Spatial Planning System Research Articles

Measures of spatial planning in the port areas at China’s border

The spatial planning for border port areas often requires consideration to the influence of cross-border bilateral exchanges and cross-border natural habitat ecosystems on territorial spaces, and implementation of national initiatives such as the “Community with a Shared Future” and the “Belt and Road Initiative”. The existing research on spatial planning focuses more on the administrative areas within a country and less on the cross-border regional connections. Also, existing literature regarding border port areas as typological research focuses more on economic and spatial development modes and less on the influence of ‘networks and flow’ on the territorial spaces. The author, based on the work practices in the land border areas in Yunnan and Jilin provinces as well as combining the theoretical concept ‘network and flow’ of Michael Batty, describes the features of cross-border flow network by use of border effect framework, researches the key considerations for the spatial planning for cross-border areas in the new era of spatial planning system construction, and initially provides optimization measures exampled by specific cases, which can be used as reference for the spatial planning for cross-border areas at all levels.

Approaches to assessing the tourist and recreational attractiveness of a territory on the example of the Dnipropetrovsk area

There are significant differences between sectoral zoning and planning schemes for recreation and tourism development areas in Ukraine. The principles established in the implementation of sectoral recreation and tourism zoning are not always consistent with the normative legal acts regulating the spatial planning system. The available results of scientific and applied research testify to the significant recreational and tourist potential of our country, which is formed by all available natural, historical, cultural and socio-economic resources. The formation of recreational, tourist, resort and health complexes for the purpose of effective and rational use of nature is relevant in today's uncertain socio-economic conditions. During the research the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: theoretical generalisation, factor analysis, economic-mathematical modelling, graphical, analytical and statistical methods. A methodology is proposed for assessing the level of tourist and recreational attractiveness of a territory, based on the consideration of ten criteria, the interpretation of which is carried out according to the appropriate scale. The methodology is characterised by sufficient simplicity, economy, high information capacity and is based on open statistical data. It was found that the estimated level of tourist and recreational attractiveness of Dnipropetrovsk Area is average. This indicates insufficient use of the existing tourist and recreational potential. It is suggested that the branding of the region should be based on the concept of preservation of Cossack traditions, natural resource potential and sustainable development.

Theory of climate resilience, disaster adaptation, and flood mitigation in territorial spatial planning systems: A case study of the Fujian Delta Region

为落实国土空间规划体系的改革，满足国家对城市安全及韧性治理提出的新要求，运用韧性城市理论，融合遥感解译、GIS及智能算法等技术方法，构建了契合国土空间规划“五级三类”体系的韧性规划理论框架，提出了应对气候变化的“减缓与适应”的韧性规划原则，论述了城市群、流域、街区等多尺度的韧性承洪设计内容，构建了智慧识别风险及生态适灾承洪的技术路线，创新了韧性国土及智慧承洪规划理论。在此基础上，以闽三角地区为例，提出了发挥区域及城市群生态海绵、城市半人工-半自然海绵的滞洪泄洪功能，耦合高密度城区的智慧排水网及立体海绵径流消减作用，协同蓝-灰-绿基础设施的韧性承洪承涝的规划响应方法。

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in spatial planning for urban flood mitigation: The perspective of flood management experts in Accra

The rapid rate of urban expansion with its associated physical development in recent years conflicts with the urban ecosystem and the services it provides. In most Sub-Saharan African cities, rapid urban expansion often does not conform to existing spatial plans. Physical developments are sometimes carried out in unauthorized areas, contributing to urban floods. The Sub-Saharan African regions' flood management strategies mainly focus on engineering solutions but have not been fully functional in mitigating urban floods. There is a scarcity of knowledge on how urban flood-related NBS measures can be part of the spatial development in Sub-Saharan African cities for effective flood management. In order to address this gap, this study employed content and text analysis of policy documents and interviews to understand how current spatial and flood mitigation schemes in Accra, Ghana reflect possible NBS applicability and identify possible approaches to integrating NBS into existing planning schemes to prevent urban floods. The study found that Accra’s spatial plans and flood mitigation schemes reflect a possibility of NBS integration. Additionally, the study unveiled techniques for integrating NBS measures and possible implementation barriers and facilitation in the Ghanaian context, which can be linked to combating the challenges that the Ghanaian spatial planning and flood management authorities face. The research, therefore, contributes to knowledge of how NBS can be integrated into spatial planning systems and flood mitigation schemes in Sub-Saharan African regions.

The importance, orientation and key content of township-level comprehensive spatial planning in China

On the basis of fully understanding the key characteristics and problems of China’s township master plans, this article clarifies the requirements of the territorial spatial planning system reform for the governance system of townships and towns, urban–rural integration and high-quality development, and points out the necessity of overall planning for township-level territorial spaces in China. Then, based on the study of international experience and the division of administrative powers between county-level government and township-level government, it proposes the positioning features of overall planning for township-level territorial spaces, including the communication and implementation of municipal and county planning, innovating the control methods concerning the use of town seat space, and coordinating and guiding the formulation of detailed plans. It also indicates that the key content of overall planning for township-level territorial spaces must include natural resource management, development and utilization of territorial spaces, spatial pattern of town areas, spatial layout of town seats, management and control of village construction, etc.

The strategies of overall spatial regulation for rural area: based on Shanghai’s experience

Under the spatial planning system, the spatial regulation of rural areas faces the basic requirements of "comprehensive coverage of regulation objects, refined regulation measures at each level, and regulation level corresponding to the administrative power". Since the reform and opening up, Shanghai has gradually developed from the "single administrative area" regulation of rural construction spaces to the "comprehensive regulation" of three types of rural spaces. The regulation system consisting of three levels has been formed, including village layout planning, suburb unit planning, and village design. Comprehensive coverage of regulation objects and refined regulation measures at each level have been realized. However, there are also problems such as the weak regulation of the ecological space, the need to improve the level of fine regulation andexcessive restrictions on regulation contents at the town level. Based on the analysis of Shanghai's successful experience and existing problems, the zoning, grading and classification strategy for the spatial regulation in entire rural administrative areas is proposed. Refine the regulation objects based on "spatial zoning-usage unit-plot polygon", define regulation tasks of all levels as per "structural regulation-usage regulation-element regulation"; formulate classified regulation measures according to "transmission of basic element level by level, classified overlying of additional elements".

Green Finance and High Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin

The unbalanced economic and ecological development, inefficient spatial governance, and single financial entity in each region of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin have restricted the level of development in the basin. Green finance is an important factor influencing high-quality development, providing financial support for the green development of the Yellow River Basin through green credit and green leasing. Taking the regional natural resource conditions and industrial development characteristics of the Yellow River Basin as important supports, we construct the financial system and regional governance countermeasures of green leasing and green credit respectively, so as to optimize the regional economic layout and build a scientific spatial financial planning system.

From “Division” to “Integration”: Evolution and Reform of China’s Spatial Planning System

Spatial planning is a public policy arrangement for land use allocation and spatial structure regulation. As a method used by the public sector to influence the spatial distribution of future activities, spatial planning has become an important method and basis for the Chinese government to perform its duties. In the process of its long-term development, China has formed a unique spatial planning system. Based on the perspective of evolution and comparison, this paper systematically reviews the evolution of China’s spatial planning system from “multi-plan division” to “multi-plan integration” under the inheritance of departments. The findings are as follows. ① China’s spatial planning has long presented a pattern of separate management by multiple departments, such as development and reform, construction, land, and environmental protection. The emergence and development of various types of planning is a necessary spatial governance tool for specific national conditions and major issues of land space development and protection in China. ② In the evolution process of more than half a century, the planning of various departments has gradually established, inherited, and continuously changed their own planning systems and control content; thus, China’s spatial planning has undergone a process of “planning absence–planning division–planning integration”. ③ The brand-new territorial spatial plan inherits the “three types” of control space, including land utilization master planning, urban and rural master planning, and ecological environment planning, and forms a set of binding index systems, which have become the decision-making basis for the current territorial space resource allocation. ④ In the future, China’s spatial planning system should be further optimized and improved in aspects such as the coordination mechanism of “soft” and “hard” spatial planning, the spatial resource allocation system that places equal emphasis on legality and efficiency, and the spatial layout system from “major function-oriented zoning” to “space use zoning”. Insight into the evolution of China’s spatial planning system can provide historical and logical support for the improvement of China’s spatial governance thinking and the continuous improvement of the efficiency of land space resource allocation in the future and provide a certain reference value for the comparative study of the planning systems of different countries in the world.

Peyzaj Planı Önerisinin Hazırlanması; Adana Örneği

The aim of this study is to prepare a sample landscape plan in order to evaluate the possibilities of integrating a landscape plan that is not involved in the spatial planning process in our country into the planning process. The area chosen for the case study covers the central districts of Adana province, Yüreğir, Seyhan, Sarıçam and Çukurova. In our country, there are bottlenecks that require the change of the spatial planning system, such as having more than one authority and responsibility within the legal and administrative framework, lack of coordination and cooperation between institutions, and the continuation of the traditional type of planning. Within the scope of the possibilities of transferring the findings of the research field into practice, it is aimed to determine the current spatial planning process in our country and the bottlenecks encountered in this process. At the preparation stages of this plan, which is intended to be a bedplate for the zoning plans, the natural landscape inventory and land cover of the area have been examined firstly, and 1935 different landscape character types have been determined as a result of the landscape character analysis conducted in the light of the obtained data. In the research area with urban, rural and natural landscape elements, 25 landscape character areas have been determined and landscape data catalogs have been prepared based on landscape character types, landscape patterns and survey studies. As a result, in the solving of the problems encountered in spatial planning practice, a sample landscape plan proposal has been prepared in order to produce land use decisions based on ecological data protection.

The evolution of the planning system in the process of large-scale and rapid urbanization in China

Urban planning is a fundamental policy tool for countries to manage their land use and spatial development. As a nation’s economic, social and technological development undergoes changes, so does its planning system evolve dynamically to address the challenges of each era. In China, with the average annual urban population increasing 17.25 million since 1978, the spatial distribution of population and economic resources has undergone unprecedented great changes. The transformation of China’s planning system during the rapid and large-scale urbanization process could be divided into four stages: restoration of urban plan and establishment of the planning system (1978–1990); growth and development of the planning system under the market-oriented economic system (1990–2000); integration of urban and rural planning (2000–2010); exploring and forming a unified spatial planning system under the guidance of ecological civilization construction (2010–). This paper analyzes the characteristics of urbanization in China since the reform and opening up, the related era-specific issues and the policy responses, then elaborates the new landmark planning types that emerged in each stage, as well as summarizing the evolution process. There is no “standard, universal paradigm” in the process of building a country’s planning system, and no unchanging template or unified approach to achieving it.

Assessing ecosystem services in Russia: Case studies from four municipal districts

The task of organizing ecosystem accounting and integrating the value of ecosystems and ecosystem services into the management process has been set in Russia. The municipal level is the key one in the system of ecological spatial planning. However, the analysis of the official documents on spatial planning in Russia revealed that ecosystem services are still to be integrated into them. This paper aims to develop guidelines for the formation and implementation of integrated plans for the development of rural areas in the aspect of ecosystem development. The suggested methods of ES evaluation and monetization are based on the use of open statistical data and available digital land cover maps. This way, ecosystem services were calculated in biophysical indicators by converting the area of different types of ecosystems into the demanded and supplied volumes of ecosystem services. The described approaches were approbated on four municipal districts in different federal subjects of Russia (Kiznerskiy district in the Udmurt Republic; Elizovskiy district in Kamchatskiy krai; Maikopskiy district in the Adygeya Republic; and Bobrovskiy district in Voronezh oblast). It reveals that carbon regulation makes up the major part of a total ecosystem services value in the studied districts, thus making regulating services constitute the largest share of the total supplied ecosystem services volume. Recreational and other cultural ecosystem services do not make up a considerable part of the total ES value in any district. These evaluations, on the one hand, form an incomplete and exaggerated idea of ecosystems’ value as a source of natural resources; and on the other, detract their regulating and cultural services, which are also extremely significant for the sustainable development on different spatial levels.

Law as a factor generating weakness in the spatial planning system

This paper deals with the issue of the impact of legislation on the spatial planning system of a country. The case of Poland was chosen as it provides very wide material in this respect (due to the numerous weaknesses of the Polish spatial planning law diagnosed in the literature). Three key regulations were identified in relation to three spatial planning instruments at the local level: studies of spatial development conditions and directions, local spatial plans, and decisions on building conditions. It was determined what the weaknesses of these provisions are, and what wider impact they have on the application of individual spatial planning instruments and consequently on the entire spatial planning system. The issue of externalities of spatial management was additionally analysed. The results provided a basis for extending a more universal scientific discussion on the possible, especially negative, impact of legislation on spatial planning systems.

Study of the Transit Oriented Development (Tod) Area of Jaticempaka, Pondok Gede District, Bekasi City

The City of Bekasi has a population of 2.5 million people in 2020 making the City of Bekasi dense, so it is necessary to improve the spatial planning system, including the modal transportation planning system.Along with the development of the Greater Jakarta area which was influenced by developments in Jakarta in the surrounding cities. With the existence of a National Strategy Project in Bekasi City such as DDT (Double-double Track) and LRT (Light Rail Transit) which have the potential to become a TOD (Transit Oriented Development) area.With the construction of the LRT station and the existence of the Jaticempaka TOD location which is directly adjacent to DKI Jakarta, the direction of economic activity development in the future has a tendency to develop regional and city scale economic activity functions, so that the development direction of the Jaticempaka TOD has a tendency to be developed into a large-scale TOD. sub-central services.Thus, the community can increase their choice of public transportation modes and facilitate access to destinations, as well as accommodate the needs of the community to pursue a cycle of activities within and outside the City of Bekasi. The purpose of the activity is to prepare a Study on the Study of the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Area of ​​Jaticempaka, Pondok Gede District, Bekasi City.

SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE OF EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE

Spatial planning is one of the most important activities in the evolution of modern society. This process takes place in parallel and is interconnected with the strategic planning of communities and countries. As with other types of planning, spatial planning occurs at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The product of this activity should be a spatial plan that coordinates sectoral policies. The need of conducting a study on the state of spatial planning documentation in Ukraine is justified by the new territorial division of the country resulting from the successful decentralization reform. Furthermore, Ukraine was granted EU candidate status on June 23, 2022, thus prompting an additional need for such a study. The new Ukraine status creates new challenges and entails the obligation to bring all documents to EU standards. Taking into account the socio-economic problems and the intensive preparation of plans for postwar reconstruction in Ukraine, such studies will be highly appropriate. The integration of Ukraine into the European Union requires taking into account the experience of countries that have already reformed their strategic documents and plans in accordance with the EU’s internal demands. The experience of neighboring Poland, an EU member state, can be of most interest and use to Ukraine. The paper presents the current state of spatial planning in Ukraine, including an analysis of the legislative framework. The methods used in the study are described, and the selection of the research subject and the criteria for the selection are justified. The paper includes an analysis of the spatial planning system in Poland at the level of gminas and the availability of mandatory spatial planning documents. The subject of the research at the local level is Gmina Hodel. This gmina is located in the Lublin Voivodeship that borders on Ukraine. The analysis was focused on the Gmina Development Strategy, mandatory spatial planning documents, in particular the Local Spatial Development Plan, as well as the Local Strategy of Local Action Group which is an additional tool for local development. The paper underscores conformity and relationships between spatial planning documents at the local level.

Pengaruh Sistem Penataan Ruang Terhadap Minat Baca Siswa Di SMPN 1 Sungai Tarab

The purpose of this study was to find out how the library spatial planning system at SMPN 1 Sungai Tarab works. The layout of the school library is the arrangement or arrangement of all school library facilities in the available space or building. Where by paying attention to the library spatial arrangement system in the school the writer was able to find out how much interest is in reading at SMPN 1 Sungai Tarab where interest in reading is a potential to read voluntarily.

Compensating Downzoning. A Comparative Analysis of European Compensation Schemes in the Light of Net Land Neutrality

Most spatial planning systems are growth-oriented and focus on upzoning. However, downzoning is becoming increasingly important, as European planning is taking a “resourcial turn” and needs to integrate net land neutrality. Yet downzoning may entail financial compensation for landowners losing their development rights. Understanding the legal and financial mechanisms of compensation schemes is therefore essential for planners. This comparative study investigates the rationale, conditions, and calculations of five European compensation schemes. Our research shows how compensation schemes differ significantly within the European context and concludes that a feasible and affordable compensation scheme is essential for adaptable planning.

The Principles of Tri Hita Karana in Harmonizing Rural Spatial Planning Local Wisdom Based (Study in Bugbug Traditional Village, Karangasem)

In principle, rural spatial planning local wisdom based on a sustainable spatial planning system is an embodiment of immaterial and material harmonization or balance of life between humans and God, between humans and humans and humans and the environment. Local wisdom on spatial planning in rural areas is interpreted as a system of values, culture, politics, law, economics and religiosity which functions to guide patterns of behaviour in understanding space as a place to live. This study aims to examine legal culture as a value system in the formation of the legal system elements and the principle of Tri Hita Karana as a harmonization of spatial planning in Bugbug traditional village. This study used an exploratory method and this type of research is a qualitative descriptive study of law. The results of this study showed that spatial planning of rural areas local wisdom based is very important as a recognition of the rights of rural communities. In fact, spatial planning arrangements for rural areas with local wisdom aim to protect and manage the environment in a sustainable manner for the benefit of every generation and become the basis for planning, utilizing and controlling sustainable spatial planning. The concept of regulating rural spatial planning local wisdom based in managing rural spatial planning local wisdom based through customary village autonomy in the Bugbug Traditional Village is to create spatial planning in favour of village communities through a rural spatial planning model based on traditional villages through implementing the Tri Hita Karana principle in the spiritual environment, social environment, and natural environment.

Evolution of Regulations Controlling Human Pressure in Protected Areas of China

Facing the serious challenge of human pressure on biodiversity conservation, a growing interest has been aroused in adaptive pathways for conservation law and regulations. Unlike studies that discuss improvement pathways based on well-established systems in the developed world, building up a scientific, effective regulatory system is the major challenge faced in China. We analyzed the evolution of protection regulations and divided them into three main stages. In the first two stages, conservation regulations followed a parallel core logic of national reform and development, resulting in rules that were too stringent or served only departmental interests. In the third stage, the reform of territorial spatial planning incorporated various PAs, reconciling ecological protection with the needs of agriculture and urbanization for land use. We attribute the success of the third stage to a more comprehensive policy and legal framework that integrates the system of protected areas and spatial planning, making conservation rules more scientific and enforceable. Several suggestions to enhance current reforms are then proposed. This study also provides international insight into limiting the impact of human activities on protected areas through scientifically integrated spatial planning and strict use controls.

The formation of the Chinese territorial spatial planning system and international comparison

China is currently carrying out the reform of territorial spatial planning. With the method of literature review, this paper gives a brief introduction to the development course of spatial planning in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Japan. After that, the four stages of China’s spatial planning development and the main contents of the current territorial spatial planning are introduced in detail. Then this paper explores the important factors affecting the development of spatial planning and the coping strategies of various countries through international comparison and discusses the enlightenments of the coping strategies of other countries to China. The study indicates that Chinese spatial planning has gone through the multi-planning stage, which comprises major functional zone planning, regional planning, territorial planning, urban and rural planning, and eco-environmental protection planning. Additionally, under the influence of multiple factors such as spatial resources, social factors, international events, environmental crises, and urban problems, China has formed the territorial spatial planning system with ecological civilization as its core concept and high-level governance, high-quality development, and high-quality life as its main planning objectives.

City-regional governance under state entrepreneurialism in China

Facing de-globalisation, changing international politics, climate changes and new smart technologies in the post-pandemic era, city-regions become important spaces for economic, social and environmental governance. In China, this new city-regional form of governance is created under state entrepreneurialism, which means the state uses entrepreneurial endeavours to achieve its strategic vision and intention. The processes of city-region building include centralising the spatial planning system, inventing new spatial discourses, representing regional imaginaries and restructuring the state towards ecological goals. Instead of market-driven regional dynamics or redistributive politics, China’s city-regional governance demonstrates the role of the multi-scalar state in constructing and implementing economic, social and environmental policies at a regional scale.