Spatial Preferences Research Articles

Navigating overgrazing and cultural values through narratives and participatory mapping: a socio-cultural analysis of sheep grazing in the Faroe Islands

ABSTRACT Long-term livestock grazing has shaped landscapes, biodiversity, societies, cultures, and economies in the North Atlantic over time. However, overgrazing has become a major environmental sustainability challenge for this region, covering the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Scotland. The objective of this study was to elicit narratives and spatial patterns of local people’s management preferences for sheep grazing in the Faroe Islands through a socio-cultural lens. We collected data via a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) survey with an open question about hopes and concerns for sheep management in the Faroe Islands and a mapping exercise for expressing spatial preferences for sheep management. Four distinct narratives emerged from a qualitative analysis of responses to the open question (n = 184): (1) Sustainable sheep management, (2) Nature without sheep, (3) Sheep as part of Faroese culture, and (4) Sheep as nuisance. Visual inspection of narrative-specific maps with locations where either no or fewer sheep were preferred indicated that sheep management is not simply a ’sheep vs. no sheep’ issue but embedded in a more nuanced consideration of the place of sheep in the landscape and society. For example, for some residents sheep-farming is not a commercial enterprise but a social activity and local source of food. Our combined methodological approach using qualitative and spatial data can help researchers in other fields identify the interplay between place-specific areas of grazing management concern and socio-cultural values, enabling more targeted land-use management policies or plans.

Multisensory GPS impact on spatial representation in an immersive virtual reality driving game

Individuals are increasingly relying on GPS devices to orient and find their way in their environment and research has pointed to a negative impact of navigational systems on spatial memory. We used immersive virtual reality to examine whether an audio–visual navigational aid can counteract the negative impact of visual only or auditory only GPS systems. We also examined the effect of spatial representation preferences and abilities when using different GPS systems. Thirty-four participants completed an IVR driving game including 4 GPS conditions (No GPS; audio GPS; visual GPS; audio–visual GPS). After driving one of the routes in one of the 4 GPS conditions, participants were asked to drive to a target landmark they had previously encountered. The audio–visual GPS condition returned more accurate performance than the visual and no GPS condition. General orientation ability predicted the distance to the target landmark for the visual and the audio–visual GPS conditions, while landmark preference predicted performance in the audio GPS condition. Finally, the variability in end distance to the target landmark was significantly reduced in the audio–visual GPS condition when compared to the visual and audio GPS conditions. These findings support theories of spatial cognition and inform the optimisation of GPS designs.

Spatial preferences account for inter-animal variability during the continual learning of a dynamic cognitive task.

SUMMARYUnderstanding the complexities of behavior is necessary to interpret neurophysiological data and establish animal models of neuropsychiatric disease. This understanding requires knowledge of the underlying information-processing structure—something often hidden from direct observation. Commonly, one assumes that behavior is solely governed by the experimenter-controlled rules that determine tasks. For example, differences in tasks that require memory of past actions are often interpreted as exclusively resulting from differences in memory. However, such assumptions are seldom tested. Here, we provide a comprehensive examination of multiple processes that contribute to behavior in a prevalent experimental paradigm. Using a combination of behavioral automation, hypothesis-driven trial design, and reinforcement learning modeling, we show that rats learn a spatial alternation task consistent with their drawing upon spatial preferences in addition to memory. Our approach also distinguishes learning based on established preferences from generalization of task structure, providing further insights into learning dynamics.

A novel identification method for unrevealed mesoscale eddies with transient and weak features-Capricorn Eddies as an example

Traditional eddy detection methods can well identify eddies with long lifespans (usually >4 weeks) and strong hydrographic features. Eddies with shorter lifespans or intermittent features are arduous to detect and might be eliminated or misclassified during the detection. However, these eddies have been reported as a majority of the mesoscale eddies in global oceans. This study developed a novel eddy identification method for those eddies. Different from the traditional eddy detection performed based on a snapshot of observations in the horizontal plane, this novel identification method was developed on the evolution of eddies in the temporal dimension. It efficiently avoids the failure in detecting eddies with inconspicuous features during some stages of their evolutions and also eliminates excessive detection. The developed method was implemented to detect Capricorn Eddies based on 26 years of sea-level anomaly from satellite altimetry. Capricorn Eddies are transient and intermittent phenomena induced as a result of the East Australian Current colliding with the continental shelf edge near the Fraser Island, Australia. Using the new identification method, the characteristics of Capricorn Eddies, including their temporal and spatial scales, intensity preferences and evolution details, were resolved. Remarkable seasonal variations of the Capricorn Eddies were also revealed. Based on these findings, a comprehensive overview of Capricorn Eddies, which is crucial for further understanding the variabilities of regional biogeochemical processes and ocean ecosystems, was provided. The developed method will also provide potential insight into the unrevealed eddies in the global oceans.

An Empirical Study of the Restoration Potential of Urban Deciduous Forest Space to Youth.

Urban deciduous forests are an important ecological resource and seasonal landscape in the urban environment. However, in the abundant literature on how urban green space promotes human health and well-being, research on urban seasonal deciduous forests is limited. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and psychological recovery potential provided of urban deciduous forest space for youths and the spatial preferences of youths regarding such spaces. We recruited 120 participants to study the restorative potential of two typical urban deciduous forest landscape spaces (experimental groups) and one urban road environment (control group). The results showed that after 15 min of observation, the blood pressure (especially the diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.01)) and pulse of the deciduous forest trail setting (DFTS) group effectively decreased, and the restorative mood significantly increased. Regarding change in emotional parameters, the DFTS group scored higher on “interest” and significantly higher than the other two groups on positive emotion. The correlation results show that density and level are the key factors affecting spatial preferences regarding complex deciduous forests. An increase in density reduces the mood of re-laxation, and an increase in level decreases fatigue and interest. We suggest (1) constructing foot-paths in urban deciduous forests to reduce their spatial density as to improve the relaxation effect and (2) increasing landscape diversity according to the forest space to facilitate user participation and interest. This study provides a scientific basis for the environmental restoration of deciduous landscapes and for urban forestry management decision-makers based on space type construction.

Comparative Ecological Perspectives of Two Ancient Lineages of Gray Wolves: Woolly Wolf (Canis lupus chanco) and Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes)

Geographical isolation can often lead to speciation, and two disconnected populations of the same species living in drastically different bioclimatic regions provide an opportunity to understand the process of speciation. The Woolly wolf is found in the cold-arid, Trans-Himalayan landscape, while the Indian wolf inhabits the semi-arid grasslands of Central India. Both the lineages of wolves from India have generated scientific debate on their taxonomic status in recent years. In this study, we collected data and reviewed published literature to document the ecological and behavioral differences between the Woolly wolf and the Indian wolf. Most studies have used genetic data; hence we discuss variation in spatial ecology, habitat preferences, vocalization, diet diversity and cranial measurements of these two subspecies. The spatial ecology of two lineages was compared from the data on three Woolly and ten Indian wolves tagged with GPS collars. The telemetry data shows that there has been no difference in the day-night movement of Woolly wolves, whereas Indian wolves show significant high displacement during the night. The BBMM method indicated that Woolly wolf home ranges were three times larger than the Indian wolf. The Woolly wolf diet is comprised of 20 different types of food items, whereas the Indian wolf diet consists of 17 types. The Woolly and Indian wolf largely depend upon domestic prey base, i.e., 48.44 and 40.34%, respectively. We found no differences in the howling parameters of these subspecies. Moreover, the Woolly wolf skull was significantly longer and broader than the Indian wolf. Wolves of India are ancient and diverged from the main clade about 200,000–1,000,000 years ago. Their genetic and ecological evolution in different bioclimatic zones has resulted in considerable differences as distinct subspecies. The present study is a step in understanding ecological differences between two important, genetically unique subspecies of wolves.

Mapping spatial frequency preferences across human primary visual cortex.

Neurons in primate visual cortex (area V1) are tuned for spatial frequency, in a manner that depends on their position in the visual field. Several studies have examined this dependency using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), reporting preferred spatial frequencies (tuning curve peaks) of V1 voxels as a function of eccentricity, but their results differ by as much as two octaves, presumably owing to differences in stimuli, measurements, and analysis methodology. Here, we characterize spatial frequency tuning at a millimeter resolution within the human primary visual cortex, across stimulus orientation and visual field locations. We measured fMRI responses to a novel set of stimuli, constructed as sinusoidal gratings in log-polar coordinates, which include circular, radial, and spiral geometries. For each individual stimulus, the local spatial frequency varies inversely with eccentricity, and for any given location in the visual field, the full set of stimuli span a broad range of spatial frequencies and orientations. Over the measured range of eccentricities, the preferred spatial frequency is well-fit by a function that varies as the inverse of the eccentricity plus a small constant. We also find small but systematic effects of local stimulus orientation, defined in both absolute coordinates and relative to visual field location. Specifically, peak spatial frequency is higher for pinwheel than annular stimuli and for horizontal than vertical stimuli.

Individual Differences and Skill Training in Cognitive Mapping: How and Why People Differ.

Spatial ability plays important roles in academic learning and everyday activities. A type of spatial thinking that is of particular significance to people's daily lives is cognitive mapping, that is, the process of acquiring, representing, and using knowledge about spatial environments. However, the skill of cognitive mapping shows large individual differences, and the task of spatial orientation and navigation poses great difficulty for some people. In this article, I look at the motivation and findings in the research into spatial knowledge acquisition from an individual differences perspective. I also discuss major implications of the existence of large individual differences, particularly the possibility of improving cognitive mapping by training and adjusting navigation assistance to the wide variations in spatial aptitudes and preferences among people.

Spatial preferences for invasion management: a choice experiment on controlling Ludwigia grandiflora in a French regional park

If individuals have spatially differentiated preferences for sites or areas impacted by an invasive alien species, effective management must take this heterogeneity into account and target sites or areas accordingly. In this paper, we estimate spatially differentiated preferences for the management of primrose willow (Ludwigia grandiflora), an invasive weed spreading in a French regional park. We use an original spatially explicit discrete choice experiment to evaluate individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) to control the invasion in different areas of the regional park. Our results indicate that WTP for management highly depends on the area considered, with areas where it is three times higher than others. We analyze the main factors explaining the heterogeneity of preferences and show that the closer respondents live to the park, the more they visit and/or practice activities in it, the higher their WTP and spatial preferences. Park residents and regular users have high WTP and unambiguous preferences for targeting control to specific areas. Non-residents and occasional users have much lower WTP and more homogeneous spatial preferences. These results suggest that implementing management strategies that spatially target invasion control according to public preferences is likely to produce significant utility gains. These gains are all the more important as the preferences taken into account are those of the stakeholders directly concerned by the invasion, the residents and regular park users. Ignoring these spatial preferences will lead to sub-optimal invasion management.

Quality of Public Housing in Singapore: Spatial Properties of Dwellings and Domestic Lives

Singapore’s public housing policies are widely known for their success in providing housing for over 80% of the residential population, with most owning homes. Extensive housing schemes generally offer a set of fixed housing layouts; yet, at the microscale of an individual dwelling, alterations to the units can be made by rearranging the floor plans to reflect the usage patterns of the household, thus adding diversity to the fixed configuration. The aim of this paper is to identify associations among a housing unit’s spatial properties by analysing fixed configurations and altered floor plans as well as determining the spatial preferences of the inhabitants. The research methodology applied in this paper has been divided into two parts: spatial network analysis and survey analysis. In the spatial network analysis, the configurations of individual housing units and altered units were compared by translating floor plans into graphs. The survey functions as a qualitative analysis to relate the lifestyle patterns of contemporary society to housing configurations.

A Recommendation Method of National Fitness Items Based on Neural Network Algorithm

In order to improve the effectiveness of national fitness programs, this article analyzes the method of national fitness items recommendation based on a neural network algorithm. By using the time and space characteristics of fitness users’ sign-in, a novel POI recommendation model is proposed, and a novel fusion method is proposed to combine similarity and spatial similarity to achieve the final similarity calculation based on fitness users’ temporal and spatial preferences. In addition, in order to model the spatial similarity of fitness users, the Voronoi diagram is constructed by using the geographic locations of all POIs. Finally, this paper constructs a recommendation system for national fitness items based on a neural network algorithm. The experimental research results show that the national fitness program recommendation system proposed in this article basically meets the expected demand.

Of three sharks and one chimaera: varied habitat preferences across a latitudinal range revealed by coastal and offshore surveys.

Using national and international research survey data and applying a combination of models and mapping tools, this study revealed temperature and depth as the crucial environmental drivers of both the distribution and the abundance of four benthopelagic chondrichthyans inhabiting Norwegian and Icelandic waters: rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa), velvet-belly lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax), blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) and spurdog (Squalus acanthias). C. monstrosa and E. spinax seem to prefer similar spatial and ecological habitats, that is deep and cold waters. In contrast, G. melastomus and S. acanthias both prefer similar ecological habitats, that is warmer and shallower waters; nonetheless, they exhibit a different spatial distribution pattern. The species' varied habitat and spatial preferences may lead to different levels of exposure to fishing activities and associated by-catch risks. Findings of the species' spatial distributions and their driving forces are expected to inform the sustainable management of these species and the ecosystems they inhabit.

Habitat use of south-eastern Pacific humpback whales (

Context Golfo Dulce is a wintering ground of the south-eastern Pacific population of humpback whales. Habitat use and spatial preferences of whales during their reproductive season must be addressed to effectively conserve this species. Aims This study aims to determine spatial segregation depending on humpback whale group composition (groups that included mother–calf dyads versus adult-only groups). Methods Spatial aggregation was assessed using sightings per unit of effort from June to October, 2010–2019. The group preferences were analysed as a function of water depth and distance from the coast, and habitat use was characterised using behavioural data. Key results Our SPUE analysis showed important locations used by humpback whales. The mother–calf groups were present in waters &lt;80 m deep, and their main behaviour was resting (nursing and social). Adult-only groups were in the deeper waters, and the main behaviours were social breaching and travelling. Spatial preferences and behaviour data allowed the identification of critical nursing areas near potential mating grounds. Conclusions and implications Our study has highlighted the need for inshore habitat protection, and these habitat-use patterns should be considered when designing effective conservation and management strategies for marine spatial planning.

Breeding and Post-Breeding Behavior of the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) at Perth Zoo

Understanding the behavior of wildlife in zoo environments is necessary to determine species’ welfare states and minimize stress whilst optimizing social groupings, particularly where breeding programs are being undertaken. This observational study investigated the behavior and welfare of six groupings of ghost bats (Macroderma gigas) across the breeding and post-breeding seasons within Perth Zoo, Western Australia. Scan sampling was used to record behavioral states and interactions along with spatial preferences within enclosures for 198 hours of observations. A total of 11,895 interval observations were conducted during the study period. Exploratory behavior was correlated with enclosure size, with 18.7% of the total observations in the largest enclosure compared with only 7.1% of them in the smallest enclosure. Male ghost bats engaged in negative behaviors in 40.2% of observed male-male interactions, regardless of the season. Non-breeding females engaged in more female-female negative behaviors during the breeding season, while negative behaviors increased in the breeding female group after the end of the breeding season. This study highlights areas where management practice may be optimized in a zoo setting and provides evidence to consider revising standards of enclosure size for chiropteran species. An increase in heating structures and feeding platforms could also reduce the number of negative interactions between individuals. Given that ghost bats in the wild are listed as Vulnerable, zoo population management and breeding may form an integral part of conservation planning for this species in the near future. As the first published study of zoo-housed ghost bats, these findings help provide insight into the behaviors and interactions of ghost bats in different social groupings across the breeding and post-breeding seasons.

Spatial Preferences of Elderly Tourists

Yaşlı nüfusun toplum içindeki oranı arttıkça turizm sektöründeki görünürlükleri de artmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ülkemizde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerin seyahatleriyle ilgili mekânsal tercihlerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Ölçüt ve maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi tekniklerine uygun biçimde verilerin toplandığı araştırmanın Balçova ayağında 11, Çeşme’de ise 17 kişi olmak üzere toplamda 28 katılımcıyla görüşülmüştür. Nitel içerik analizine tabi tutulan metinlerden kodlama yoluyla elde edilen kavramlar, birbirleriyle ilişkili belli tema ve alt temalar altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre yaşlıların önceki deneyimleri mekân seçimlerini etkilemektedir. Yaşlılar seyahatleriyle ilgili yer seçimi yaparken ön araştırma yapmakta ve genellikle tavsiye edilen yerlere gitmektedirler. Seyahat ettikleri yerlerde rahatlık arayışına girdikleri, çoğunlukla yakın mesafeli, ekonomik, güvenli ve iklim bakımından uygun yerleri tercih ettikleri görülmektedir. Yaşlılar yerin imajından etkilendiklerinden ve yerin mekânsal anlamda engeller barındırmamasını önemsediklerinden bahsetmektedirler. Bu bakımdan özel ilgi beklentisi içerisine girdiklerini ifade etmektedirler. Yaşlılar aynı zamanda özel anılarının olduğu yerleri tercih ettiklerini dile getirmektedir. Konaklamaları esnasında ise bazı katılımcıların akrabalarında kalmayı reddettikleri, bazılarınınsa hem otelde hem de çok samimi oldukları akrabalarında kaldıkları görülmektedir. Yaşlılar otel seçimlerinde belli kriterler aradıklarından, ayrıca yıllar içinde konaklamalarıyla ilgili tercihlerinde değişimlerin meydana geldiğinden söz etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulgularının yaşlılarla ilgili politika yapıcılara ve turizm sektörü paydaşlarına fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Culture-led Urban Transformation Strategies for Industrial Heritage and Industrial Areas in Istanbul

Purpose In relation to the advances in information economics the flow of capital, creative industries, high-speed transportation systems and spatial characteristics of cities have led to the proliferation of cultural economics. In this respect, the departure of industry from cities is considered as a significant opportunity for the spatial improvement of cultural economics. Brownfields and industrial sites that are likely to abandon residential areas in the future stand out on account of their potential for transformation. Accordingly, this study aims to shed light on the spatial future of İstanbul, where development is currently aimed at achieving a global city, and to provide an analytical framework for the likely transformation of brownfields and idle industrial heritage sites. Design/Methodology/Approach For the purposes of this study, Suitability Analysis was utilized to evaluate industrial heritage sites that are no longer functional and industrial sites that hold the potential for transformation in İstanbul from the perspective of cultural development strategies. Therefore, first of all, the factors that influence site selection and agglomeration of cultural functions and cultural industries were created, weighed and mapped. Second, the components that specify the spatial preferences of entrepreneurial, creative class, and progressive strategies as well as the corresponding weighs of these components were identified. Finally, cultural development strategies that may be used to address the industrial sites in İstanbul with the potential for transformation, and the weighs of these strategies were revealed by using the “multi-criteria evaluation” method. Findings Culture-led transformation is typically shaped with the high-income target of entrepreneurial strategies. However, the transformation process should be reinforced with creative and progressive strategies. In this context, sites that are favourable for transformation in İstanbul accommodate an immense potential for entrepreneurial strategies, while the Bosporus as well as the Historic Research Limitations/Implications This study focuses on the province of İstanbul, which has the strongest connection to the network of global cities. The theoretical framework and materials for this study are made up of the available body of literature, digital maps, plans and plan reports. Originality/Value This study provides a platform for planners and authorities to discuss the culture-led regeneration of industrial heritage sites and brownfields with a focus on the medium- and long-term plans, programs and decisions for İstanbul. In addition, it contributes to the planning literature by offering a perspective on content and methodological approach for similar studies.

Evolution of the territorial field of art in a post-socialist city. Distribution patterns of private contemporary art galleries in Krakow, Poland, between 1989 and 2019

Private art galleries, due to their often short-lived nature stemming from the uncertainties inherent in the art world, constitute a good indicator of changes taking place within the urban space. The spatial patterns of their locations are the outcome of an interplay between the spatial choices of individual entities that respond to opportunities and constraints in different parts of the city. Such spatial patterns also reflect artistic hierarchies and oppositions within the field of visual arts, where artist-oriented and market-oriented art galleries represent different artistic communities (local, non-local) and generations (younger and aspiring, older and recognized). As a result, distinct art gallery clusters (market-oriented and artist-oriented) emerge and shape into spatial structures, which might be conceptualised as the territorial field of art. This concept is used here in a broad survey of the art gallery landscape of Krakow, a large city in southern Poland. This offers a unique opportunity to follow the development of an art gallery scene in a city widely associated with art and from the very moment when, in 1989, the newly introduced political and economic freedoms replaced the strict control of the communist regime removing barriers preventing the operation of commercial galleries and non-profit art spaces. The study involved building of a detailed database that enabled tracing the spatial choices (locations and relocations) of art galleries as far back as in the 1980s and then from 1989 to 2019. Along the detailed data review a qualitative analysis of reports in the press and on the internet provided an insight into the spatial contexts and motivations behind spatial decisions during different time periods. Four primary art gallery clusters were identified and their phases of emergence, growth and decline observed over the three decades were found to have been mutually interconnected, as well as linked with the broader functional changes developing in different parts of the inner city and with distinct artistic and spatial preferences of the successive generations of young artists and gallery owners representing them. • Private art galleries constitute a good indicator of urban change. • Territorial field of art is a representation of artistic oppositions and hierarchies within the field of art in the urban space. • Four art gallery clusters, two market-oriented and two artist-oriented, emerged in Krakow after 1989. • Development of art gallery clusters was driven by a combination of economic and non-economic factors.

A Priori Bounds on Legislative Bargaining Agreements

AbstractIn a workhorse model of legislative bargaining with spatial preferences, I establish easy to compute bounds on all equilibrium acceptable agreements, proposals, and outcomes. The approach constitutes a feasible method to incorporate equilibrium restrictions from the model in correlational and structural empirical studies of legislatures, avoiding the computation of actual equilibria. It also yields a number of theoretical insights on the centrality of equilibrium legislative decisions, the relation of such equilibrium outcomes with social choice solution sets, and the effect of changes on voting and proposal‐making rights. These theoretical results highlight the broad conclusion that the proper functioning of democratic institutions is highly contingent on other institutional features besides the assignment of voting rights.

Fine‐scale habitat use of foraging sperm whales is driven by seafloor topography and water column structure

AbstractKnowledge of the spatial distribution and habitat preferences of marine top‐predators is essential for monitoring their populations. The summertime abundance of male sperm whales (parāoa, Physeter macrocephalus) at the Kaikōura Canyon (New Zealand) has almost halved over the last three decades, possibly reflecting a shift in distribution away from this foraging ground. To better understand the seasonal drivers of habitat use by sperm whales, we recorded presence and absence locations of foraging whales during acoustic‐visual surveys, in conjunction with water‐column oceanographic sampling. Season‐specific generalized additive models (GAM) indicated that whale distribution was best predicted by seafloor depth, thermal stratification in the water‐column, and slope gradient and orientation. Habitat use differed between summer and winter, consistent with patterns in diving behavior and stable isotope ratios, suggesting seasonal fluctuations in prey targeted by sperm whales. Our results advance understanding of fine‐scale habitat use by sperm whales, with new insights into the ecological drivers of seasonal fluctuations in foraging distribution. Our study demonstrates the importance of quantifying water‐column processes in the study of habitat preferences by deep‐diving predators. We also identify thermal stratification as an oceanographic feature susceptible to climate change, which could contribute to the decline in sperm whale abundance at Kaikōura.

Rehabilitation of Soil through Botanical Gardens as a Practical Interplay Between Learning Spaces and Healthy Places in Urban Environments

Soils are the primary carriers of heavy metals released into the environment by many different anthropogenic activities. Unlike organic pollutants, which are oxidized, most metals do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation, and their concentration in the soil continues for a long time. Increasing social awareness of the need to adequately address mineral waste to protect the environment has led to increased research in this area. Contemporary trends and the development of technology have revealed numerous methods of cleaning these degraded lands and what would best serve such an area. Based on centuries of historical development, botanic gardens have developed globally leading conservation, research, education, and recreation institutions. Botanic gardens increasingly provide a scientific basis for sustainable use and protection of plant diversity. This research aims to analyze the methods of treatment of these areas, then give a proposal which, in addition to solving a severe problem of this municipality, will become a research and study area for students of various fields related to botany. The investigation line is constructed on: analysis, field research, literature review, data provided by the municipality of Gracanica, interviews, and online surveys. Through this research, we will understand user expectations, spatial preferences, and the intended purpose of the Kosovo Botanical Garden and will convey them through the proposal into a functional concept and present new solutions, modern and practical, in this facility.