Spatial Phenomena Research Articles

A Case for Archival Episodic Content as Technical Evaluative Material

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Within an hour-long TV episode, viewers will typically experience somewhere between 600 and 900 edit points. This means that viewers will experience a unique composition featuring a unique combination of spatial phenomena 600 to 900 times. On top of this, these shots must lead into one another, allowing for changes from the start of a shot to the end of the shot and confronting the “temporal contrast” that comes from having edit points at all. During any season of a show’s thousands of shots, production encounters specific technical imaging and perceptual failures and finds ways to work around them to get the image “good enough” for a general audience. However, these images remain valuable even after production is complete, and in fact the archive of ten episodes per season or more represents a treasure trove of naturally occurring perceptual phenomena. This paper presents guidelines and examples for harvesting challenging images from real production and ways in which these images can be analyzed to further a better end-user experience</i> .

Influence of geographical determinants on the spatial distribution of positioning uncertainties in mobile phone location data

AbstractThe increasing use of mobile phone location (MPL) data in mobility research has provided many insights into people's travel behaviors. Despite these achievements, the spatial distribution of MPL data positioning uncertainties and their influence mechanism are rarely discussed. In this research, we investigate the influence of geographical determinants on the spatial distribution of the positioning uncertainties in MPL data. First, we discuss the spatial distribution trends in the positioning uncertainties of MPL data. Then we apply multiple linear regression and geographical detector (GeoDetector) models to explore the influence mechanism on the spatial distribution of the positioning uncertainties. By applying these methods to MPL data sets from a major operator in Nanjing city, we find a spatial aggregation phenomenon in the positioning uncertainties. Elevation contributes most to the spatial distribution of the positioning uncertainties. Furthermore, the influencing power of geographical factors on the spatial distribution of positioning uncertainties is nonlinearly enhanced after an interaction.

Role of Traffic Network in Monitoring Crime and Violence Patterns in Karachi

Crime and geographical accessibility has very special relationship, if monitored on appropriate time it could resolve many complex issues of the crime dynamics. Karachi being the largest city of Pakistan is also very high in the intensity of street crimes that often has very close relationship with the network of the roads. This paper will assess the potential of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for the analysis of crime pattern and its relationship with the road network in Karachi that would be beneficial for various crime agencies. Present research aims to provide a collective set of methods and techniques for geospatial analysis and 3D mapping of crime scenes. After identification of Hotspots assessment of relationships between robbery or snatching clusters and their spatial neighborhood is initiated by including the urban milieu. For obtaining the desired target copious geospatial data as well as a three-dimensional model is included for analysis. The combined and mutual effort of crime mapping methods with modern 3D modelling helps to facilitate on the spot clutch of multipart spatial phenomena in mapping of crime, and fruitful for both, the communal and responsible decision makers.

A Decentralized Fuzzy Rule-Based Approach for Computing Topological Relations between Spatial Dynamic Continuous Phenomena with Vague Boundaries Using Sensor Data.

Sensor networks (SN) are increasingly used for the observation and monitoring of spatiotemporal phenomena and their dynamics such as pollution, noise and forest fires. In multisensory systems, a sensor node may be equipped with different sensing units to observe and detect several spatiotemporal phenomena at the same time. Simultaneous detection of different phenomena can be used to infer their spatial interactions over space and time. For this purpose, decentralized spatial computing approaches have shown their potential for effective reasoning on spatial phenomena within a sensor network. However, in most cases, spatial extents of continuous dynamic phenomena are uncertain, and their relations and interactions cannot be inferred by the existing approaches at the sensor node level. To address this limitation, in this paper, we propose and develop a decentralized fuzzy rule-based spatial reasoning approach to depict the spatial relations that hold between two evolving spatial phenomena with fuzzy boundaries. The proposed method benefits from a more adapted fuzzy-crisp representation of dynamic phenomena observed by SN where each vague phenomenon is composed of five distinguished zones including the kernel, conjecture and exterior zone and their boundaries. For each detected phenomenon, a sensor node will report one of these zones based on its location. Aggregation of the information reported from the sensor nodes allows reasoning on spatial relations between the observed phenomena and their evolution. Such spatial information provides users with more valuable near real-time information on the state of different phenomena that can be used for informed decision-making.

USING HISTORICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENT CHANGES: A CASE STUDY OF BOVAN LAKE, EASTERN SERBIA

Useful and important information for the spatial, ecological, and many other changes in the living environment may be obtained using the analysis of historical aerial photography, with comparison to contemporary imagery. This method provides the ability to determine the state of elements of the space over a long period, encompassing the time when it was not possible to acquire the data from satellite imagery or some other contemporary sources. Aerial images are suitable for mapping spatial phenomena with relatively limited spatial distribution because they possess a high level of details and low spatial coverage. With a comparative analysis of aerial imagery from the past, contemporary aerial imagery, and other sources of aerial imagery, we can obtain information about the nature and trends of the observed phenomena as well as directions of future actions, considering changes detected in the environment, whether they are preventive or corrective in nature. This paper gives the methodological framework for the appliance of the existing knowledge from various fields, intending to use historical aerial photography for monitoring of environmental changes of the Bovan Lake in Eastern Serbia.

A Brief Insight on Simulation and Space-Time

Throughout most of human history, events and phenomena of interest have been characterized using space and time as their major characteristic dimensions, in either absolute or relative conceptualizations. Space–Time analysis seeks to understand when and where (and sometimes why) things occur. Ever since Einstein introduced this topic in his “General Theory of Relativity” (a remarkable feat) in 1915, many explanations, assumptions about Space-Time have been published. The authentic archives of Space-Time have helped us to predict and express the ongoing spatial phenomena of the Universe. The strangeness of Space-Time forces Young Researchers and Physicists to study upon the current predictions and theories, sink into the ocean of Space-Time mystery and come up with their own predictions. Besides Space-Time, the predictions about us being in a Simulation is a recent concept. Nick Bostrom’s trilemma “the Simulation argument”, published in 2003 led to the commencement of further oddly satisfying, real life evidence enriched, research papers. “Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.”- by Andrew C Clarke. Throughout the paper, the Loaf Space-Time model and brief insights on other hypotheses about the structure of the mysterious space-time will be presented with insightful examples, authentic research outcomes, which will be linked with the Simulation Hypothesis.

A Brief Insight on Simulation and Space-Time

Throughout most of human history, events and phenomena of interest have been characterized using space and time as their major characteristic dimensions, in either absolute or relative conceptualizations. Space–Time analysis seeks to understand when and where (and sometimes why) things occur. Ever since Einstein introduced this topic in his “General Theory of Relativity” (a remarkable feat) in 1915, many explanations, assumptions about Space-Time have been published. The authentic archives of Space-Time have helped us to predict and express the ongoing spatial phenomena of the Universe. The strangeness of Space-Time forces Young Researchers and Physicists to study upon the current predictions and theories, sink into the ocean of Space-Time mystery and come up with their own predictions. Besides Space-Time, the predictions about us being in a Simulation is a recent concept. Nick Bostrom’s trilemma “the Simulation argument”, published in 2003 led to the commencement of further oddly satisfying, real life evidence enriched, research papers. “Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.”- by Andrew C Clarke. Throughout the paper, the Loaf Space-Time model and brief insights on other hypotheses about the structure of the mysterious space-time will be presented with insightful examples, authentic research outcomes, which will be linked with the Simulation Hypothesis.

UNLOCKING POINT CLOUD POTENTIAL: FUSING MLS POINT CLOUDS WITH SEMANTIC 3D BUILDING MODELS WHILE CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTY

Abstract. Throughout the years, semantic 3D city models have been created to depict 3D spatial phenomenon. Recently, an increasing number of mobile laser scanning (MLS) units yield terrestrial point clouds at an unprecedented level. Both dataset types often depict the same 3D spatial phenomenon differently, thus their fusion should increase the quality of the captured 3D spatial phenomenon. Yet, each dataset has modality-dependent uncertainties that hinder their immediate fusion. Therefore, we present a method for fusing MLS point clouds with semantic 3D building models while considering uncertainty issues. Specifically, we show MLS point clouds coregistration with semantic 3D building models based on expert confidence in evaluated metadata quantified by confidence interval (CI). This step leads to the dynamic adjustment of the CI, which is used to delineate matching bounds for both datasets. Both coregistration and matching steps serve as priors for a Bayesian network (BayNet) that performs application-dependent identity estimation. The BayNet propagates uncertainties and beliefs throughout the process to estimate end probabilities for confirmed, unmodeled, and other city objects. We conducted promising preliminary experiments on urban MLS and CityGML datasets. Our strategy sets up a framework for the fusion of MLS point clouds and semantic 3D building models. This framework aids the challenging parallel usage of such datasets in applications such as façade refinement or change detection. To further support this process, we open-sourced our implementation.

The cultural landscape of coffee in Tolima, Colombia: heritage assessment, sustainability and management

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the basis for a management agenda for the Tolima Coffee Cultural Landscape (CCLT) in Colombia. To this end, a delimitation model has been developed. However, the approach taken to institute the agenda of the CCLT, as a comprehensive academic and policy-based theme, is based on the formulation of a social agenda that supports its construction.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical framework is proposed that addresses the sociocultural complexities of the Tolima cultural landscape. This is based on an ethnohistorical approach that elucidates the development of this landscape as a collective construction of pre-Hispanic origin. Therefore, this investigation has been perceived through the theoretical and conceptual framework of the cultural landscape concept and the unique historical and cultural phenomenon that help to define all landscapes. More specifically, the authors have demonstrated the close links that exist between nature and culture, requiring increasingly accurate methods in order to adapt the landscape definition to the specific Latin American context, rather than adhering to the institutional framework proposed by UNESCO.FindingsThe assessment methods currently in use support the interpretation of a set of qualitative and quantitative attributes inherent to the Tolima region. However, additional methods still remain similar to those of the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC) that has already been inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The CCLC is considered to be a representative landscape—or “type” landscape—that “mirrors” the CCLT. Taken as a whole, this theoretical construction combined with the official designation allows local communities to understand the spatial phenomena of the CCLT. This will have the effect of enabling communities at all levels, from local government to landholders and farmers, to authorize its existence and allow for its continuing development and governance. The additional approval for further academic research, combined with the totality of these elements, also has the added effect of empowering communities, their economic future and their cultural interests.Originality/valueThe management agenda that the authors are proposing may form the beginning of regional policy initiatives that reflect a positive strategy for highlighting the value of cultural heritage, thereby ensuring the protection of cultural properties and landscapes and allowing for a more sustainable environment and livelihood for its occupants.

Novel Numerical Investigations of Fuzzy Cauchy Reaction–Diffusion Models via Generalized Fuzzy Fractional Derivative Operators

The present research correlates with a fuzzy hybrid approach merged with a homotopy perturbation transform method known as the fuzzy Shehu homotopy perturbation transform method (SHPTM). With the aid of Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu under generalized Hukuhara differentiability, we illustrate the reliability of this scheme by obtaining fuzzy fractional Cauchy reaction–diffusion equations (CRDEs) with fuzzy initial conditions (ICs). Fractional CRDEs play a vital role in diffusion and instabilities may develop spatial phenomena such as pattern formation. By considering the fuzzy set theory, the proposed method enables the solution of the fuzzy linear CRDEs to be evaluated as a series of expressions in which the components can be efficiently identified and generating a pair of approximate solutions with the uncertainty parameter λ∈[0,1]. To demonstrate the usefulness and capabilities of the suggested methodology, several numerical examples are examined to validate convergence outcomes for the supplied problem. The simulation results reveal that the fuzzy SHPTM is a viable strategy for precisely and accurately analyzing the behavior of a proposed model.

ABOUT ARCHITECTURE AS A VITAL

Architecture is a spatial phenomenon of human culture. Its origins are puzzling with indispensable references to materiality and the distinction between shelter and surroundings. But it is these links that take us away from a few important concepts.

The new spacetime of telework: A challenge for the quality of worklife

Spatiotemporal coordinates are crucial for understanding work experience. The combined effect of the confinement in the face of Covid-19 andthe intense and accelerated development of digital technology changed the nature, forms, conditions, and working relationships. This transformation has been radical with regard to what has been modernly thought of as space and as working time. The objective of the study was to analyze psychosocial aspects of this new reality, visualizing its antecedents and reflecting on its implications. The information was collected from various types of sources: for the study of the antecedents, a selection of classic studies on work space-time was used, which provided a historiographic description of the paradigm inherited from modernity. For the perspective of the psychosocial implications of the new work environment, mainstream literature and secondary sources provided by the abundant multi-color literature available on Google were used. The collected material was subjected to a treatment inspired by thematic content analysis. In an initial phase, the core of the change was identified as a basically spatial phenomenon of distancing from the workplace. From this perspective, the focus of attention was the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face activity and interactions with virtual work, mediated by gadgets, clouds, networks, and virtual platforms. The psychosocial impact attributed to the combined digitization, internalization, teleworking from home, and virtualization of processes has been described as a dilution of the boundaries between work and non-work, as colonization and work contamination of domestic, family, private and personal space-time and, ultimately, as a threat, but also as an opportunity, for the quality of working life.

‘Surging Like the Sea’: Re-Thinking the Spectacle of the Crowd in Early Modern London

Many texts of early modern London are fascinated with crowds. The city’s growth and resulting crowdedness were essential to the city’s theatrical spaces, as the presence of crowds ‘turn[ed] London into a theater’. But even as it is celebrated as a symbol of civic life, evocations of the urban crowd brim with anxiety over its illegibility and unsettling of the very performance space it helps to create. This article re-assesses the London crowd as just such an essential but essentially unstable spatial and rhetorical phenomenon. Working with an array of period texts, this article reads their figuring of the urban crowd specifically in terms of Soja’s socio-spatial theory of Thirdspace and the improvisational power of urban spatial relations.

Spatial Pattern and Spatial Heterogeneity of Chinese Elite Hospitals: A Country-Level Analysis.

Elite hospitals represent the highest level of Chinese hospitals in medical service and management, medical quality and safety, technical level and efficiency, which are also one of the important indicators reflecting high-quality medical resources in the region, and their spatial allocation is directly related to the fairness of health resource allocation. We explored the allocation pattern of high-quality resources and its influencing factors in the development of China's health system using geographic weighted regression (GWR), Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR), GWR and MGWR with Spatial Autocorrelation(GWR-SAR and MGWR-SAR), spatial lag model (SLM), and spatial error model (SEM). The results of OLS regression showed that city level, number of medical colleges, urbanization rate, permanent population and GDP per capita were its significant variables. And spatial auto-correlation of elite hospitals in China is of great significance. Further, its spatial agglomeration phenomenon was confirmed through SLM and SEM. Among them, the city level is the most important factor affecting the spatial allocation of elite hospitals in China. Its action intensity shows a solid and weak mosaic trend in the Middle East, relatively concentrated in some areas with medium intensity and concentrated in the West China. Obviously, China's elite hospitals are unevenly distributed and have evident spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, we suggest that we should pay attention to the spatial governance of high-quality medical resources, attract medical elites in the region, increase investment in medical education in the scarce areas of elite hospitals and develop tele-medicine service.

Engineering the beat phenomenon of quasi-Rayleigh waves for regions with minimal Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) amplitude

Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) are prevalent in a variety of scientific fields. Typically, the ability to manipulate these surface waves has a significant impact on the efficacy of any SAW-based device. In this paper, we present a simple method for designing localized regions that have minimal SAW amplitude. These localized regions have valley-like drops in SAW amplitude and are achieved by using the spatial beat phenomenon of quasi-Rayleigh waves. Controlling the beat phenomenon allows us to manipulate where and how these localized regions appear in the waveguide. In particular, the localized regions can be designed to have variable widths and can be positioned consecutively due to minimal wave scattering. The design methodology and physics are described in detail, and several supplementary simulations are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Lastly, we briefly discuss how the proposed approach could potentially be exploited to implement a localized high-pass filter and enables SAW wave propagation that avoids surface obstacles.

Capitalism and the Sea: The Maritime Factor in the Making of the Modern World, LiamCamplingAlejandroColásLondon &amp; New York: Verso. 2021. pp. xiv + 418. £20/$29.95 (hardcover). ISBN: 9781784785239

Capitalism and the Sea: The Maritime Factor in the Making of the Modern World, LiamCamplingAlejandroColásLondon &amp; New York: Verso. 2021. pp. xiv + 418. £20/$29.95 (hardcover). ISBN: 9781784785239

Spaces of Enlightenment: From Domestic Scenes to Global Visions

Enlightenment thought is usually considered to be primarily concerned with time and temporalities, not least because of the emphasis on “progress” as an organizing concept across so many domains of its intellectual activity. From political economy to aesthetic theory, “improvement” was a key word of the long eighteenth century, despite contemporary debate about its character, impact, and ambiguities.3 “Improvement” or “progress” could involve transforming the appearance of cities, or exchanging information about plants, reforming public recreations, or decorating domestic interiors; in any case, such improvement was also conceived as a spatial phenomenon.4 This collection joins a revisionary scholarship that shows how the Enlightenment was organized by space as well as time. Building on the work of historical geographers, among others, it aims to help develop our analytic tools for thinking about the spatial aspects of eighteenth-century culture through a selection of case studies, which chart changing ideas and practices across local, national, and international contexts, from elite London print rooms, to distant Pacific islands. This is to say that the collection is also interested in complicating the conventional distinction between space and place, where “space” refers to an “abstract” dimension, and “place” to the particularity of actual sites.5 The following essays show that the imbrication of these categories was fundamental to how the Enlightenment understood self, nature, society, and empire.

The geography of ethnoracial low birth weight inequalities in the United States

In this article, we describe, decompose, and examine correlates of the geography of ethnoracial inequalities in low birth weight (LBW) in the United States. Drawing on the population of singleton births to U.S.-born White, Black, Latinx, and Native American parents in the first decade of the twenty-first century (N = 28.2 million births), we calculate county-level LBW rates and rate ratios. Results demonstrate a stark racial hierarchy in which Black infants experience the most significant disadvantage, but we also document substantial local-level variation organized in what we call a regionalized patchwork of inequality, with high-disparity counties bordering low-disparity counties coupled with regional clustering. Examining the component parts of local disparities – the LBW rates for Whites and groups of color - we find strong evidence that spatial variation in ethnoracial LBW inequalities is driven by greater variation in infants of color's health across counties relative to Whites. Further, LBW rates for groups of color are only weakly to moderately correlated with Whites' LBW rates, indicating that the same contexts can produce racially divergent health outcomes. Examining contextual factors that predict LBW disparities, we find that more segregated, socioeconomically unequal, and urban counties have larger LBW disparities. We conclude by positing an approach to health disparities that conceptualizes ethnoracial differences in health as fundamentally relational and spatial phenomena produced by systems of White advantage.

A Systematic Review on the Interaction between Emotion and Pseudoneglect

Background: A large body of research has shown brain asymmetries in spatial attention. Specifically, there is an attention-processing advantage for the left visual field in healthy, right-handed subjects, known as “pseudoneglect.” Several studies have revealed that emotions modulate this basic spatial phenomenon, but the direction of the effect is still unclear. Here we systematically review empirical evidence on the behavioral effects of emotion on pseudoneglect. Methods: We searched through Pubmed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and PsychArticles. Original peer-reviewed articles published until February 2021 were included if they (1) were written in English; (2) were conducted on adults; (3) included at least one task to measure pseudoneglect, and (4) included at least one task with emotional stimuli or employed a measure of emotional state/trait, as they relate to pseudoneglect. Results: Fifteen studies were included, and 784 healthy participants took part in all studies reviewed. Discussion: The results show some evidence of emotion modulation of pseudoneglect, but evidence on the direction of the effect is mixed. We discuss the role of methodological factors that could account for the available findings and the implications for emotion asymmetry hypotheses such as the right-hemisphere hypothesis, the valence-specific hypothesis, as well as neural and arousal frameworks of attention–emotion interactions.

Economic and educational factors played roles in the development of regional vision impairment in Shandong province, China

We analyze regional factors and spatial distribution of children's vision impairment in Shandong province, to explore the spatial changes brought by time and their influencing factors, so as to provide scientific basis for prevention of childhood vision impairment. This study covers five complete cross-sectional surveys from 2013 to 2017, involving about 29.24 million students. Spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis methods were used to analyze spatial features. The associated factors were analyzed by multinomial logistic regression. The vision impairment prevalence showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing from 2013 to 2017, with slight changes. In terms of regional spatial differences, Weihai and Yantai have the highest VI rates in all years, and there was a large-scale spatial aggregation phenomenon. The southern low-value clusters, however, showed a trend of weakening from year to year. Further exploration revealed that economic factors and number of full-time teachers were verified as risk factors for regional vision impairment levels. The slight rebound of the prevalence of vision impairment and the high rate in the eastern and northern regions of Shandong province need more attention. It is suggested that relevant departments should focus on the influence of regional economic and educational factors when formulating relevant strategies.