Spatial-temporal Distribution Pattern Research Articles

Spatial-temporal analysis of hepatitis B in Fujian Province, China in 2012–2021

BackgroundFujian Province has one of the highest reported incidences of hepatitis B virus infection in China. This study aimed to provide a theoretical framework for preventing and controlling hepatitis B in Fujian Province, and to assess the trends and the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of hepatitis B in this region. MethodsData on hepatitis B cases were extracted from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, trend surface analysis, and spatial-temporal scanning statistics were used to identify the spatial and aggregation patterns at the county level. The Joinpoint was used to assess the reported incidence trends. ResultsThe average reported incidence of hepatitis B in Fujian from 2012 to 2021 was 14.46/10,000 population, with 583,262 notified cases. The age-adjusted reported incidence of hepatitis B decreased from 17.44/10,000 population in 2012 to 11.88/10,000 population in 2021, with an average reduction in the annual percentage change of 4.5%. There were obvious spatial-temporal aggregation characteristics in hepatitis B cases, and a high-incidence area was located in eastern Fujian. Spatio-temporal scanning statistics revealed four levels of aggregation of hepatitis B reporting rates. The first level of aggregation area included Minhou, Gulou, Jin'an, Taijiang, and nine other districts and counties. ConclusionThe incidence of hepatitis B is declining in Fujian Province. Spatial clusters of hepatitis B cases in Fujian Province were identified, and high-risk areas in eastern Fujian still exist. Closely monitoring the general patterns in the occurrence of hepatitis B and implementing focused control and preventative strategies are important.

Temporal-spatial characteristics and sources of heavy metals in bulk deposition across China

With the rapid development of industries, agriculture, and urbanization (including transportation and population growth), there has been a significant alteration in the emission and atmospheric deposition of heavy metal pollutants. This has consequently given rise to a range of ecological and environmental health issues. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive two-year investigation on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition across China based on the Nationwide Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring Network (NNDMN). The atmospheric bulk deposition of Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) were 6.32 ± 1.59, 4.49 ± 0.57, 1.31 ± 0.21, 1.05 ± 0.16, 0.60 ± 0.06 and 0.21 ± 0.03 mg m−2 yr−1, respectively, with a large variation among the different regions of China. The order for atmospheric deposition flux was Southwest China > Southeast China > North China > Northeast China > Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and rural area > urban area > background area. The concentrations of heavy metals in bulk deposition exhibit seasonal variation with higher levels observed during winter compared to summer and spring, which are closely associated with anthropogenic activities. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) results indicated that combustion, industrial emissions and traffic are the primary contributors to atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. The single factor pollution index (Pi) of heavy metals is consistently below 1, and the composite pollution index (Ni) is 0.16 across China, indicating that atmospheric heavy metal deposition is at a pollution-free level. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index of heavy metals is 11.8, with Cd exhibiting the highest single factor potential ecological risk index at 7.09, suggesting that more attention should be paid to Cd deposition in China. The present study reveals the spatial-temporal distribution pattern of atmospheric heavy metals deposition in China, identifying regional source characteristics and providing a theoretical foundation and strategies for reducing emissions of atmospheric pollutants.

Spatial–temporal distribution patterns and influencing factors analysis of comorbidity prevalence of chronic diseases among middle-aged and elderly people in China: focusing on exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5)

ObjectiveThis study describes regional differences and dynamic changes in the prevalence of comorbidities among middle-aged and elderly people with chronic diseases (PCMC) in China from 2011–2018, and explores distribution patterns and the relationship between PM2.5 and PCMC, aiming to provide data support for regional prevention and control measures for chronic disease comorbidities in China.MethodsThis study utilized CHARLS follow-up data for ≥ 45-year-old individuals from 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018 as research subjects. Missing values were filled using the random forest machine learning method. PCMC spatial clustering investigated using spatial autocorrelation methods. The relationship between macro factors and PCMC was examined using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression, Ordinary Linear Regression, and Geographically Weighted Regression.ResultsPCMC in China showing a decreasing trend. Hotspots of PCMC appeared mainly in western and northern provinces, while cold spots were in southeastern coastal provinces. PM2.5 content was a risk factor for PCMC, the range of influence expanded from the southeastern coastal areas to inland areas, and the magnitude of influence decreased from the southeastern coastal areas to inland areas.ConclusionPM2.5 content, as a risk factor, should be given special attention, taking into account regional factors. In the future, policy-makers should develop stricter air pollution control policies based on different regional economic, demographic, and geographic factors, while promoting public education, increasing public transportation, and urban green coverage.

Unraveling the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of soil abundant and rare bacterial communities in China's subtropical mountain forest.

The pivotal roles of both abundant and rare bacteria in ecosystem function are widely acknowledged. Despite this, the diversity elevational patterns of these two bacterial taxa in different seasons and influencing factors remains underexplored, especially in the case of rare bacteria. Here, a metabarcoding approach was employed to investigate elevational patterns of these two bacterial communities in different seasons and tested the roles of soil physico-chemical properties in structuring these abundant and rare bacterial community. Our findings revealed that variation in elevation and season exerted notably effects on the rare bacterial diversity. Despite the reactions of abundant and rare communities to the elevational gradient exhibited similarities during both summer and winter, distinct elevational patterns were observed in their respective diversity. Specifically, abundant bacterial diversity exhibited a roughly U-shaped pattern along the elevation gradient, while rare bacterial diversity increased with the elevational gradient. Soil moisture and N:P were the dominant factor leading to the pronounced divergence in elevational distributions in summer. Soil temperature and pH were the key factors in winter. The network analysis revealed the bacteria are better able to adapt to environmental fluctuations during the summer season. Additionally, compared to abundant bacteria, the taxonomy of rare bacteria displayed a higher degree of complexity. Our discovery contributes to advancing our comprehension of intricate dynamic diversity patterns in abundant and rare bacteria in the context of environmental gradients and seasonal fluctuations.

Spatial-temporal distribution pattern and driving factors of agricultural carbon sinks in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from the perspective of carbon neutrality

AbstractDeveloping policies to reduce carbon emissions in agriculture is crucial for achieving the ‘dual carbon’ goal. Therefore, scientifically analysing the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of agricultural carbon sinks and their driving factors holds paramount importance for the coordinated and integrated development of regional agriculture and the realization of sustainable development. Based on the perspective of carbon cycle in agricultural production, the measurement system of agricultural net carbon sink was established from the perspective of carbon sink/carbon source, this study conducted an analysis of the temporal and spatial variation characteristics as well as driving mechanisms of agricultural net carbon sinks. The findings are as follows: (1) The agricultural net carbon sink exhibited an increasing trend from 2009 to 2020, with favourable intensity and level. (2) Agricultural land use and livestock and poultry production constituted the primary sources of agricultural carbon emissions. Notably, agricultural carbon emissions demonstrated a decreasing trend during the study period. (3) The net agricultural carbon sink displayed local spatial aggregation, indicating significant regional differences. (4) Factors such as rural economic level, urbanization level and agricultural employment significantly promoted the net carbon sink. In contrast, the rural industrial structure, technical level and crop seeding had inhibitory effects. Therefore, it is imperative to promote the reduction of agricultural carbon emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. This entails accelerating the construction of new agriculture and rural areas, facilitating industrial upgrading, promoting the development of low-carbon-sink regions into high-carbon-sink regions and actively fostering the coordinated and integrated development of regional agriculture.

Spatiotemporal Distribution and Fragmentation Driving Mechanism in Paddy Fields and Dryland of Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

The spatial-temporal distribution pattern of China’s cultivated land has changed dramatically from 1990 to 2020, and the problem of cultivated land fragmentation has become more prominent. However, the existing research lacks a focus on the two specific land use types, paddy fields and dryland. In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution pattern and the fragmentation driving mechanism of paddy field and dryland during the years 1990 to 2020 were identified by using the center of gravity center migration model, standard deviation ellipse, and land-use dynamic model for the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as an example. The results show that there are significant differences in the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of paddy field and dryland in the MRYRUA. Among the provinces and cities, Hubei province and its Xiangyang city showed the most obvious trend of change. The loss and gain of paddy fields and dryland is related to economic and policy contexts in each period. The main driving factor of paddy field and dryland fragmentation is natural condition, whereas a relatively important factor is the per capita disposable income of rural residents. The effects of each factor on paddy field and dryland fragmentation were not independent; any two factor interactions had a stronger effect on paddy field and dryland fragmentation than a single factor. In general, this study provides guidance and references for the main grain-producing areas undergoing rapid urbanization relating to cultivated land conservation, food security, and sustainable agricultural utilization.

Spatial and temporal urban air pollution patterns based on limited data of monitoring stations

Urban air pollution is one of the serious environmental problems in the development of high-density cities, especially for traffic-related pollution. Effective urban environmental monitoring technologies are helpful to predict and control the air pollution emitted by traffic sectors. However, the complex temporal and spatial characteristics of air pollution in urban areas pose a great challenge for its monitoring, prediction, and control. This work investigated on the spatiotemporal air pollution patterns and its correlation mechanism with urban elements (such as traffic) based on limited data of monitoring stations, which is significant for the accurate prediction and regulation of urban environment. Regional Cluster Monitoring (RCM) methods were proposed through integrating multi-source data, including data from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat, OpenStreetMap (OSM) road network, and environmental monitoring stations to categorize different monitoring stations. According to different urban areas (defined as U: ‘urban’ or S: ‘suburban’) and traffic densities (T: ‘traffic’ or B: ‘background’), monitoring stations areas were categorized into U-B, U-T, S-B, and S-T. Then the spatiotemporal characteristics of traffic-related pollutants in different region categories were analyzed. The rapid prediction of air pollution distribution in different categories of urban regions was realized by RCM method-based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. Results showed that the proposed methods could accurately represent the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of urban air pollution. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) between the predicted results and actual observed values were 20.31% to 28.05% (absolute errors were 3.9-14.3 μg/m³). This work can significantly impact on low-cost & effective monitoring and control strategies for urban area, and further contribute to comprehend the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of urban traffic-related air pollution from limited data of monitoring stations.

Entropy Change of Historical and Cultural Heritage in Traditional Tibetan Area of China Based on Spatial-Temporal Distribution Pattern

The traditional Tibetan area of China is an ethnically and culturally significant region with a historical geographical connection. This study investigates the spatial-temporal distribution patterns and entropy changes of historical and cultural heritage by examining the association between cultural heritage and socio-historical factors. It utilizes analytical methods such as information entropy and incorporates temporal, spatial, and typological information from the data obtained in the Third National Cultural Relics Census. The findings are as follows: (1) The three major regions in the Tibetan area of China alternately serve as development cores for the traditional Tibetan area, exhibiting a fluctuating “dispersion-aggregation” trend of historical and cultural heritage, which also displays notable regional variations. (2) The quantity and entropy change of historical and cultural heritage exhibit correlations between different periods, but there are also some intergenerational differences. (3) The spatial-temporal distribution pattern of historical and cultural heritage demonstrates an inter-era correlation, indicating that socio-historical development is a nonlinear process characterized by both “transition” and “accumulation”. These findings are of significant importance for further understanding the social evolutionary process of human settlements in high-altitude areas and for the comprehensive protection of cultural heritage in ethnic regions.

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential risk of pesticides in ambient air in the North China Plain

The intensive use of pesticides in the North China Plain (NCP) has resulted in widespread contamination of pesticides in the local atmosphere, posing risks to air quality and human health. However, the occurrence and distribution of atmospheric pesticides in the NCP as well as their risk assessment have not been well investigated. In this study, 300 monthly samples were collected using passive air samplers with polyurethane foam at ten rural sites with different crop systems in Quzhou county, the NCP, from June 2021 to May 2022. The pesticides were quantified using mass-spectrometric techniques. Our results revealed that chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, and atrazine were the most frequently found pesticides in the air samples, with detection frequencies of ≥ 87 % across the samples. The average concentrations of atmospheric pesticides during spring (7.47 pg m−3) and summer (16.05 pg m−3) were significantly higher than those during autumn (2.04 pg m−3) and winter (1.71 pg m−3), attributable to the intensified application of pesticides during the warmer seasons. Additionally, cash crop sites exhibited higher concentrations (10.26 pg m−3) of atmospheric pesticides compared to grain crop (5.59 pg m−3) and greenhouse sites (3.81 pg m−3), primarily due to more frequent pesticides spraying events in cash crop fields. These findings indicate a distinct spatial–temporal distribution pattern of atmospheric pesticides influenced by both seasons and crop systems. Furthermore, the model-based inhalation risk assessment indicates that inhalation exposure to atmospheric pesticides is unlikely to pose a significant public concern.

Origin of the Dashuigou Independent Tellurium Deposit at the Southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Based on the Abundances of Trace Elements in the Country Rocks

Through a detailed study of the abundances and spatial-temporal distribution patterns of Te, Bi, As, Se, Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, and Ag in the rock types of different geological epochs in the Dashuigou independent tellurium deposit, and in combination with other research findings of previous researchers in this area, the authors conclude as follows: Abundances of the main ore-forming elements Te, Bi, As, Se, Au, and Ag are not high in the regional geological background, generally lower or close to their respective crustal Clark values, but almost all altered country rocks contain high levels of ore-forming elements. This indicates that the deposit’s ore-forming elements do not come from the country rocks. This also indicates that the geological thermal events that cause alteration and mineralization originate from depths and may be related to mantle plumes. Considering the distribution pattern of these ore-forming elements in the ore bodies’ hanging wall and footwall, the metallogenic mechanism may be as follows: Mineralization is not achieved through lateral secretion in the horizontal or near horizontal direction, but rather through the upward movement and emplacement of deep ore-forming elements driven by geological processes such as mantle plumes. In addition, the migration of deep ore-forming elements is not achieved through dispersed infiltration between overlying rock particles, but through non widespread concentrated penetrating channels. This type of channel is likely to be the expansion structures where faults from different directions intersect, or where linear faults intersect with circular structures.

Exploring temperature dynamics in Madhya Pradesh: a spatial-temporal analysis.

Understanding the dynamics of temperature trends is vital for assessing the impacts of climate change on a regional scale. In this context, the present study focuses on Madhya Pradesh state in Central Indian region to explore the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of temperature changes from 1951 to 2021. Gridded temperature data obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) in 1° × 1° across the state are utilised to analyse long-term trends and variations in temperature. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen's slope (SS) estimator were used to detect the trends, and Pettitt's test was utilised for change point detection. The analysis reveals significant warming trends in Madhya Pradesh during the study period during specific time frames. The temperature variables, such as the annual mean temperature (Tmean), maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin), consistently increase, with the most pronounced warming observed during winter. The trend analysis reveals that the rate of warming has increased in the past few years, particularly since the 1990s. However, Pettitt's test points out significant changes in the temperature, with Tmean rising from 25.46 °C in 1951-2004 to 25.78 °C in 2005-2021 (+0.33 °C), Tmax shifting from 45.77 °C in 1951-2010 to 46.24 °C in 2011-2021 (+0.47°C), and Tmin increasing from 2.65 °C in 1951-1999 to 3.19 °C in 2000-2021 (+0.46 °C). These results, along with spatial-temporal distribution maps, shed important light on the alterations and variations in monthly Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin across the area, underlining the dynamic character of climate change and highlighting the demand for methods for adaptation and mitigation.

Bayesian phylodynamic analysis reveals the evolutionary history and the dispersal patterns of citrus tristeza virus in China based on the p25 gene

BackgroundCitrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the most serious threats to the citrus industry, and is present in both wild and cultivated citrus. The origin and dispersal patterns of CTV is still poorly understood in China.MethodsIn this study, 524 CTV suspected citrus samples from China were collected, including 354 cultivated citrus samples and 174 wild citrus samples. Finally, 126 CTV coat protein sequences were obtained with time-stamped from 10 citrus origins in China. Bayesian phylodynamic inference were performed for CTV origin and dispersal patterns study in China.ResultWe found that CTV was mainly distributed in southern and coastal areas of China. The substitution rate of CTV was 4.70 × 10− 4 subs/site/year (95% credibility interval: 1.10 × 10− 4 subs/site/year ~ 9.10 × 10− 4 subs/site/year), with a slight increasing trend in CTV populations between 1990 and 2006. The CTV isolates in China shared a most common recent ancestor around 1875 (95% credibility interval: 1676.57 ~ 1961.02). The CTV in China was originated from wild citrus in Hunan and Jiangxi, and then spread from the wild citrus to cultivated citrus in the growing regions of Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.ConclusionsThis study has proved that CTV in China was originated from wild citrus in Hunan and Jiangxi. The spatial-temporal distribution and dispersal patterns has uncovered the population and pandemic history of CTV, providing hints toward a better understanding of the spread and origin of CTV in China.

Blue button (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) distribution and trends in the Mexican Atlantic, based on field surveys and open-access data

Access to digital technology and software allows the production of a significant amount of biodiversity data, including citizens' species records, combined with field monitoring and standardized surveys, which are valuable to biological sciences; these data can help to know the distribution of organisms like medusozoans. We compiled records of the presence of Porpita porpita from open-access databases, scientific articles, and field observations to know their current distribution on the Mexican Atlantic for the first time. The yearly records of P. porpita increased over time, adding up to 22 records, of which 18 were assigned to citizen science. Most records correspond to 2011-2022, from April to May, and the Veracruz and Quintana Roo states. The records of the species in warm months and states with long shores can be related to an increase in touristic activities and observations by citizens. On the Mexican Atlantic, it is suggested that the use of digital technological devices under citizen science practices for recording P. porpita and its compilation in open-access databases acts as the principal method for tracking the distribution of this species. This work evidenced the need for a solid research framework of knowledge for P. porpita in the Mexican Atlantic, and future research could combine citizen science records and fieldwork records and improve the relationship between biological and oceanographic data to understand their spatial-temporal distribution patterns.

Mesoscale habitat use by St. Lawrence estuary beluga over the annual cycle from an acoustic recording network.

The spatial-temporal distribution pattern of St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) beluga is examined with a passive acoustic monitoring network of 13 stations from June 2018 to October 2021. A beluga calling index, correlated with beluga density, is used as a proxy for habitat use by the population at weekly, monthly, and yearly scales. The seasonal pattern along SLE upstream-downstream axis was repeated annually. In summer, beluga habitat was confined to a 150 km segment of the SLE, with higher occurrences in its ∼20 km central portion, including the head of the Laurentian Channel and Saguenay Fjord mouth. During fall, the distribution gradually shifted to the downstream portion of the SLE and into the Northwestern Gulf, leaving low to no occurrences upstream in winter, until the spring return, characterized by the highest upstream occurrences. Occurrences off Ste. Marguerite Bay, 25 km upstream in Saguenay Fjord, were essentially from June to October. This multi-year continuous habitat use pattern provides a baseline for year-round SLE beluga distribution dynamics for assessing and mitigating anthropogenic threats to this endangered population, such as shipping noise. It also provides insights for optimizing the assessments of population size from aerial line transect surveys.

Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Coupling Relationship of High-Speed Railway and Economic Networks in Metropolitan Areas of China

The planning of urban transportation infrastructure and land-related policies has a significant impact on the living conditions of urban residents and socio-economic development, particularly in emerging economies. As urbanization continues to advance, Metropolitan Areas (MAs) have become crucial for achieving industrial coordination, functional complementarity between cities, and integrated regional development. Applying Social Network Analysis (SNA), the gravity model, and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) analysis, this study investigated the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of High-Speed Railway (HSR) networks and economic networks in MAs in China and the dynamic coupling relationship between these two networks. The findings revealed that, although core cities in the Yangtze River Delta MA in China exert varying degrees of radiation and driving effects on the economic development of surrounding cities, the overall development remains immature with a noticeable disequilibrium phenomenon. The coupling relationship between the HSR networks and the economic networks also differs significantly among different MAs. It is expected that the findings and suggestions of this study will contribute to the improvement of urban planning and governance and facilitate coordinated development between urban transportation infrastructure and the economy in emerging economies.

Analysis on the Spatial-Temporal Distribution Patterns of Major Mine Debris Flows in China

In order to provide more accurate data support for the prevention and control of geological disasters in mines, the article counts the major mine debris flow accidents in China from 1954 to 2019; studies the distribution of debris flow disasters in each province; reveals the intra-annual and inter-annual variation patterns of the number of mine debris flow disasters; analyzes the distribution of mine debris flows under different geoenvironmental backgrounds; and combines AHP hierarchical analysis with a comprehensive regional evaluation of the likelihood of mine debris flows. The results of the study show that from 1954 to 2019, the number of major mine debris flow disasters first increased and then decreased. The proportion of mine debris flow disasters to the total number of debris flow disasters also showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the southwestern region being the area of high occurrence of mine debris flow, and the geoenvironmental areas of middle and low hills and middle and high mountains being the topographic areas of high occurrence of mine debris flow. More than 90% of the major mine debris flow disasters occurred from May to September, with the largest number of disasters occurring in July. A comprehensive evaluation of the regional nature of mine debris flow distribution based on the regional evaluation score is derived.

Alp-valley and elevation effects on the reference evapotranspiration and the dominant climate controls in Red River Basin, China: Insights from geographical differentiation

Complicated topography can drastically affect the geographical distribution of evaporation, runoff production, water cycle, and water security guarantee. However, whether the elevation and Alp-valley have differentiated effects on basin evaporation and handle the change with constant variables is still being determined. This manuscript calculates reference evapotranspiration (ET0) of the Red River Basin with a typical Alp-valley and elevation gradient from 1960 to 2021. Then at the scales of the whole basin, both sides of the main Alp (western of Ailao mountain (WAL) and eastern of Ailao mountain (EAL)), the mainstream valley (Yuanjiang valley (YJV)), the spatial–temporal distribution pattern of ET0 and its sensitivity of climate variables are depicted from the insights of barrier-corridor and elevation effects. The results indicate that ET0 grows at a rate of 27.77 mm per decade throughout the Red River Basin, China (RRBC), gradually declines from northwest to southeast, and increases with increasing elevation. The barrier effect of the Ailao Mountains within the RRBC alters the elevation distribution pattern of ET0 on both sides of the mountain. In contrast, the corridor effect along the YJV causes the ET0 increases with the depth of the valley. Accordingly, the aridity index increases with rising elevation resulting in drier climatic conditions in the north of the RRBC, and suffers a significant influence from Alp-valley topography resulting in wet WAL, dry EAL and drier YJV. The topography plays an impact on ET0 through the climatic control variables. Solar radiation (Rs) has the highest impact on ET0, followed in descending order by relative humidity (RH), air temperature (T) and wind speed (U). With the elevation increases, Rs and T reduce the effect on ET0, whereas RH increases its effect. Also, the barrier effect changed the dominant factors: Rs and RH control the ET0 on WAL and EAL, respectively, while the corridor effect enhances the role of T and U. Moreover, the schematic diagram of the ET0’s change with elevation gradient and Alp-valley, and its climate controls is deduced. This research can help us comprehend the spatial differentiation of ET0 in complicated topographical areas, as well as uncover its dynamic mechanisms under elevation and Alp-valley effects.

Spatial-Temporal Distribution Pattern and Tourism Utilization Potential of Intangible Cultural Heritage Resources in the Yellow River Basin

In this study, the spatial-temporal distribution pattern and tourism utilization potential of national ICH are analyzed based on GIS technology in the Yellow River Basin. The results show that: (1) The national ICH of the Yellow River Basin is distributed in an aggregated spatial pattern with the characteristic of “one belt and two cores”. The cities in Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces constitute the high-density and sub-high-density continuous belts. Haidong and Chengdu are the high-density and sub-high-density core areas, respectively. (2) The five batches of national ICH present a temporal distribution pattern of “Northeast to Southwest”. The distribution scope of national ICH in medium and high-density areas expands gradually and finally tends to be balanced. (3) For the single-factor evaluation of tourism utilization potential, there is an obvious gap in the evaluation grade among the cities. However, for the comprehensive evaluation of tourism utilization potential, there are 72 cities with an evaluation grade of three or above, accounting for 63%. This indicates that the tourism utilization potential of the national ICH in this basin is great. (4) The national ICH tourism in this basin can be developed from two aspects: regional differential development and regional linkage development.

Modelling fine scale route choice of upstream migrating fish as they approach an instream structure

This study used pattern-oriented modelling (POM) to investigate the space use and behavioural response of upstream migrating European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) to the two-dimensional hydrodynamic conditions created by an instream structure (triangular profile gauging weir). Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) and acoustic telemetry were used to map the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of lamprey as they migrated upstream. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry and computer modelling were used to quantify the hydrodynamic environment. In adherence with the POM methodology, multiple movement models, incorporating increasingly complex environmental feedback mechanisms and behavioural rules were created and systematically assessed to identify which factors might reproduce the observed patterns. The best model was a spatially explicit Eulerian-Lagrangian Individual Based Model (IBM) that included two simple behaviours: 1) tortuous non-directed swimming when in low flow velocity (< 0.1 m s−1) and 2) persistent directed (against the flow) swimming in moderate to high flow velocity (≥ 0.1 m s−1). The POM indicated that flow heterogeneity was an important influence of lamprey space use and that simple behavioural rules (i.e. two separate movement behaviours in response to flow velocity) were sufficient to reproduce the main movement pattern observed: avoidance of flow recirculating regions near the banks. The combination of field telemetry, hydrodynamic modelling and POM provided a useful framework for systematically identifying the key factors (hydrodynamic and behavioural) that governed the space use of the target species and would likely work well for investigating similar relationships in other aquatic species.

Sniff the urban park: Unveiling odor features and landscape effect on smellscape in Guangzhou, China

Smellscape, as the sense of smell cross space, has a huge impact on human behavior, attitudes and health. However, so far it has rarely been addressed and measured in both landscape practice and theories. The present case study refined the quantitative smellwalk method to examine the spatial and temporal features of urban park smellscape. The effects of landscape patterns on smellscape were further unraveled combining with remote sensing techniques and field surveys. The results indicated that: (i) human activities and nature odors dominated the urban park odor environments, (ii) the temporal variation of the urban park smellscape was mainly driven by human activities, (iii) the different site types of urban park exerted a significant impact on the composition of the smellscape, and (iv) the landscape pattern characteristics of forest, shrubs, grass, water, buildings and roads had significant effects on different types of odors. This study poses a first systematic exploration of various odors in urban green environments and offers novel insights into the design of smellscape via unveiling spatial-temporal odor distribution patterns.