Model Of Spatial Organization Research Articles

Urban Implications of Cultural Policy Networks: The Case of the Mount Vernon Cultural District in Baltimore

The intersection of urban and cultural policies has recently been at the center of international debate. The cultural planning approach argued that cultural policies can generally display positive effects in contemporary cities. The economic literature put forth spatial organization models of cultural institutions and producers, sometimes confirming policy makers' expectations. Concerning the urban implications of cultural policies, many authors tended to be more skeptical and made several critical observations that can be better disclosed by analyzing cultural networks in urban policy making. Drawing on an extended case of Baltimore's Mount Vernon Cultural District, I show that these critical factors are relevant but not determinant since they do not explain how and why cultural policy networks intervene in urban policy making. The analysis of Mount Vernon showed how a self-interested network promoted revitalization by framing a specific area as a ‘common campus’ and by integrating public, private, and nonprofit on this spatial basis. I suggest considering the implications of cultural networks in further urban research and policy making.

The origins of the Château Saint-Louis, the residence of the Governor of New France

Archaeological excavations from 2005 to 2007 on the site of the Château Saint-Louis uncovered evidence for the official residence of Canada's Governors General during the colonial era. The chateau underwent several changes in the course of its existence, and by the end of the French regime had become one of the colony's most prestigious buildings. The archaeological evidence shows that the layout of the chateau and its secondary buildings followed from an earlier spatial organization model applied by Champlain in 1626, apparently derived from an architectural tradition of north-west France.

Three-dimensional modeling of genome macroarchitecture on the basis of its structural changes after the action of radiation

At present, after 120 years of theoretical and experimental studies, the problem of the genome macroarchitecture as the highest level of interphase chromosome organization in the nucleus of somatic cells is still open. The problem of spatial organization of interphase chromosomes in the haploid nucleus of germ cells has never been studied. The three-dimensional modeling of spatial organization of part of the haploid genome (the second chromosome) in Drosophila melanogaster mature sperms is performed using mathematical methods and the methods of visualization of macromolecular biostructures. The frequency and arrangement of inversion breaks for 72 structural vg mutants were used as genetic markers under the assumption that both ends of each inversion are brought together and form loops of an appropriate size. For taking into account the spatial proximity and visualization of loop structures of the chromosome, modern methods of three-dimensional modeling with application of splines, Open GL library, Delphi, and Gmax were used. According to the model developed, the whole second chromosome in the nucleus of mature sperms is probably arranged in the form of the megarosette-loop structure, which can be assumed to be the fundamental ordered form of the genome macroarchitecture in haploid germs of higher organisms.

Food Shortage Disrupts Social Organization: The Case of Red Squirrels in Conifer Forests

A recent conceptual model of spatial organization in vertebrates, based upon changes in home range overlap with habitat quality, ‘the space-use model’, predicts large and strongly overlapping home ranges and absence of territorial behaviour in habitats with poor food availability. We investigated whether the model can be extended to predict intra-population variation in space-use in a habitat with strong temporal variation in resource abundance. We studied space use of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in subalpine conifer forests over 4 years with strong fluctuations in seed production. Norway spruce dominated forests are resource limited habitats for squirrels, and tree seed availability is gradually depleted in the year following a poor seed-crop. Male and female squirrels responded to spruce seed-crop failure in 2000 by strongly increasing their home ranges and core-areas in the following year (mean MCP ± SE in summer and autumn, respectively: 2001, 122.9±14.1 ha and 84.3±9.4 ha, against 43.0±6.4 ha and 20.8±3.8 ha in 2002, and 22.7±1.5 ha and 21.4±2.0 ha in 2003). In 2001, half of the animals, those with the poorest quality pre-dispersal home ranges, emigrated to areas with more larch. Residents had multi-nuclear core-areas. Also, intra-sexual core-area overlap (males by males, females by females) was higher in 2001 and summer 2002, than in autumn 2002 and in 2003 (means ± SE in summer and autumn, respectively: males by males, 2001, 52±8 and 44±7%, 2002, 80±30 and 15±11%, 2003, 37±19 and 26±14%; females by females 2001, 52±10 and 112±32%, 2002, 55±27 and 0±0%, 2003, 12±8 and 0.1±0%). Red squirrels responded to food shortage by moving to patches with other food resources and abandoned the spacing pattern of reduced core-area overlap among males and nearly exclusive core-areas among females, found in less variable habitats. After richer seed-crops in 2001 and 2002, it took squirrels about a year to reduce the size of their home ranges and core-areas and return to a spacing pattern of stable home ranges and intra-sexual territoriality of adult females. These results are consistent with the space-use model and show that spacing behaviour in red squirrels is a plastic, conditional strategy with individuals adapting the size and/or location of their home ranges in relation to local distribution and abundance of food resources.

オープン・コモンをもつ住空間の構成モデルの考察

Increasing of double-income, non-blood and single or couple family has revealed the limit of the nLDK housing for nuclear family. In this paper, spatial organization model for future family is proposed and based on the model works of houses are analyzed. We hypothesized that family functions are substituted by the habitation network which builds relationship not only between individuals other than blood relatives, but also between individuals and regional society are substitute for family function. The notion of the Open Common is proposed as a domain in which a resident interact with other people who constitute this habitation network. Furthermore, a model plan and existing houses of the free adaptation type are presented and analyzed.

Intraspecific Variation in Home Range Overlap with Habitat Quality: A Comparison among Brown Bear Populations

We developed a conceptual model of spatial organization in vertebrates based upon changes in home range overlap with habitat quality. We tested the model using estimates of annual home ranges of adult females and densities for 30 populations of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in North America. We used seasonality as a surrogate of habitat quality, measured as the coefficient of variation among monthly actual evapotranspiration values for areas in which study populations were located. We calculated home range overlap for each population as the product of the average home range size for adult females and the estimated population density of adult females. Home range size varied positively with seasonality; however, home range overlap varied with seasonality in a nonlinear manner. Areas of low and high seasonality supported brown bears with considerable home range overlap, but areas of moderate seasonality supported brown bears with low home range overlap. These results are consistent with behavioural theory predicting a nonlinear relationship between food availability and territoriality.

United international central city: A new spatial organization model in tumen river economy development zone

This paper puts forward a new conceptual idea on constructing an international central city in the Tumen River Economy Development Zone (TREDZ) on the basis of analysis of the superiorities and problems in developing city, and from the view point of present social, economic and natural conditions in this area and the background of Northeast Asia. The united international central city is the best distribution model not only in its polycentric spatial structure but also in organizing form. Its feasibility and practicability are thoroughly proved from various aspects including urban planning principles, comparison of port cities, special characteristics of cooperation in TREDZ, and natural, social, cultural factors etc.

Specificity and Functional Significance of DNA Interaction with the Nuclear Matrix: New Approaches to Clarify the Old Questions

In this chapter the specificity of chromosomal DNA partitioning into topological loops is discussed. Different experimental approaches used for the analysis of the above problem are critically reviewed. This discussion is followed by presentation of a novel approach for mapping the DNA loop anchorage sites that we have developed. This approach, based on the excision of the whole DNA loops by topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage at matrix attachment sites, seems to constitute a unique tool for the analysis of topological organization of chromosomal DNA in living cells. We also discuss experimental results indicating that the DNA-loop anchorage sites form "weak points" in chromosomes that are preferentially sensitive to cleavage with both endogenous and exogenous nucleases. In connection with this discussion, rationales for the supposition that DNA loops constitute basic units of eukaryotic genome organization and evolution are considered. The chapter concludes by suggesting a new model of spatial organization of eukaryotic genome within the cell nucleus that resolves apparent contradictions between different data on the specificity of DNA interaction with the nuclear matrix.

Organisation spatiale, organisation sociale : du communautaire à l'individuel chez les nomades marins de Patagonie

Spatial and social organization : from the communal to the individual among the seagoing Patagonians We here compare two models of spatial organization of camps of hunters-gatherers of the Patagonia, one dating as of the beginning of the human occupation of the archipelagoes (IVth millenary ВС), the other being in modern times. Even though there is a great functional and cultural similarity, these models present differences in their spatial organization, from which we can infer the influence of ecological determinism and also of the social structure of the population that lived here. In the old model (Bahia Colorada) outdoor life was much more developped than in the recent model, this behavioural difference being possibly linked to a warmer and drier climate. The habitat was also more communal than in the recent model, where a very individualistic character can be seen (based on the nuclear family). These variations could represent an evolution of the social structure between the first occupants of the archipelagoes and the last groups of nomads of the sea observed by navigators and ethnologists.

Regions growing with the stochastic pyramid: Application in landscape ecology

The stochastic pyramid is introduced in landscape ecology in order to propose a spatial organization model of ecological units in river floodplains. It consists in articulating this parallel generator of random patterns with ecological processes. The stochastic pyramid, based on a hierarchy of seed structures, is used to make regions grow in order to obtain random patterns relating to an a priori model. The first level, represented by the lattice, is obtained after a biased random draw and the upper levels are built with a double controlled process of decimation and expansion of the seeds. The resulting pictures present both deterministic and stochastic spatial patterns according to ecological reality.

The channels model of nuclear matrix structure

The specificity of eukaryotic DNA organization into loops fixed to the nuclear matrix/chromosomal scaffold has been studied for more than fifteen years. The results and conclusions of different authors remain, however, controversial. Recently, we have elaborated a new approach to the study of chromosomal DNA loops. Instead of characterizing loop basements (nuclear matrix DNA), we have concentrated our efforts on the characterization of individual loops after their excision by DNA topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage at matrix attachment sites. In this review the results of applying this mapping approach are compared with the results and conclusions from studies of nuclear matrix DNA. An attempt is also made to reconsider all data about the specificity of DNA interactions with the nuclear matrix and to suggest a model of spatial organization of the eukaryotic genome which resolves apparent contradictions between these data.

Proposal for a spatial organization model in soil science (The example of the European Communities Soil Map)

Before computerized techniques were used, a paper soil map had to fulfill two functions: memorization or managing a maximum of data, and communication or transmitting a minimum of pertinent data on a given problem. Computer-based techniques and, in particular Geographic Information Systems, enable the management, analysis, and easy organization and presentation of data about soils. An apparent first step would be to take older data in paper maps and convert them into a geographic database format using digitizing and other computer techniques. However, such work may be insufficient, as is demonstrated by analysis of the specific example of the European Communities Soil Map. Therefore, we propose a new relational structure for pedological or soil science information based upon the main conceptual concepts used during conventional cartographic work. This “Soil Spatial Organization Model,” or SSOM, is a computerized framework for coherent description of the geographical variability of soils, combined with other environmental criteria. It makes no prejudgment on the type of processing of such data. It stresses the importance of starting with the determination of the type of soil organization such as the identification of spatial units and their relationships to permit cartographic representations that show specific themes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Development of a soil geographic database from the Soil Map of the European Communities

Questions on land use and soil conservation require increasingly accurate information on soil properties and their geographical location. Soil maps have helped to answer them thus helping in decision making. Information presented on soil maps are now managed by computer. This is the case for the Soil Map of European Communities (EC) at a scale of 1 : 1 000 000. Computerization of soil maps is often limited to soil boundaries and to the few descriptive items on the paper themselves. Much of the original survey is lost either during mapping or because it is published separately in explanatory notes or legends. This was also the case for the EC Soil Map. Many scientific publications and draft documents were used to make the original paper map, but were greatly condensed and simplified. The first version of the EC soil database is an exact copy of the paper map, thus having the same deficiencies. Using Geographical Information System technology, an efficient data structure has to be developed to take into account efficiently the internal organization of the soil cover. Such a structure should match conceptually the soil scientist review of spatial soil organization at a given scale within a computerized model. As a first step towards such a “Soil Spatial Organization Model” the material available for the compilation of the EC Soil Map is analysed. A logical data structure to receive a posteriori these informations is proposed and the database's improvement in terms of quantity as well as quality is demonstrated.

La grotte du Funiculaire (Le Mesnil sous Jumièges, Seine-Maritime) Spéléogenèse et étude d'un remplissage ferro-manganique

(Le Mesnil sous Jumièges , Seine-Maritime, France). The Funicular cave is a major cave of the Lower Seine. Completely exca¬ vated 40 years ago by its owner , it presents a spatial organization model of drains for the paleokarsts of the great valley. Among the infillings, we discovered a brown-black deposit with a surprising concentration of 90 % iron and of 7 % manganese , without organic matter or nickel mineral.

Establishing tourist regions: The situation in Croatia

This paper is characteristic of the good work being carried out at the Institute of Tourism in Zagreb, and of the new thinking that will be needed to rebuild the Croation and Yugoslavian tourism industries which have been shattered by civil war. It examines international systems of spatial organization for tourist regions and their implementation in Croatia, formerly Yugoslavia's most important tourist region. Three basic models of spatial organization for tourism are defined: a) tourist regions which correspond to administrative units (regions, provinces, etc); b) tourist areas which are excluded, as special areas, from the rest of the country; and c) tourist regions which cover the whole territory of a country, but do not correspond with the existing administrative organization and boundaries on a regional level. The most appropriate model for Croatia is the third model, ie that used in the UK and New Zealand. On the basis of this model, some eight tourist regions are proposed in Croatia and these are described both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya

Many societies use architecture for symbolic expression, and often buildings or other constructions constitute maps of a culture's worldview. Archaeological identification of such ideational expressions is receiving renewed attention, in the Maya area as in many other regions. Excavations in 1988-1989 in Groups 8L-10 through 8L-12, Copán, Honduras, were designed to examine a particular model of ancient Maya site planning and spatial organization, in which the principles of architectural arrangement and their directional associations derive from Maya cosmology. This paper describes the model and its archaeological evaluation at Copán and discusses interpretive implications of the specific results obtained, in the context of other ongoing studies in epigraphy, iconography, and archaeology.

Creation of a general model of RNA spatial organization

Creation of a general model of RNA spatial organization

Models of sensorimotor transformations and vestibular reflexes.

The vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-collic reflexes are well-studied sensorimotor systems with dynamic properties that have been successfully modeled. Recently proposed matrix and tensorial models attempt to describe the spatial organization of these reflexes in three dimensions. Here we describe experiments that test these models. We show that a matrix model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex provides a satisfactory description of its spatial properties. The vestibulo-collic reflex is more complex, but a tensorial model makes close predictions of neck muscle excitation by the vestibulo-collic reflex. In addition, our preliminary data show that the cervico-collic or neck stretch reflex produces essentially the same spatial pattern of neck muscle excitation as the vestibulo-collic reflex, a finding predicted by the tensorial model. We conclude by showing electromyographic and single neuron responses that can be modeled only by combining models of dynamics with models of spatial organization. We believe that the development of such models is the next major challenge in the application of quantitative methods to analysis of reflex behavior.

Spatial Organization of Marketing Facilities in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Oilseeds in Sudan

AbstractLittle attention has been devoted to the study of spatial organization of marketing facilities in developing countries, even though such studies would be most useful for a wide range of marketing problems. The results of such studies could be valuable to private and public decision‐makers in developing countries whose policies and decisions determine the number, size and location of marketing facilities. The spatial organization model developed in this paper for application to the oilseeds industry in Sudan demonstrates the relevance of this research technique for developing country studies of marketing facilities. A linear programming transshipment model is utilized to determine the optimal spatial organization of oilseeds in Sudan when the costs of oilseed assembly, processing and distribution of oil and cake to final destinations are considered simultaneously. The optimal spatial organization of oilseed processing plants was determined for six alternative solutions. Model results indicate that the optimal organization of processing plants would be obtained with fewer and larger plants, resulting in lower transportation costs.

Spatial organization of marketing facilities in developing countries: A case study of oilseeds in Sudan

Little attention has been devoted to the study of spatial organization of marketing facilities in developing countries, even though such studies would be most useful for a wide range of marketing problems. The results of such studies could be valuable to private and public decision-makers in developing countries whose policies and decisions determine the number, size and location of marketing facilities. The spatial organization model developed in this paper for application to the oilseeds industry in Sudan demonstrates the relevance of this research technique for developing country studies of marketing facilities. A linear programming transshipment model is utilized to determine the optimal spatial organization of oilseeds in Sudan when the costs of oilseed assembly, processing and distribution of oil and cake to final destinations are considered simultaneously. The optimal spatial organization of oilseed processing plants was determined for six alternative solutions. Model results indicate that the optimal organization of processing plants would be obtained with fewer and larger plants, resulting in lower transportation costs.