Spatial Structure Research Articles

Early warning signals for bifurcations embedded in high dimensions

Recent work has highlighted the utility of methods for early warning signal detection in dynamic systems approaching critical tipping thresholds. Often these tipping points resemble local bifurcations, whose low dimensional dynamics can play out on a manifold embedded in a much higher dimensional state space. In many cases of practical relevance, the form of this embedding is poorly understood or entirely unknown. This paper explores how measurement of the critical phenomena that generically precede such bifurcations can be used to make inferences about some properties of their embeddings, and, conversely, how prior knowledge about the mechanism of bifurcation can robustify predictions of an oncoming tipping event. These modes of analysis are first demonstrated on a simple fluid flow system undergoing a Hopf bifurcation. The same approach is then applied to data associated with the West African monsoon shift, with results corroborated by existing models of the same system. This example highlights the effectiveness of the methodology even when applied to complex climate data, and demonstrates how a well-resolved spatial structure associated with the onset of atmospheric instability can be inferred purely from time series measurements.

A novel mutation Trp-2027-Gly in acetyl-CoA carboxylase confers resistance to cyhalofop-butyl in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis).

Chinese sprangletop [Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees] control is threatened by resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides. In this study, a L. chinensis population, HFLJ18, that survived cyhalofop-butyl [aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicide, CyB] treatment was collected from a rice field in Lujiang County, Anhui Province, China. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of HFLJ18 to herbicides with different modes-of-action and investigate the potential mechanisms of resistance to CyB. The HFLJ18 population exhibited high levels of resistance to CyB (10.92-fold) and showed resistance to the ACCase inhibitors metamifop (4.63-fold) and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (8.39-fold), but was susceptible to clethodim, pinoxaden, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, oxadiazon and pretilachlor. Target gene sequencing revealed a novel Trp-to-Gly substitution at codon position 2027 of ACCase in the resistant plants. Molecular docking revealed that the spatial structure of ACCase changed significantly following the substitution, as indicated by reduced H-bonds. A newly derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker was subsequently developed to detect the Trp-2027-Gly mutation in the ACCase of L. chinensis. Additionally, pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) did not reverse resistance to CyB, suggesting that nontarget-site resistance mechanisms were not involved in CyB resistance in the HFLJ18 population. Overall, the resistance to CyB in the HFLJ18 population derived from the mutation of ACCase gene, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the ACCase Trp-2027-Gly mutation conferring resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in grass species. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dynamic changes of food environment: In and out of COVID-19 pandemic

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated food crises worldwide, prompting a re-examination of the resilience of the urban food environment. While previous research on the urban food environment has predominantly focused on Western contexts, scant attention has been given to China. This study takes Shenzhen, China as an example to establish a food environment evaluation framework centered on accessibility, diversity, and healthiness factors, aiming to analyze the dynamic changes of the food environment during normal and pandemic periods. By using the GA optimization algorithm, some convenience stores are transformed into self-pickup points (SPPs), which is expected to eliminate the deserts risk areas (DRAs) with low cost and high efficiency. The findings reveal a distinctive “center-periphery” spatial structure characterizing the food environment in Shenzhen, and the improvement of healthiness plays a crucial role in sustaining food oases and ameliorating food swamps. This research provides methods for improving the resilience of the food environment during the pandemic across diverse nations, bolstering the security of urban lifeline systems.

Flexible Modeling of Nonstationary Extremal Dependence using Spatially-Fused LASSO and Ridge Penalties

Statistical modeling of a nonstationary spatial extremal dependence structure is challenging. Parametric max-stable processes (MSPs) are common choices for modeling spatially-indexed block maxima, where an assumption of stationarity is usual to make inference feasible. However, this assumption is unrealistic for data observed over a large or complex domain. We develop a computationally-efficient method for estimating extremal dependence using a globally nonstationary but locally-stationary MSP construction, with the spatial domain divided into a fine grid of subregions, each with its own dependence parameters. We use LASSO (L 1) or ridge (L 2) penalties to obtain spatially-smooth parameter estimates. We then develop a novel data-driven algorithm to merge homogeneous neighboring subregions. The algorithm facilitates model parsimony and interpretability. To make our model suitable for high-dimensional data, we exploit a pairwise likelihood to perform inference and discuss its computational and statistical efficiency. We apply our proposed method to model monthly maximum temperature data at over 1400 sites in Nepal and the surrounding Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions; we show significant improvements in model fit compared to a stationary model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the estimated merged partition is interpretable from a geographic perspective and leads to better model diagnostics by adequately reducing the number of parameters.

Multi-dimensional attention-aided transposed ConvBiLSTM network for hyperspectral image super-resolution

Hyperspectral (HS) image always suffers from the deficiency of low spatial resolution, compared with conventional optical image types, which has limited its further applications in remote sensing areas. Therefore, HS image super-resolution (SR) techniques are broadly employed in order to observe finer spatial structures while preserving the spectra of ground covers. In this paper, a novel multi-dimensional attention-aided transposed convolutional long-short term memory (LSTM) network is proposed for single HS image super-resolution task. The proposed network employs the convolutional bi-directional LSTM for the purpose of local and non-local spatial–spectral feature explorations, and transposed convolution for the purpose of image amplification and reconstruction. Moreover, a multi-dimensional attention module is proposed, aiming to capture the salient features on spectral, channel, and spatial dimensions, simultaneously, to further improve the learning abilities of network. Experiments on four commonly-used HS images demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, compared with several state-of-the-art deep learning-based SR methods.

Enhancement of sludge dewaterability using combined technology of bioleaching and Fenton: Microscopic structure and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of sludge particles

Bioleaching and Fenton technology are commonly used preconditioning techniques for sludge dewatering. This study compared the dewatering mechanisms of different conditioning technologies. The results showed that bound water, specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and capillary suction time decreased from 3.95 g/g, 6.16 × 1012 m/kg, and 130.6 s to 3.15 g/g, 2.81 × 1011 m/kg, and 33 s, respectively, under combined treatment condition. Moreover, the free radicals, including ·OH, O2−·and Fe (Ⅳ), further damaged the cell structure, thus increasing the concentration of DNA in the S-EPS layer. This intense degradation sludge particle size decreased by 15.6% and significantly increased zeta potential. Under the combined technology, the α-helix and β-sheet decreased by 42.2% and 56.5%, respectively, destabilizing the spatial structure of proteins and promoting the release of bound water. In addition, the combined technology decreased (Ala/Lys) ratio in the TB-EPS layer by 67.6%, indicating the weakening of protein water-holding capacity. Moreover, the conversion of oxygen-containing compounds to nonpolar hydrocarbons increased the hydrophobicity of the sludge under a combined treatment, thus enhancing dewatering performance.

Resilience of regional container port network: based on projection correlation and dynamic spatial Markov Chain

ABSTRACT Ports are interconnected by shipping routes within the global logistics network. Shocks and risks stemming from financial crises, epidemics, ecology, and so on have prompted shifts in cross-border labor division towards regional cooperation, reflecting an ‘anti-globalization’ trend. Despite these dynamics, few studies have analyzed the spatial structure and dynamic evolution of resilience within regional container port network. Addressing this gap, this study considers spatial and dynamic attributes to identify influential factors of resilience and introduces the concept of spatial lag-multidimensional resistance (SL-MR) to strengthen the understanding and cognition of regional container port network resilience (RCPNR). By ports in Tianjin and Hebei, China, it constructs a dynamic spatial Markov chain (DSMC) based on the projection correlation (PC index) to dissect transition trajectories amid financial crises and other conflicts. The findings indicate: (1) The regional container port network often experiences a low-level path dependence like ‘poverty trap.’ (2) Hierarchical spatial lags significantly influence the transition probability of container port network resilience degradation, with regional port relationships being unidirectional rather than cooperative. (3) The impact of the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic on regional port resilience varies, serving as key determinants in shaping diverse resilience types.

Exhaustive Enumeration of Spatial Prime Structures

Prime structures are link chains with 0 DoF (degrees of freedom), not including subchains with 0 or fewer DoF, which are expected to be used in systematic kinematic and dynamic analyses of link mechanisms. This paper describes the exhaustive enumeration of spatial prime structures with three–five links. There will be more types of spatial prime structures than planar prime structures due to the variety in the DoF of kinematic pairs and the existence of prime structures with idle DoF. In the enumeration, the graphs which represent the connection of links and pairs are used. The vertices of the graphs represent the links of structures, and the edges represent the kinematic pairs. To consider the pair DoF, weights are set on edges. First, the numbers of pairs are calculated using Grübler’s equation. Second, the graphs corresponding to structures are enumerated, without considering pair DoF, and the isomorphic graphs and other inappropriate graphs are eliminated. Then, the combinations of pair DoF arrangement are enumerated, and the isomorphic graphs and graphs which correspond to non-prime structures are eliminated. Finally, prime structures with idle DoF are considered. As a result, 3, 13, and 97 kinds of spatial prime structures for 3, 4, and 5 links, respectively, are obtained.

Spatial Structure and Vulnerability of Container Shipping Networks: A Case Study in the Beibu Gulf Sea Area

Ports play an important role in maintaining the effectiveness of maritime logistics. When ports encounter congestion, strikes, or natural disasters, the maritime container transportation network might be significantly affected. The Beibu Gulf sea area is a key channel to supporting China’s participation in international economic cooperation in the western region. It is highly susceptible to the influence of the political and economic instability. This study introduces a dual-component framework to analyze the inherent structure and potential vulnerabilities of the container transportation network in the Beibu Gulf Sea areas. The findings show that the core layer of the network exhibited circular solidification characteristics. The entire network heavily relies on some core ports, such as Haiphong Port, Ho Chi Minh Port, and Qinzhou Port, and it highlights the potential increases in vulnerability. The finding shows that deliberate attacks have a greater impact than random attacks on the normal operations of maritime networks. If ports with high intermediary centrality are attacked, the connectivity and transportation efficiency of the Beibu Gulf maritime network will be significantly affected. However, under such circumstances, redistributing cargo transportation through route adjustments can deal with the transmission of cascading failures and maintain the network’s resilience. Based on the existing knowledge and the data collected in a case study, this research stands out as the first to provide a critical examination of the spatial structure and vulnerability of container shipping networks in the Beibu Gulf sea.

Study on the stressing state features of basalt fibre concrete lining structure under sulphate erosion

Basalt fibre (BF) is an environmentally friendly material with excellent corrosion resistance. When tunnels cross gypsum rock strata, the gypsum rock will dissolve sulphate and erode the supporting structure, thus affecting the safe operation of the tunnels in the long term. Adding BF to the supporting structure of gypsum rock tunnels can improve its resistance to sulphate erosion. This paper took Wuzhishan Tunnel as a case, and first determined the sulphate concentration of the gypsum rock stratigraphic environment at the site; then, analysed the change of mechanical properties of basalt fibre concrete (BFC) before and after sulphate erosion by mechanical tests; finally, examined the deformation and force characteristics of the BFC secondary lining structure by numerical simulation. The results showed that the bridging effect of BF fibres and the stable spatial network structure formed inside the concrete enhanced the mechanical properties of BFC and its ability to resist sulphate erosion. However, due to the agglomeration effect of BF fibres, too much BF would reduce the mechanical properties and erosion resistance of BFC. At a BF content of 6 kg/m³, BFC had the strongest ability to resist sulphate erosion, and the cube compressive strength, axial compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity of BFC were the highest, with 47.8 MPa, 33.6 MPa, and 38.7 GPa, respectively. The dense calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, generated near the BF, enhanced the connection between the cementitious and the aggregate, inhibited the development of microcracks within the concrete, and reduced the erosion channels for sulphate ions. The maximum displacement of the BFC secondary lining structure was reduced by 20.15 % compared to plain concrete (PC) after sulphate erosion. The secondary lining structures consisting of both BFC and PC were stressed the most at footing. The secondary lining structure composed of BFC had better deformation resistance and higher strength than PC.

Shaking table test on progressive collapse of the double-layer cylindrical reticulated shell with infilled wall

Double-layer cylindrical reticulated shell has made rapid development in recent decades in China, which is widely used in the large-scale public buildings such as gymnasiums, airplane terminal, Shopping mall, etc. Stability and progressive collapse mechanism have been attracting a lot of attention because the large span space structure is largely affected by the geometry nonlinear, which makes it sensitive to the local damages. The infilled wall has a greater impact on the stiffness of the lower supporting structure due to sparse column grid. However, the influence of infilled walls on the collapse mechanism of large-span spatial structures is very complex due to the coupling of upper and lower structures. Therefore, the effects of infilled walls on double-layer cylindrical reticulated shell was investigated by a series of progressive collapse tests with shaking table. In order to evaluate the seismic performance and the capacity of resisting progressive collapse, the structural dynamic characteristics and response laws were obtained under different ground motions and input principal directions. The results indicated that the existence of infilled wall made the coupling between the lower supporting structure and the upper roof structure more complicated. The infilled walls influenced the structural damage evolution and development, mitigated the damage from the earthquake and changed the progressive collapse pattern, which made the catenary collapse mechanism occur when the structure collapsed. Although the further quantitative study is still needed, this paper provides lots of useful test data and conclusions, which gives references to the infilled wall design and seismic performance evaluation for double-layer cylindrical reticulated shell.

Effect of sugar or sugar alcohol with different spatial structures on the stability of paclitaxel/HS15/Tween80 micelles: Based on micellization thermodynamics

Paclitaxel (PTX) is clinically recommended for the treatment of breast, ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer. This study delves into the impact of sugars (mannose or glucose) and sugar alcohols (mannitol or sorbitol) with varying spatial structures on the interfacial and thermodynamic behavior of the PTX/HS15/Tween80 micellar system. The research reveals that the presence of OH groups in sugars and sugar alcohols enhances hydrogen bonding force between surfactant and water, altering the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in solution and the surfactant’s arrangement at the interface, thus facilitating micelle formation and enhancing system stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show that the particle size of the PTX/HS15/Tween80 system is 11.69 nm, with micellar size showing a positive correlation with additive concentration. Sugar alcohols exhibit a more pronounced effect on increasing micelle size compared to sugars. Molecules featuring outward-facing OH groups demonstrating a greater ability to facilitate the formation of smaller micelle than those with inward-facing groups, emphasizing the influence of spatial structural differences. Stability experiments demonstrate that light transmission remains above 97 % in the system for 8 h after the addition of sugar, and the relative absorbance of PTX is maintained above 97 % within 6 h. Results from FD-B21 fluorescence probe release further confirm the positive impact of sugars and sugar alcohols on the stability of PTX/HS15/Tween80 micelles, highlighting stability differences based on molecules with distinct spatial structures. When OH groups on sugar or sugar alcohol molecules are more oriented in the same direction, intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed, reducing spatial resistance and promoting the formation of micellar with smaller particle sizes. This process enhances physical stability by reducing inter-molecular collisions. In summary, the presence of sugars and sugar alcohols promotes micelle formation and boosts system stability, offering valuable insights for enhancing the stability of drug-loaded micelles.

The Interdecadal Changes in the Spatial Structure of the South Pacific Oscillation and Its Implication for ENSO Diversity

Abstract The South Pacific Oscillation (SPO), characterized by a north–south dipole-like pattern of sea level pressure anomalies, is one of the key factors in understanding tropical–extratropical interactions in the South Pacific. We show that in boreal summer (June–August), the center of the northern lobe sea level pressure anomalies in the SPO is shifted to the east gradually after the 1960–70s. This study focuses on the relationship between the boreal summer SPO and following winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diversity before and after the eastward shift of the SPO’s subtropical lobe. The eastward shift of the SPO’s subtropical lobe altered both the seasonal footprint mechanism and the trade wind charging mechanism associated with the SPO and thus profoundly influenced the ENSO diversity. It is revealed that when the northern lobe of the SPO shifts to the west of its average location, it tends to strengthen the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño mainly via the seasonal footprint mechanism. But after the SPO’s northern lobe shifts to the east of its average location, it tends to promote the development of central Pacific (CP) El Niño mainly via the trade wind charging mechanism. The changes in the spatial structure of convection over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans may be one of the possible causes for the eastward shift in the SPO’s northern lobe. The findings in the present study have implications for a better understanding of ENSO diversity. Significance Statement Previous studies have demonstrated that the South Pacific Oscillation (SPO), as an important El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) precursor in the South Pacific, has the potential to provide an enhancement of the prediction of specific ENSO flavor. However, the historical variation in the SPO’s spatial structure and related changes in the relationship with the diversity of ENSO are still unclear. In this paper, we show that the subtropical lobe of the boreal summer (June–August) SPO is shifted to the east gradually after the 1960–70s. The changes in the spatial structure have also altered both the seasonal footprint mechanism and the trade wind charging mechanism which play important roles in the developmental processes of different types of ENSO. Our work highlights the importance of the interdecadal changes in the spatial structure of the SPO in understanding the relationship between the SPO and ENSO diversity.

Effects of space-confined ratio on the MILD combustion of coke oven gas

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the spatial structure on MILD combustion characteristics of coke oven gas via numerical simulation. The space-confined ratio, defined as the ratio of the furnace height to the longest diagonal of the transverse section, is used to characterize the variation in spatial structure. An experimental study in a long-narrow confined furnace (LNCF) was initially conducted to investigate the conditions for achieving MILD combustion. Subsequently, the effects of spatial structure on MILD combustion characteristics were thoroughly investigated through numerical simulation by altering the space-confined ratio of the LNCF. The experimental results show that the transition from conventional combustion to MILD combustion is achieved at a dilution rate of 50 %, which improves the temperature uniformity and reduces the NO emission by 96.5 % to 3 ppm. The numerical results show that reducing the space-confined ratio enhances the flue gas internal recirculation and the temperature uniformity, especially the maximum temperature is significantly reduced. Moreover, reducing the space-confined ratio achieves nearly zero NO emissions, but an excessively space-confined ratio may result in incomplete combustion, consequently causing a significant rise in CO emissions. To guarantee complete combustion, the optimal furnace structure is achieved at a space-confined ratio of 6.4, ensuring not only temperature uniformity but also ultra-low emissions of NO and CO. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical and practical foundation for the ultra-low emission of pollutants in space-confined combustion systems.

Temporal segmentation and "look ahead" simulation: Physical events structure visual perception of intuitive physics.

How we perceive the physical world is not only organized in terms of objects, but also structured in time as sequences of events. This is especially evident in intuitive physics, with temporally bounded dynamics such as falling, occlusion, and bouncing demarcating the continuous flow of sensory inputs. While the spatial structure and attentional consequences of physical objects have been well-studied, much less is known about the temporal structure and attentional consequences of physical events in visual perception. Previous work has recognized physical events as units in the mind, and used presegmented object interactions to explore physical representations. However, these studies did not address whether and how perception imposes the kind of temporal structure that carves these physical events to begin with, and the attentional consequences of such segmentation during intuitive physics. Here, we use performance-based tasks to address this gap. In Experiment 1, we find that perception not only spontaneously separates visual input in time into physical events, but also, this segmentation occurs in a nonlinear manner within a few hundred milliseconds at the moment of the event boundary. In Experiment 2, we find that event representations, once formed, use coarse "look ahead" simulations to selectively prioritize those objects that are predictively part of the unfolding dynamics. This rich temporal and predictive structure of physical event representations, formed during vision, should inform models of intuitive physics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Optimizing the selective laser melting molding process for TC4 spatial mesh structures

Optimizing the selective laser melting molding process for TC4 spatial mesh structures

Historical museum samples reveal signals of selection and drift in response to changing insecticide use in an agricultural pest moth.

In response to environmental and human-imposed selective pressures, agroecosystem pests frequently undergo rapid evolution, with some species having a remarkable capacity to rapidly develop pesticide resistance. Temporal sampling of genomic data can comprehensively capture such adaptive changes over time, for example, by elucidating allele frequency shifts in pesticide resistance loci in response to different pesticides. Here, we leveraged museum specimens spanning over a century of collections to generate temporal contrasts between pre- and post-insecticide populations of an agricultural pest moth, Helicoverpa armigera. We used targeted exon sequencing of 254 samples collected across Australia from the pre-1950s (prior to insecticide introduction) to the 1990s, encompassing decades of changing insecticide use. Our sequencing approach focused on genes that are known to be involved in insecticide resistance, environmental sensation, and stress tolerance. We found an overall lack of spatial and temporal population structure change across Australia. In some decades (e.g., 1960s and 1970s), we found a moderate reduction of genetic diversity, implying stochasticity in evolutionary trajectories due to genetic drift. Temporal genome scans showed extensive evidence of selection following insecticide use, although the majority of selected variants were low impact. Finally, alternating trajectories of allele frequency change were suggestive of potential antagonistic pleiotropy. Our results provide new insights into recent evolutionary responses in an agricultural pest and show how temporal contrasts using museum specimens can improve mechanistic understanding of rapid evolution.

Research on the construction of intangible cultural heritage corridors in the Yellow River Basin based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model

Objectively and accurately identifying the spatial structure and protection scope of intangible cultural heritage and constructing intangible cultural heritage corridors are crucial for the comprehensive systematic protection of intangible cultural heritage and the synergistic development of the region. However, the current research on intangible cultural heritage is limited to the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage in specific locations or specific areas. Thus, systematic and holistic research perspectives are relatively limited. Therefore, this study employs geographic information system spatial analysis and the minimum cumulative resistance model to construct an intangible cultural heritage corridor in the Yellow River Basin. This study aims to establish a systematic protection method and framework for intangible cultural heritage. The results show the following: (1) The intangible cultural heritage in the Yellow River Basin has a large-scale centralized distribution and small-scale scattered distribution, which provides an important spatial basis for the construction of intangible cultural heritage corridors. (2) Overall, intangible cultural heritage corridors can be more effectively constructed in the eastern region of the Yellow River Basin than in the western region, with 84.6% of the area being suitable and 15.4% being unsuitable. (3) Based on the suitability analysis, the "18 + N" corridor system of intangible cultural heritage in the Yellow River Basin, distributed across the eastern, central and southern regions, is constructed. The major corridor has a suitable width of 60–100 km, a total length of 11,935 km, and an area of 625,976 km2–919,942 km2, and can connect 634–711 intangible cultural heritage sites in series. On this basis, this study proposes a multilevel construction system for intangible cultural heritage corridors in the Yellow River Basin that integrates the "network structure–spatial scope" and "element–axis–region" levels. This approach culminates in a pattern of intangible cultural heritage protection and development in the Yellow River Basin characterized by "connecting points into lines, distributing in groups, and linking regions." This study reveals that combining geographic information system spatial analysis tools with a minimum cumulative resistance model effectively identifies potential heritage corridor networks and clarifies the hierarchical relationships of heritage element protection in the study area. This approach provides a reference model for the comprehensive protection and systematic development of intangible cultural heritage in the Yellow River Basin. Furthermore, the effectiveness and universality of this framework make it applicable to the protection and development of other similar international heritage areas.

County-to-District Reform and "Smart Growth": The Perspective of Urban Spatial Expansion

Urban spatial expansion is a critical aspect of the policy of replacing counties with districts. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal advancement of administrative division in China between 2000 and 2016, uses the Multi-Period method to examine the impact of county-to-district reform on urban spatial structure and “smart growth”. We find that the abolition of county borders leads to population migration within the city towards the newly established municipal districts, resulting in an irregular urban shape and a polycentric structure, particualrly the proactive-type reform. Further analysis shows that city-county merger promotes population polycentricity, but has no effect on employment polycentricity, leaving newly established municipal districts facing the “sleeping city”. Reformed counties expanded significantly but did not achieve substantial growth. The county-to-district reform inhibited overall urban economic growth, but cities with better population-industry match have less negative or uncertain effects.

Heterogeneous orientation tuning in the primary visual cortex of mice diverges from Gabor-like receptive fields in primates

A key feature of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of primates is their orientation selectivity. Recent studies using deep neural network models showed that the most exciting input (MEI) for mouse V1 neurons exhibit complex spatial structures that predict non-uniform orientation selectivity across the receptive field (RF), in contrast to the classical Gabor filter model. Using local patches of drifting gratings, we identified heterogeneous orientation tuning in mouse V1 that varied up to 90° across sub-regions of the RF. This heterogeneity correlated with deviations from optimal Gabor filters and was consistent across cortical layers and recording modalities (calcium vs. spikes). In contrast, model-synthesized MEIs for macaque V1 neurons were predominantly Gabor like, consistent with previous studies. These findings suggest that complex spatial feature selectivity emerges earlier in the visual pathway in mice than in primates. This may provide a faster, though less general, method of extracting task-relevant information.