Spatial-temporal Distribution Research Articles

Neoarchean granitoid magmatism and geodynamic process in the northeastern North China craton

The composition of Archean granitoid rocks changed from predominantly tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses in the early Archean (4−3 Ga) to diversified granitoid rock assemblages in the late Archean (3.0−2.5 Ga), marking a crucial transformation in the geodynamic processes of early Earth. However, the reason for this major transition remains enigmatic because the petrogenetic features of different granitoid assemblages and their crust-mantle interactions during different periods are poorly understood. We use variations in the spatial-temporal distribution, lithological association, chemical composition, and petrogenesis of Neoarchean (2.7−2.5 Ga) granitoids and inferred correlative crust-mantle interactions in the Eastern Liaoning Range (ELR) of the northeastern North China craton to explore this geodynamic transition. The early Neoarchean (ca. 2.7 Ga) ELR granitoids were dominated by TTG gneisses, and the late Neoarchean (2.6−2.5 Ga) ELR granitoid typology and compositions became more complex, changing into TTGs and more K2O-rich granitoid rocks. The TTGs can be subdivided into a high-Ca group and a low-Ca group: The 2.71−2.68 Ga high-Ca group TTG magma originated from partial melting of subducted juvenile oceanic crust, and the low-Ca group TTG magma was derived from fractionation crystallization of the high-Ca group TTG magma. The chemical composition of the magmatic sources played a dominant role on the 2.60−2.50 Ga TTG magmatism: the high-Ca and low-Ca group TTG magmas came from low-K mafic rocks and tonalites, respectively. The 2.58−2.49 Ga K2O-rich granitoids can be divided into three petrogenetic series: (1) The high-Ca-Mg group K2O-rich granitoid magma originated from partial melting of high-K mafic rocks, (2) the low-Ca-Mg group K2O-rich granitoid magma was derived from partial melting of sedimentary rocks, and (3) the transition group K2O-rich granitoid magma was sourced from metagreywackes. The 2.71−2.68 Ga TTGs were generated in an island arc belt, and subducted slab melting and subsequent magmatic differentiation were the dominant mechanisms of the TTG magmatism. The 2.60−2.50 Ga diversified granitoids were formed in the oceanic-continental subduction process under the active continental margin; the complicated oceanic slab subduction and arc-arc and arc-continent collisions contributed to the diversity of late Neoarchean granitoid magmatism.

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF NARROW-BARRED SPANISH MACKEREL (Scomberomorus commerson) FISHING GROUNDS IN RIAU ARCHIPELAGO WATERS, INDONESIA

Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) is an exportable fish captured by gillnet fishing fleets from Bintan Regency. The fleets are operated in the Riau Archipelago waters but information on their activities is limited. Such information is important to the institution the Agency for Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Archipelagic Riau Province for ensuring the sustainability of the fisheries from both economic and biological perspectives. This study aims to determine the spatial-temporal distributions of the mackerel fishing grounds along the year with reference to the capture data, sea surface temperatures, chlorophyll-a concentrations, and salinities in the last 4 months of 2022. This study analyzed data from a fish export company, the PSDKP office at Tanjungpinang, Bintan, interviews of fishers affiliated with 44 fishing boat samples, and satellite-based marine data. Analysis on the monthly fishing productivity and optimum marine conditions for the mackerels were carried out to determine prospects of five recognized fishing grounds. Besides Lingga Islands, the fishing grounds are highly prospective from August to November. The longest fishing seasons are expected around Bangka Island (11 months). The spatial and temporal patterns show that the north-south-north shifts in fishing grounds that are associated with regional climates, i.e., monsoon winds.

The effects of outlet size, shape, and location on spatial temperature distribution reduction via direct jet impinging in power electronics

Power electronics are used daily in a wide range of applications. Overheating is a major problem associated with power electronic chips. Direct jet impingement on silicon-based chips has emerged as a promising technique for power electronics cooling. However, this technique results in variations in spatial temperature between the center of the jet and the jet outlet location. This paper introduces a jet outlet design that facilitates a more uniform spatial temperature distribution. To this end, a numerical model is developed for a jet impingement configuration featuring four top circular outlets and experimentally validated using a thermal test chip with a jet Reynolds number of 7000. The resultant data show that reducing the outlet size by 30% results in a 31% decrease in the spatial temperature variance between the stagnation point and hot spot locations.Five outlet configurations are also investigated: eight circular top outlets; eight circular side outlets; four square top outlets; eight square top outlets; and eight square side outlets. Analysis of the temperature profiles of these designs reveals that the configuration featuring eight top circular outlets produces the highest spatial temperature difference, while the configuration featuring four top circular outlets (1.4 mm diameter) produces the smallest difference. Specifically, the four top circular outlet design enables a 42 % reduction in the spatial temperature difference, with a 3.8 % decrease in the pressure drop between the main inlet and outlet. Additionally, the findings show that this configuration produces a higher increase in the hot spot heat-transfer coefficient compared to the eight top circular outlet configuration (from 18,500 to 22,300 w/m2 °C, an increase of 20.5 %), thus flattening the spatial heat-transfer coefficient radially.

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Baseflow Based on Monthly Water Balance Modeling and Baseflow Separation

Baseflow is the part of streamflow that is mainly replenished by groundwater. The protection of the biological environment and the growth of its water resources greatly depend on the spatial and temporal evolution of baseflow. Therefore, the Baizhiao (BZA) and Shaduan (SD) catchments of the Jiaojiang River Basin (JRB) in the Zhejiang province of China were selected as study areas. The ABCD model and Eckhardt method were used to calculate baseflow and baseflow index (BFI). The temporal and spatial evolution patterns of baseflow were analyzed through statistical analysis and the Mann–Kendall test. The results showed that the ABCD model performs well in simulating overall hydrological processes on the monthly streamflow at BAZ and SD stations with NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency) values of 0.82 and 0.83 and Pbias (Percentage Bias) values of 9.2% and 8.61%, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of the BFI indicates the higher baseflow contribution in upstream areas compared to downstream areas at both stations. The baseflow and BFI had significant upward trends at the BZA and SD stations in the dry season, while their trends were not uniform during the wet period. These findings are essential guidance for water resource management in the JRB regions.

Mapping Bovine Tuberculosis in Colombia, 2001-2019.

Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease of significant impact, particularly in countries where a pastoral economy is predominant. Despite its importance, few studies have analysed the disease's behaviour in Colombia, and none have developed maps using geographic information systems (GIS) to characterise it; as such, we developed this study to describe the temporal-spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis in Colombia over a period of 19 years. A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, based on reports by the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), surveillance of tuberculosis on cattle farms in Colombia from 2001 to 2019 was carried out. The data were converted into databases using Microsoft Access 365®, and multiple epidemiological maps were generated with the QGIS® version 3.36 software coupled to shape files of all the country's departments. During the study period, 5273 bovine tuberculosis cases were identified in multiple different departments of Colombia (with a mean of 278 cases/year). Regarding its temporal distribution, the number of cases varied from a maximum of 903 cases (17.12% of the total) in 2015 to a minimum of 0 between 2001 and 2004 and between 2017 and 2019 (between 2005 and 2016, the minimum was 46 cases, 0.87%). GIS are essential for understanding the temporospatial behaviour of zoonotic diseases in Colombia, as is the case for bovine tuberculosis, with its potential implications for the Human and One Health approaches.

Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in eastern China from 2011 to 2021.

Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in eastern China from 2011 to 2021.

Phthalic acid esters: Are they a big concern for rivers flowing into reservoir with ecological facilities?

The city-river-reservoir system is an important system for safeguarding drinking water. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are emerging contaminants in drinking water sources that are gaining attention, and they could pose risks to human health and aquatic organisms. In this study, field studies that lasted four years were conducted to analyze the concentrations, spatial-temporal distribution, and removal effects of six PAEs. The total concentrations of the Σ6PAEs in the water and sediment samples were 0.2–7.4 μg L−1 (mean: 1.3 μg L−1) and 9.2–9594.1 ng g−1 (mean: 847.5 ng g−1), respectively. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the predominant congeners, accounting for 57.2 % in the water samples and 94.1 % in the sediment samples. The urban area contributed 72 % of the PAEs in the system. A significant removal effect of PAEs was observed in the wetland, with a removal rate of 40.2 %. The partitioning of PAEs between the water and sediment was attributed to the removal of dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate that occurred during the water phase, while the removal of DBP and DEHP primarily occurred during the sediment phase. The ecological risk calculation based on the sensitivity distribution model indicated that DBP (HQwater = 0.19, HQsediment = 0.46) and DEHP (HQwater = 0.20, HQsediment = 0.13) possessed moderate risks according to some water and sediment samples. The ecological projects were verified to be effective engineering strategies to reduce ecological risk in the drinking water source.

Measurement of 2p-3d absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma

Measurement of 2<i>p</i>-3<i>d</i> absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma

Unexpected HCHO transnational transport: influence on the temporal and spatial distribution of HCHO in Tibet from 2013 to 2021 based on satellite

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a serious hazardous air pollutant and crucial precursor of PM2.5 and ozone compound pollution. There has been a dearth of HCHO research in Tibet where pressing need to protect the unique ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution of HCHO from 2013 to 2021 and identify its influencing factors using satellite observations. Our findings reveal a noteworthy annual growth rate of 2.25% yr−1 in HCHO vertical column density (VCD) in Tibet. This rate is comparable to that in India and even surpasses levels observed in many other regions worldwide, including eastern China. Furthermore, unlike other areas, the eastern region of Tibet exhibits no discernible seasonal pattern in HCHO VCD. The anomalous variation in HCHO concentrations in Tibet can primarily be attributed to long-distance transnational transport originating from incomplete combustion in India Assam. Our research underscores the urgent need for enhanced atmospheric environmental management in Tibet.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Superheated Steam Drying for Sliced Avocado

AbstractSuperheated steam drying (SSD) of sliced avocado is studied by both experiment and theory. An experimental system is built to evaluate the effects of drying temperature and gas velocity on the evaporation rate and color change of the product. Experiments are conducted for ripened Booth avocado from Daklak province of Vietnam. Experimental results show that evaporation is faster at higher temperatures and velocities, but the effect of temperature decreases at higher velocities. At temperatures below 130 °C, the product is not brown, but at a temperature in the range of 130–150 °C, the dried sample is burned. The experimental model is fitted with high accuracy to predict the moisture rate as a function of time. The evaporation processes of SSD are also compared with hot air drying at the same drying conditions. To extend the application ability of the result, the theoretical model is developed on the basis of Fick's law in which the spatial distributions of temperature and moisture are taken into account. The effective diffusivity is determined by an optimization tool with good agreement. This parameter is constant for all drying conditions, so the model can be applied to a huge range of drying conditions. The numerical results show that the temperature is almost uniform in the sample because of high thermal conductivity, but the moisture gradient is significant.

Determination of the temporal–spatial distribution patterns of ancient heritage sites in China and their influencing factors via GIS

In this paper, we analysed the temporal and spatial distributions of ancient archaeological sites in China as well as their influencing factors. Our aim was to reveal the developmental trajectory of Chinese civilisation and to explore the natural and cultural factors affecting human distribution, with the goal of providing insights for the conservation and development of ancient relics. We employed spatial analysis methods using ArcGIS 10.8 software, such as kernel density analysis and trend surface analysis, to analyse 1194 historical ancient sites listed in the National Cultural Relics Protection Units of China. The research findings are as follows: (1) the distribution of ancient sites demonstrates an agglomerative spatial pattern. The nearest neighbour index (R < 1) for sites from various historical periods indicates an agglomerative spatial distribution of ancient sites across historical periods, with the clustering degree being relatively poor for sites from the Wei-Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and in the Ming and Qing periods. The regions with a concentration of ancient sites are the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basins. Furthermore, there is a higher abundance of ancient sites in the southeastern region than in the northwestern region. (2) The distribution of ancient sites in different historical periods also exhibits an imbalance, with an overall decreasing trend in the number of ancient sites in China. Notably, more ancient sites were found for the prehistoric and pre-Qin periods. The temporal trend of ancient sites during historical periods follows a trajectory from northeast to northwest, northeast to southwest, etc. (3) The temporal and spatial distributions of ancient sites are influenced by multiple factors, including social development, the natural environment, geographical elements, and socioeconomic and political factors. Finally, based on an understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of ancient sites and the factors that influence this pattern, recommendations for conservation and development can be proposed and supported by modern technological methods, with the aim of offering insights for the protection and sustainable development of heritage sites.

Seasonal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Sepia esculenta in the East China Sea Region: Transfer of the Central Distribution from 29° N to 28° N.

The golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) is an important cephalopod species with a lifespan of approximately one year. The species plays a crucial role in marine ecological support services and is commercially valuable in fisheries. In the seas around China, this species has emerged as the main target for cuttlefish fisheries, replacing Sepiella maindroni since the 1990s. Variations in oceanographic conditions associated with global warming could significantly impact the temporal-spatial distribution of the species. In this study, we performed bottom trawling surveys with four cruises during 2018-2019 in the East China Sea region to determine the current resource status and seasonal-spatial variations in S. esculenta. We found that the average individual weight (AIW) values were 4.87 and 519.00 g/ind at stations located at 30.50° N, 124.00° E and 30.50° N, 124.50° E, respectively, with the aggregation of larvae and parent groups in spring. The species was not distributed north of 32.00° N in summer. The catch per unit effort by weight (CPUEw) value decreased in the order of 2772.50→2575.20→503.29→124.36 g/h, corresponding to latitudes of 34.50° N→34.00° N→33.50° N→32.50° N 121.50° E in autumn. The most suitable fishing areas were the south of the East China Sea region in spring; the south of the East China Sea region extending to the center and outer parts of the East China Sea region in summer; the south of the Yellow Sea close to the Haizhou Bay fishing ground and the forbidden fishing line region of the Lusi and Dasha fishing grounds in autumn; and the south and center of the East China Sea region in winter. The most suitable sea bottom temperature (SBT) values from spring to winter were 14.76-20.53 °C, 19.54-22.98 °C, 11.79-17.64 °C, and 16.94-20.36 °C, respectively. The most suitable sea bottom salinity (SBS) values were 31.53-34.80‱ in spring, 32.95-34.68‱ in summer, 31.51-34.77‱ in autumn, and 33.82-34.51‱ in winter. We concluded the following: (1) the southern and northern areas of the East China Sea region are spawning and nursery grounds, respectively, in spring; (2) the central distribution is located at a latitude of 28.00° N in autumn and winter; and (3) the southern area of the Yangtze River to the north is a spawning ground in spring, and the areas located at 29.00-34.50° N, 124.00-124.50° E, and 28.00-30.50° N, 125.50-126.50° E are nursery grounds. The results of this study provide useful guidance for appropriate fisheries management, thereby avoiding a collapse in the S. esculenta population, which has been experienced in other species in this area.

A passenger flow spatial–temporal distribution model for a passenger transit hub considering node queuing

Passenger transit hub is a quintessential complex system, characterized by intricate interactions among humans, facilities, and the surrounding environment. External disturbances often precipitate crowd congestion and safety risks. Modeling the spatial–temporal distribution of passenger flow within the hub is an important element in operational management. Prevailing research predominantly focuses on static models or monitoring data to assess the spatial–temporal characteristics of passenger flow throughout the hub. Nevertheless, few studies have been found in modeling passenger flow distribution for passenger transit hub from the vantage point of traveler behavior in the intricate ‘human-facility-environment’ complex network. Thus, this paper proposes a computational model for the passenger flow spatial–temporal distribution based on traveler behavior. First, combining consideration of critical spatial facilities and passenger flow streamlines, a passenger flow network is established. Second, the instantaneous travel times of link and node are defined while considering queuing and congestion at crucial facilities in the hub. Then, a passenger flow spatial–temporal distribution model for the passenger transit hub is constructed, which consists of dynamic route choice model and dynamic passenger flow loading model. A solution algorithm is simultaneously designed. Finally, the effectiveness of the model and algorithm are verified by a numerical example. The results show that the proposed model can effectively capture real-time congestion and the dynamic distribution of passenger flow in the hub. Therefore, this study contributes to the safety management and layout optimization of the hub, holding significant importance for improving hub operational efficiency and service levels.

Integrated Firefighting Textile with Temperature and Pressure Monitoring for Personal Defense.

Although electronic textiles that can detect external stimuli show great promise for fire rescue, existing firefighting clothing is still scarce for simultaneously integrating reliable early fire warning and real-time motion sensing, hardly providing intelligent personal protection under complex high-temperature conditions. Herein, we introduce an "all-in-one" hierarchically sandwiched fabric (HSF) sensor with a simultaneous temperature and pressure stimulus response for developing intelligent personal protection. A cross-arranged structure design has been proposed to tackle the serious mutual interference challenge during multimode sensing using two separate sets of core-sheath composite yarns and arrayed graphene-coated aerogels. The functional design of the HSF sensor not only possesses wide-range temperature sensing from 25 to 400 °C without pressure disturbance but also enables highly sensitive pressure response with good thermal adaptability (up to 400 °C) and wide pressure detection range (up to 120 kPa). As a proof of concept, we integrate large-scalable HSF sensors onto conventional firefighting clothing for passive/active fire warning and also detecting spatial pressure and temperature distribution when a firefighter is exposed to high-temperature flames, which may provide a useful design strategy for the application of intelligent firefighting protective clothing.

Water, Salt, and Ion Transport and Its Response to Water-Saving Irrigation in the Hetao Irrigation District Based on the SWAT-Salt Model

Soil salinization is one of the main hazards affecting the sustainable development of agriculture in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID) of Inner Mongolia. To grasp the water and salt transport patterns and spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the HID at the regional scale, the improved Soil and Water Assessment Tool with a salinity module (SWAT-Salt) model was used to establish the distributed water and salt transport model for the watershed in this study. The results demonstrated that the modified model could more accurately represent the process of water and salt changes in the HID. The coefficient of determination (R2) in the simulation of streamflow and discharge salt loading was 0.83 and 0.86, respectively, and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) was 0.80 and 0.74, respectively. Based on this, different hydrological processes (surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater, soil seepage) as well as spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of water salinity in groundwater and soil were analyzed in the HID. Differences in groundwater and soil salinity in different land uses and soil types were also compared. Of these, surface runoff and lateral flow salt discharge loading are concentrated in the southwestern portion of the basin, while groundwater salt discharge loading is concentrated in the eastern as well as southwestern portions of the basin. The salt discharge loading from groundwater accounts for about 98.7% of the total salt discharge loading from all hydrological pathways and is the major contributing part of salt discharge from the irrigation area. Soil salinity increases gradually from west to east. Groundwater salinity (2946 mg/L) and soil water electrical conductivity (0.309 dS/m) were minimized in the cropland. Meanwhile, rational allocation of irrigation water can appropriately increase the amount of salt discharge loading. In conclusion, the model could provide a reference for the investigation of soil salinization and water–salt management measures in irrigation areas.

Evaluation of the spatial structure of multiline emission in a capacitively coupled plasma using tomographic reconstruction

By imaging a capacitively coupled plasma from multiple directions using telecentric lens cameras and optical bandpass filters, the spatial structure of emission at specific wavelengths was reconstructed using the Tikhonov–Phillips regularization method. Camera parameters, crucial for relating three-dimensional structures to two-dimensional images, were evaluated experimentally to avoid a complex analytical approach. Assuming an axisymmetric emission profile, 750.4 nm Ar and 585.2 nm Ne emissions from Ar/Ne mixture plasma were reconstructed. The pressure dependence of the reconstructed Ar profile showed a similar trend to that of the two-dimensional emission images. The spatial structure of the emission intensity ratio of Ne to Ar from the reconstructed Ar and Ne profiles agreed well with a spatial distribution of electron temperatures measured with a Langmuir probe.

Influence of extraction and injection conditions on the performance of thermal-enhanced soil vapor extraction

Thermal-enhanced soil vapor extraction (T-SVE) is an in-situ remedial technique that can address the limitations of contaminant mass transfer and soil permeability. The relative humidity of the injected air, heating temperature of the thermal well, extraction pressure, and extraction mode are important design parameters of a T-SVE system that determine the temporal and spatial distributions of soil temperature and removal rate. Using a thermal–hydraulic–chemical coupled model with the interphase mass transfer of contaminants and water evaporation/condensation, this study investigated the effects of relative humidity, heating temperature, extraction pressure, and extraction mode on T-SVE performance. The results showed that with an increase in relative humidity, the heating temperature of the contaminated soil significantly improved; however, the removal rate of contaminants decreased, particularly in the late stage of remediation. Considering the heating temperature of the thermal well, a critical air relative humidity value that significantly affects the removal rate of contaminants was observed. The heating temperature of the thermal well must be considered in engineering design; however, the evaluation of the relative humidity of the air cannot be ignored.

Environmental factors as drivers of the spatial distribution of the copepods Eurytemora affinis affinis and Eurytemora velox in the Scheldt tributaries.

The main tributaries of the Scheldt estuary offer an interesting setting to study the response of organisms to various environmental conditions. The Bovenscheldt and the Dender are closed to tidal entrance by locks, and are hence essentially fresh water systems with low turbulence. The Durme and the Rupel, with its two sub-tributaries (the Beneden-Nete and the Dijle), receive estuarine water at each tide and as such, present a fresh-brackish water gradient according to the geographic location of their confluence with the estuary and the tidal phase. This paper aims (1) to determine the spatial-temporal distribution of two calanoid copepod species: Eurytemora affinis affinis (Poppe, 1880) and E. velox (Lilljeborg, 1853) in these tributaries and (2) the environmental conditions favoring each species development. Species distribution and abundance data, collected in the four tributaries between 2018 and 2021 are analyzed by Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) and the results are interpreted in the context of ecosystem functioning. A spatial structuring between E. affinis affinis and E. velox was revealed. Whilst E. affinis affinis develops best in the tidal tributaries such as the Durme and Rupel, E. velox is more typical of the non-tidal ones: the Bovenscheldt and the Dender. The tidal tributaries have high Particulate Organic Matter (POM) concentrations due to tidal turbulence, and hence generally lower oxygen concentrations than the non-tidal ones (< 10-11 mg L-1). Factors favoring E. affinis affinis development in the tidal tributaries are higher chlorinity, pH and diatom abundance than in the non-tidal ones. In the non-tidal tributaries, with lower POM concentrations, phytoplankton activity more strongly influences the overall oxygen balance, with oxygen concentrations often rising above 10-11 mg L-1 and sometimes showing high variability. The results suggest that E. affinis affinis might suffer from hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress under these high oxygen conditions and advocate the necessity to include this aspect in further research. E. velox, which is most abundant in those tributaries, seems to be more tolerant to hyperoxia and strong fluctuations in O2 concentrations than E. affinis affinis.

Spatiotemporal distribution and lag effect of extreme temperature exposure on mortality of residents in Jiangsu, China

BackgroundWith the ever-increasing occurrence of extreme weather events as a result of global climate change, the impact of extreme temperatures on human health has become a critical area of concern. Specifically, it is imperative to investigate the impact of extreme weather conditions on the health of residents. MethodsIn this study, we analyze the daily death data from 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province from January 2014 to September 2022, using the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to comprehensively account for factors such as relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, air pollutants, and other factors to evaluate the lag and cumulative effects of extreme low temperature and high temperature on the death of residents across different age groups. Additionally, we utilize the Geographical Detector to analyze the effects of various meteorological and environmental factors on the distribution of resident death in Jiangsu Province. This provides valuable insights that can guide health authorities in decision-making and in the protection of residents. ResultsThe experimental results indicate that both extreme low and high temperatures increase the mortality of residents. We observe that the impact of extreme low temperatures has a delayed effect, peaking after 3–5 days and lasting up to 11–21 days. In contrast, the impact of extreme high temperature is greatest on the first day, and lasts only 2–4 days. ConclusionBoth extreme high and low temperatures increase the mortality of residents, with the former being more transient and stronger and the latter being more persistent and slower. Furthermore, residents over 75 years of age are more vulnerable to the effects of extreme temperatures. Finally, we note that the spatial distribution of resident deaths is most closely associated consistent with the spatial distribution of daily mean temperature, and there is significant spatial heterogeneity in deaths among residents in Jiangsu Province.

Spatial-temporal variability of lacustrine evaporite and carbonate deposits: Effects of tectonics and sediment supply

Little attention has been paid to the nonnegligible effects of fault evolution and basin geometry on lacustrine evaporites in faulted basins. In this study, we focused on the Es4 in the Dongying and Zhanhua sags in Bohai Bay Basin and investigated the effects of faults on the spatial–temporal variability of evaporite deposition based on well data, 3D seismic data. Saline lake deposits, such as gypsum and carbonate rocks, were well developed in the Es4 in Dongying sag, but they were developed mainly in the Es4u in Zhanhua sag. Within the Zhanhua sag, the development pattern of saline lake deposits varied in different sub-sags. Carbonate rocks and gypsum rocks developed in the Es4u of the Bonan sub-sag, but they were rarely seen in the Gubei sub-sag. Different from the typical pattern of carbonate rock development in gentle-slope zones, thick layers of carbonate rocks were deposited in steep-slope zones on the footwall block of the boundary fault in the Bonan sub-sag. Fault evolution and combination controlled the geomorphic variations and sediment supply of the basins, thereby determining the salinity of lake water and uneven spatial–temporal distribution of hydrodynamic conditions. In the Dongying sag, the pre-existing faults in the northern basin connected to the new faults to form a large fault zone with great extension distance and strong activity, and the paleo-lake basin in the Dongying sag had a large area and deep water. The pre-existing faults in the Zhanhua sag were locally reactivated and orthogonally intersected with the new faults, forming a multi-center paleo-lake basin with a small area and a relatively shallow water body. The range and distribution of deep-water zones controlled by the scale of the paleo-lake basins affected the variability of gypsum rock development in the Zhanhua and Dongying sags. The range of deep-water zones, their distribution pattern, and sediment supply jointly influenced the variability of gypsum rock development in the Bonan and Gubei sub-sags. The stepped landform developed in the Yinan fault zone and Mg+ and Ca+ from the Paleozoic carbonate strata in the Yidong bulge jointly caused the deposition of ultra-thick carbonate rocks on the footwall block of the Yidong fault during the sedimentation period of the Es4u.Additionally, in terms of the scale of system tracts, the episodic fault activity affected the supply of terrestrial clastics and freshwater by influencing the formation of basin margin fans, thereby controlling the vertical variation of water salinity in the Bonan paleo-lake basin and thus the periodic evolution of the salt lake. The climate cycle was not the main controlling factor.