infection, plant viruses produce profound alterations of host physiology, disturbing unrelated endogenous processes and contributing to the development of disease. In tobamoviruses, emerging evidence suggests that viral-encoded proteins display a great variety of functions beyond the canonical roles required for virus structure and replication. Among these, their modulation of host immunity appears to be relevant in infection progression. In this review, some recently described effects on host plant physiology of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-encoded proteins, namely replicase, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP), are summarized. The discussion is focused on the effects of each viral component on the modulation of host defense responses, through mechanisms involving hormonal imbalance, innate immunity modulation and antiviral RNA silencing. These effects are described taking into consideration the differential spatial distribution and temporality of viral proteins during the dynamic process of replication and spread of the virus. In discussion of these mechanisms, it is shown that both individual and combined effects of viral-encoded proteins contribute to the development of the pathogenesis process, with the host plant's ability to control infection to some extent potentially advantageous to the invading virus.

Dynamics of metallic contaminants at a basin scale — Spatial and temporal reconstruction from four sediment cores (Loire fluvial system, France)

From the 19th century, the Loire basin (France) presents potentially pollutant activities such as mining and heavy industries. This paper shows spatio-temporal distribution of trace elements in sediments at a basin-scale, based on a comparison of archived temporal signals recorded in four sedimentary cores. Anthropogenic sources contributing to sediment contamination are also characterized, using geochemical signatures recorded in river bank sediments of the most industrialized tributaries. This study highlights upstream-downstream differences concerning recorded contamination phases in terms of spatial influence and temporality of archiving processes. Such differences were related to (i) various spatial influences of contamination sources and (ii) polluted sediments dispersion controlled by transport capacity of metal-carrier phases and hydrosedimentary dynamics.

Law's Social Forms: A Powerless Approach to the Sociology of Law

Since the law and society movement in the 1960s, the sociology of law in the United States has been dominated by a power/inequality approach. Based on a sociological distinction between the forms and substances of law, this article outlines a “powerless” approach to the sociology of law as a theoretical alternative to the mainstream power/inequality approach. Following Simmel and the Chicago School of sociology, this new approach analyzes the legal system not by its power relations and patterns of inequality, but by its social forms, or the structures and processes that constitute the legal system's spatial outlook and temporality. Taking a radical stance on power, this article is not only a retrospective call for social theory in law and society research, but also a progressive effort to move beyond US‐centric sociolegal scholarship and to develop new social science tools that explain a larger variety of legal phenomena across the world.

A Randomized Trial of an Elementary School Mathematics Software Intervention: Spatial-Temporal Math

Fifty-two low performing schools were randomly assigned to receive Spatial-Temporal (ST) Math, a supplemental mathematics software and instructional program, in second/third or fourth/fifth grades or to a business-as-usual control. Analyses reveal a negligible effect of ST Math on mathematics scores, which did not differ significantly across subgroups defined by prior math proficiency and English Language Learner status. Two years of program treatment produced a nonsignificant effect. Publication of evaluation results from large-scale real-world supplemental mathematics instructional implementations such as this one can provide a realistic view of the possibilities, costs, and limitations of this and other computer aided instruction supplemental interventions.

News Now

This article explores how mobile consumption practices afforded by new mobile media have transformed the spatialities and temporalities of news media through processes such as proliferation, participation, personalization, cross-platform flow, geolocation, and mapping. Expanding journalism studies to encompass digital social media and the interdisciplinary field of mobilities research, the approach taken here gives greater attention to the making and unmaking of materialities and infrastructure in order to show how the mobile production, dissemination, and consumption of news produces new spatial temporalities and scales. With the emergence of various mobile interfaces and personalized networks connected via mobile social media, news is not only constantly accessed “on demand” from miniature mobiles, but also tagged, curated, aggregated, and easily re-distributed, fostering “ambient journalism” (Hermida) and on-location “citizen witnessing” (Allan). Through a historical analysis of changes in the New York Times since the 1990s and a consideration of emerging modes of on-demand, on-location, participatory news production, it is argued that the redistribution of the places, spaces, and timing of news production and consumption has transformed not only the content, form, and style of news, but also the very temporality of news as an event. Through an analysis of the impact of these changes on the reporting of recent natural disasters, the article seeks to envision an enlivened terrain of mobile news that is live, active, immersive, pervasive, and constantly updating, yet also attentive to the implications of infrastructural disruption, data-mining, and surveillance.

Ciclos econômicos e periodização da rede urbana no Amazonas-Brasil as cidades Parintins e Itacoatiara de 1655 a 2010

When analyzing the periodization of the urban network in the Amazon different aspects evidence growth and expansion, while others evidence economic stagnation. In any of these cases it is possible to notice the strengthening of certain urban centers, that due to historical-geografical factors, highlight their importance in the urban network of the Amazonas State –Brazil. Aiming to analyse the spatial temporality of the cities of Parintins and Itacoatiara and their role in the urban network along the Amazonas river, this paper presents historical data, results from extensive field work and comprehensive analysis of both cities. This analysis gives new light in the understanding of the urban network in the Brazilian Amazon, considering a different scale to those usually used to understand urbanity in the region.

The Middle East: Global, Postcolonial, Regional, and Queer

The dislocations associated with modernity have driven scholarly, literary, and philosophical inquiries in various directions since the 19th century: Marx's materialist critique, Ranke's historical empiricism, Baudelaire'sflâneur, Simmel's studies of urban anomie and alienation, Durkheim and Weber's sociology, and so on into the 20th and 21st centuries, and now reflected in this issue ofIJMESon queer studies. Although there are vast differences among them, they share a compulsion to explain what appeared as massive reconfigurations of time and space. The proliferation of subjective possibilities was pegged to an acceleration of the former and compression of the latter; accordingly, on our radar appear the bourgeois, middle class, and worker in the long 19th century and gay, lesbian, and transgender in the late 20th, two moments of rapid globalization and subject proliferation. We are to believe that in the fullness of time all will be free and all will be good. However, in the here and now some must be unfree and some bad. The modern distinction between free and unfree, good and bad, subjects relies heavily on uninterrogated assumptions about the spatial origins, temporality, and trajectory of modernity.

Blurred Architecture: Duration and performance in the work of Diller Scofidio + Renfro

Architects Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio have questioned conventional approaches to spatial temporality and the situation of architecture since the late 1970s. Now joined by Charles Renfro, the installation and architectural projects of their interdisciplinary design studio Diller Scofidio + Renfro are representative of the shift from the aesthetic architectures of post-modernism towards a critical architecture based upon the principles of time-based art. As a reflection on the question of duration and performance, this article returns to Diller Scofidio + Renfro's temporary structure for the Swiss Expo in 2002. Blur Building, or Blur, underlines the occurrence of time through its continuously shifting structure and ephemeral state. Located on a steel-viewing platform on Lake Neuchâtel, Blur was a literal performance of its lakeside site as a series of water jets formed a suspended mist cloud around its steel frame: an ephemeral architecture of water and action. This event-based spatial ecology of Blur is typical of Diller Scofidio + Renfro's focus on the affect of architecture and the social consequence of buildings. Influenced by their initial explorations within a theatrical setting, Diller Scofidio + Renfro integrate the experience of technology and architecture to evoke the social and material contexts of the ‘site’ or situation. Notions of spectatorship and participation recur throughout their architectural interventions, as they aim to position architecture as a means of spatial and haptic revelation: where the event of architectural experience has a direct impact upon our embodied perception of ourselves. Framed by Dorita Hannah's notion of ‘spatial performativity’ and the writings of architect's such as Juhani Pallasmaa and Bernard Tschumi, this article concludes with by reflecting on how Blur is representative of the critical discourses that have shaped contemporary approaches to site and performance, the dramaturgy of architecture.

SPATIAL TEMPORAL SOWING PATTERN OF RAPESEED-MUSTARD CROP IN INDIA USING MULTI-DATE IRS AWIFS DATA

Abstract. This paper highlights the results on spatial pattern of sowing of rapeseed/mustard in four major states in India using multidate Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) data for 2010-11 crop season. Geo-referenced, calibrated AWiFS data acquired during October 2010 to February 2011 were used to generate the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image sets. Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) based clustering of the multi date NDVI dataset for mustard crop pixels was performed. The clusters were segregated to spectral emergence classes using a spectral profile matching approach with reference to ground truth data. The sowing dates were derived from the spectral emergence data using a lag period based on field observation. Analysis showed the sowing pattern in the study states is spread over around 60 days from mid October to mid December. Three distinct clusters of sowing pattern were observed. The major one (around 40%) is sown between mid October and first week of November. Around 25% area is sown from last week of November to mid December. The other 35% area is sown in between these two periods. Analysis of temperature, a key weather variable influencing the growth of this crop, showed that the crop sowing in northern Rajasthan and Haryana is delayed by about one month to avoid the frost damage during reproductive phase. In the parts of Gujarat, southern parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (MP), an early sowing in the second fortnight of October was observed, mainly to avoid higher mean temperatures during the month of March.

Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia

A multidimensional conceptual framework is advanced that characterizes early agriculture as a subset of human-environment interactions. Three cross-articulating dimensions of human-environment interaction are considered that accommodate the varied expressions of early agriculture in different parts of the world: spatial scales, transformative mechanisms, and temporalities of associated phenomena. These ideas are applied and exemplified at two different scales of resolution—contextual and comparative—in terms of early agricultural development in the highlands of New Guinea and the dispersal of domesticates from New Guinea into Island Southeast Asia.

Spatial Theory, Temporality and Public Action

Innovation and information combined with ICTs constitute a new framework which questions the theories on the functioning of classic space and stresses the need to think of new frames. The principle of acentrality proposed here highlights the role of politics in the structuring of space, as well as the role of temporality. For public planning policies to be relevant, acentrality and temporality must be taken into account.

Exploring probabilistic localized video representation for human action recognition

In recent years, the bag-of-words (BoW) video representations have achieved promising results in human action recognition in videos. By vector quantizing local spatial temporal (ST) features, the BoW video representation brings in simplicity and efficiency, but limitations too. First, the discretization of feature space in BoW inevitably results in ambiguity and information loss in video representation. Second, there exists no universal codebook for BoW representation. The codebook needs to be re-built when video corpus is changed. To tackle these issues, this paper explores a localized, continuous and probabilistic video representation. Specifically, the proposed representation encodes the visual and motion information of an ensemble of local ST features of a video into a distribution estimated by a generative probabilistic model. Furthermore, the probabilistic video representation naturally gives rise to an information-theoretic distance metric of videos. This makes the representation readily applicable to most discriminative classifiers, such as the nearest neighbor schemes and the kernel based classifiers. Experiments on two datasets, KTH and UCF sports, show that the proposed approach could deliver promising results.

Spatial Collisions and Discordant Temporalities: Everyday Life between Camp and Checkpoint

How do we make sense of the colonial subject that is neither in revolt nor in open crisis? How do people reproduce their lives, fashion routines, etch out some meaning when the political is evacuated, when time is on hold? These questions loom over a contemporary disjuncture in Palestine, marked in part by the splintering and opening up of the field of subjective bonds, attachments and associations to new modalities of production, less circumscribed by previous normative parameters and engendering a host of complexities and ambivalences in politico-social relationalities. Yet most scholarship on Palestine remains caught up in reductive binaries of violence versus resistance and heavily reliant on rigid and aggregated categories, the bulk of it unable to capture entire assemblages of action, subjective dissonance, productive ambiguities and contingent vitalities that inflect so much of contemporary quotidian life. The refugee in particular has emerged as a destabilizing figure, capable of subversively using the spatio-temporality of the camp as the very resource through which to disturb ascribed categorizations. Reading the paradoxical multiplicity of actions that refugees — women, children and the elderly — perform in the space between Qalandia camp and its checkpoint provides an insight into some of what defines contemporary refugee subjectivities — flexibility, a readiness to take risks, an ability to maneuver through different temporal orders and instrumentalize the spatial fragmentation. These subjects, traversing and negotiating liminality in everyday life, point to lived and bodied affirmations of presence and visibility that cannot be understood through frameworks of recognition and rights.

STREAMWISE VORTICES AND REYNOLDS STRESSES OF WALL-BOUNDED TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

Reynolds Equation is the most commonly used governing equation in turbulence. However, its application in wall-bounded turbulent shear flows may involve a defect. In general, Reynolds averaging should be ensemble averaging and Reynolds stresses are supposed to express all the actions of turbulence on the mean field. In statistically steady three-dimensional flows, Reynolds stresses are usually defined as correlations of temporal velocity fluctuations so that they cannot contain the influences of steady components of streamwise vortices. This is believed to be one of the reasons why many closure models in RANS meet problems in flows where streamwise vortices play significant roles. In this paper, Spatial-Temporal (S-T) averaged Reynolds stresses were defined, which separates the turbulence actions caused by temporal or spatial velocity fluctuations. DNS data for a fully developed channel flow were then used to check balancing of equations. Comparison showed that the balancing errors in the S-T averaged Reynolds equations were obviously smaller than those in the temporal averaged one, in particular, in the near wall region where the streamwise vortices located. Thus, a combination of traditional model with a supplemental model expressing influences of streamwise vortices might be a way out to improve the turbulence modeling.

Integrated fire dynamics and thermomechanical modeling framework for steel-concrete composite structures

The objective of this study is to formulate a general 3D material-structural analysis framework for the thermomechanical behavior of steel-concrete structures in a fire environment. The proposed analysis framework consists of three sequential modeling parts: fire dynamics simulation, heat transfer analysis, and a thermomechanical stress analysis of the structure. The first modeling part consists of applying the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) where coupled CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) with thermodynamics are combined to realistically model the fire progression within the steel-concrete structure. The goal is to generate the spatial-temporal (ST) solution variables (temperature, heat flux) on the surfaces of the structure. The FDS-ST solutions are generated in a discrete form. Continuous FDS-ST approximations are then developed to represent the temperature or heat-flux at any given time or point within the structure. An extensive numerical study is carried out to examine the best ST approximation functions that strike a balance between accuracy and simplicity. The second modeling part consists of a finite-element (FE) transient heat analysis of the structure using the continuous FDS-ST surface variables as prescribed thermal boundary conditions. The third modeling part is a thermomechanical FE structural analysis using both nonlinear material and geometry. The temperature history from the second modeling part is used at all nodal points. The ABAQUS (2003) FE code is used with external user subroutines for the second and third simulation parts in order to describe the specific heat temperature nonlinear dependency that drastically affects the transient thermal solution especially for concrete materials. User subroutines are also developed to apply the continuous FDS-ST surface nodal boundary conditions in the transient heat FE analysis. The proposed modeling framework is applied to predict the temperature and deflection of the well-documented third Cardington fire test.

Effect of spatial distribution of T-Cells and HIV load on HIV progression

We present a spatial-temporal (ST) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) simulation model to investigate the spatial distribution of viral load and T-cells during HIV progression. The proposed model uses the Finite Element (FE) method to divide a considered infected region into interconnected subregions each containing viral population and T-cells. HIV T-cells and viral load are traced and counted within and between subregions to estimate their effect upon neighboring regions. The objective is to estimate overall ST changes of HIV progression and to study the ST therapeutic effect upon HIV dynamics in spatial and temporal domains. We introduce sub-regional (spatial) parameters of T-cells and viral load production and elimination to estimate the spatial propagation and interaction of HIV dynamics under the influence of a 3TC D4T Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RTI) drug regimen. In terms of percentage change standard deviation, we show that the average rate per 10 weeks (throughout a 10-year clinical trial) of the ST CD4+ change is 5.35% 1.3 different than that of the CD4+ rate of change in laboratory datasets, and the average rate of change of the ST CD8+ is 4.98% 1.93 different than that of the CD8+ rate of change. The half-life of the ST CD4+ count is 1.68% 3.381 different than the actual half-life of the CD4+ count obtained from laboratory datasets. The distribution of the viral load and T-cells in a considered region tends to cluster during the HIV progression once a threshold of 86-89% viral accumulation is reached. Executable code and data libraries are available by contacting the corresponding author. C++ and Java have been used to simulate the suggested model. A Pentium III or higher platform is recommended.

Achebe's Spatial Temporalities: Literary Chronotopes in Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God

Human perception is most commonly shaped by the ostensibly 'concrete' nature of things, that is, by their existence at specific moments of time and in particular locations in space. In spite of longstanding philosophical enquiry into the issue of 'whether time has a continuous or discontinuous structure',' there is clearly a close correspondence between the progression of time and movement in space. Indeed, time itself may be said to assume essentially spatial dimensions: it is often conceptualised as a movement from one moment to another, regardless of whether such movement is perceived as being linear or cyclical. As Aristotle observes, 'when some time is thought to have passed, some movement also along with it seems to have taken place.'^ Time expands into past, present and future, the development of such stages strengthening the impression of temporality combined with spatiality. In imagining the present for example, notions of the here-and-now almost inevitably conceive of the 'here' as 'this space' and the 'now' as 'this time', with each term reinforcing the meaning of the other: space is located in time; time moves in space. The literary chronotope (literally, 'time-space') is a concept which shows how such temporal and spatial assumptions play important roles in determining the nature of fictional genres, particularly their themes and structures. According to Mikhail M. Bakhtin, the Russian philosopher and literary theorist who first developed the chronotope as a tool of literary exegesis:

Innate spatial–temporal reasoning and the identification of genius

The teaching of mathematics is invariably language-based, but spatial-temporal (ST) reasoning (making a mental image and thinking ahead in space and time) is crucial to the understanding of math. Here we report that Big Seed, a demanding ST video game, based upon the mathematics of knot theory and previously applied to understanding DNA structure and function, can be used to reveal innate ST reasoning. Big Seed studies with middle and elementary school children provide strong evidence that ST reasoning ability is not only innate but far exceeds optimistic expectations based on age, the percentage of children achieving exceptional ST performance in less than 7 h of training, and retention of ability. A third grader has been identified as a genius (functionally defined) in ST performance. Big Seed may be used for training and assessing 'creativity' (functionally defined) and ST reasoning as well as discovering genius.