Spatial Organization Of Cities Research Articles

Integration of migration and attention flow data to reveal association of virtual–real dual intercity network structure

The study of intercity network structure from the perspective of flow space can effectively reveal the connection patterns, hierarchical laws, and spatial organization of cities. However, current studies mostly focus on a single real or virtual space, neglecting the comprehensive perspective. Furthermore, the research subject of network relationships is usually the complex original aligned network rather than the spatially cohesive network structure. In this study, spatial network structures are constructed and extracted based on the migration flow and attention flow, which represent people's objective behavior and subjective will, respectively. This study then reveals the association between virtual and real networks from three aspects: node location, node attributes, and local network structure characteristics. Results indicate that compared with the real network structure, the virtual network structure has a strong same-level node agglomeration and a significant node size difference. Spatial dislocations are observed in the high association of the various measures of China's real and virtual network structures. The degree of differences in network structures between virtual and real spaces varies spatially. This paper reveals the dynamics of urban development in different spaces, helping build a human-centered, high-quality space governance system for virtual and real spaces.

Cluster Organization of Open Public Spaces of the Post-Socialist City

The spatial organization of post-socialist cities in Ukraine requires the creation of an adequate, comfortable urban environment in the conditions of crisis phenomena caused by problems of an economic, ecological, social and military nature. The problem of reforming cities requires a review of the "functionalism" paradigm and a new systemic consideration at three interconnected territorial levels: macro, meso, micro. The article describes the change in the paradigm of functionalism of spatial planning in post-Soviet countries, considers new methodologies of urban development of cities, proposes a new approach to the study of open public spaces, namely, as an element of the system of the urban planning environment. This approach reflects the important role of public spaces in shaping the urban fabric. Particular attention is paid to the integration processes of sustainable development of cities, which reveal a new meaning of human coexistence in the surrounding environment. In the context of a new look at open public space, the text describes the assumption "space creates the environment", which allows us to consider urban planning in a completely new dimension. The latest developments in scientific research on the typology of public spaces are separately considered. The article singles out physically accessible and physically inaccessible categories of public spaces. The article assumes that the city, as a cluster structure, is the sum of independent environments (elementary systems), which consist of public spaces united by certain characteristics. The issue of the micro-territorial level is considered, where the priority is the spatial organization of the city's public spaces on the basis of an urban cluster. An important feature is the pedestrian accessibility to various service functions of the urban environment. Based on the assumption, new approaches to the study of open public spaces at different urban planning levels are proposed, taking into account the human-oriented principles of the formation of a sustainable urban environment.

BUILT PUBLIC SPACES: PERCEPTION OF USERS OF THE LINEAR PARK RIVER OF THE FISH

The urban landscape undergoes constant transformations with the dynamics of the cities that (re) produce the spaces. Understanding this dynamic and its results emerges from the need to understand cities and their inhabitants, places more equitable and resilient to the transformations of society. In the spatial organization of cities, places with green predominance play an important role for their relationship between urban memory, quality of life departing from natural elements, the affection of the inhabitants with the place and the memorialist that is made through the relations between space and time. Thus, we understand that the quality of the urban landscape is measured by an arrangement of infrastructure elements, but also how people perceive the environment. In this study, the analysis of the perception of a public free space is measured by the identification of the elements that are understood by users as significant for the quality of the landscape of the Parque do Rio do Peixe (Videira - SC) and what experiences are felt along the existing paths in the park. The methodology of this analysis was structured according to a compendium of authors, but mainly suggested by Gehl and Svarre (2013), Lynch (1960) and Cullen (1983) and Camara (2018). At the end of the courses, unstructured interviews were conducted with approximately 150 volunteers. The results indicate preferences for areas with a predominance of natural elements, environments that provide safety sensations and elements of historical-cultural identification.

Measuring socio-economic disparities in green space availability in post-socialist cities

Since the collapse of communism, countries in Central and Eastern Europe have experienced significant socio-economic changes that have affected the urban landscape and the spatial organization of cities. These processes have also generated significant changes in the availability of urban green spaces for local residents, resulting in new forms of inequalities. In the light of recent debate on socio-spatial segregation, the concept of environmental justice has gained increasing attention. Using three Hungarian post-socialist cities as case studies, this paper explores the relationship between different types of residential areas in terms of the age, education, and income level of people, and the availability of urban green spaces. To do this, we introduce a demand-supply composite index that contains featured indicators of urban green space availability. The results show that in terms of UGS availability, major disparities exist both among different socio-economic groups and different types of neighbourhoods in the investigated cities. Although legacies of the past are still important, the emerging disparities of green space availability can be linked to new forms of segregation including highly segregated neighbourhoods of urban poor and the new upmarket housing developments of the affluent. Our results also suggest that regardless of local governments’ recebt efforts to provide residents with equal access to urban green spaces, environmental justice remains a concern for urban planning in post-socialist cities.

A study of climatic comfort conditions in the spatial-physical patterns of tradi-tional neighborhoods’ fabric: The case of Hamadan’s old neighborhoods

Backgrounds and research goals: The unbridled expansion of cities in recent dec-ades has led to the inefficiency of large parts of the structure and spatial organiza-tion of cities and the decline in climate comfort in them. Numerous policies have been proposed in the face of the problem of declining environmental quality and especially their climatic comfort, and various programs have been implemented in this regard. Therefore, this study tries to review the theoretical foundations in this area, finally appropriate solutions for the development of neighborhoods and neigh-borhood spaces in the climate of Hamadan has been proposed.Research method: The method of this research is that at first the effective compo-nents on climatic comfort and urban form were obtained by studying and examining the views of experts. To analyze the data, the simulation method and Ecotect Auto-desk software were studied in three traditional neighborhoods of Hamadan and ac-cording to the results, the factors.Findings: The results of the research show that Kababian neighborhood in the cold seasons of the year has more conditions to enjoy the sun in the morning and even-ing, but in the two neighborhoods of Haji and Aghajani Bey in the cold seasons should make more arrangements to enjoy The amount of sunlight used. Due to the fact that the amount of shading in these two neighborhoods in this season is more than the Kababian neighborhood and special measures are needed to create climatic conditions.Discussion and conclusion: In general, and according to the findings, one of the im-portant factors in optimizing traditional neighborhoods can be the use of centrifugal patterns in creating neighborhoods can increase the level of climate comfort in neighborhoods.

Spatial Characterization of Urban Vitality and the Association With Various Street Network Metrics From the Multi-Scalar Perspective.

In the context of rapid urbanization in developing countries, the spatial organization of cities has been progressively restructured over the past decades. However, little has been done to understand how the physical expansion affected the reorganization of socioeconomic spaces in cities. This study explores the association between various street network metrics and urban vitality and how it changes across different scales using geographic big data through a case study of Wuhan, China. Urban vitality is characterized by four components: concentration, accessibility, livability, and diversity. The new technique of spatial design network analysis (sDNA) is employed to characterize street network metrics, including connectivity, closeness, betweenness, severance, and efficiency, with 16 localized network variables. Furthermore, the stratified spatial heterogeneity between street network metrics at multiple scales and the four components of urban vitality is investigated using the Geodetector tool. First, concentration, accessibility, and diversity decline with distance from the urban center, whereas livability has a fluctuating upward trend with distance from the urban core. Second, the correlation between street network characteristics and urban vitality is sensitive to different spatial scales. Third, connectivity explains the largest amount of the variance in urban vitality (over 40%), while both betweenness and closeness explain roughly 28% of urban vitality. Efficiency and severance contribute 22 and 10% to the spatial heterogeneity of urban vitality, respectively. The study sheds light on the mechanisms between street configurations and urban vitality from the multi-scalar perspective. Some implications are provided for the improvement of the streets' urban vitality.

A methodology of spatial organization of the cities of St. Petersburg agglomeration: Its importance for regional development purposes

Subject. This article deals with the issues of spatial organization of the cities of St. Petersburg metropolitan area and potential socio-economic relationships between them in the form of clusters. Objectives. The article aims to determine the prospective relationships between the cities of St. Petersburg metropolitan area using optimal accessibility and centrality indicators. Methods. Based on the principle of polycentrism, the study involves systems and mathematical analyses, and the grouping method. Results. The article determines the absolute index of optimal interconnectedness (accessibility) and the centrality degree between the cities of St. Petersburg metropolitan area. Conclusions. The presented methodological approach to spatial organization of metropolitan cities helps identify potential relationships between them considering the possible future creation of specialized clusters.

GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS IN URBANISM

The article considers the phenomenon of urban geometry and the essence of geometric problems in urban planning. The proposed approach corresponds to the generally accepted understanding of cities through knowledge of the arts, humanities, social sciences and engineering. Geometry expands the understanding of cities and processes in them both in the historical context and in modern realities and conditions. The definiteness of the geometric dimension in the problems of spatial organization and development of urbanized systems is confirmed. Professional consideration and use of geometric indicators and properties is a condition for increasing the validity of architectural and urban planning decisions. The geometry of the functional city was based on ideas and solutions that focused on process control. The geometry of the space of today's city, according to the author, should stimulate its development by analogy with a living organism. Historical analysis expands the idea of the geometry of the city and its spatial implementation. The characteristics of the geometric measurement of different periods allowed us to conclude that the principles of geometry apply to cities of any time and any culture, are associated with the patterns of urban growth. Urban forms change depending on the scale: increasing the scale of the city to hypercomplex urban systems, the organic analogy grows, pure geometric planning is preserved on a local scale. The theoretical provisions of urban geometry, geometric problems and methods of their solution are substantiated. Identified dichotomies are important for understanding, researching and designing the development of urban systems. They are useful for generalizing different worldviews of space, time and urban geometry: the opposition of the concepts of simplicity and complexity; division and integrity; continuous and intermittent; homogeneity and heterogeneity of the system; certainty and uncertainty. New paradigms and thinking of the city as a hypercomplex system of organic complexity are covered. Geometry determines complexity, scale and shape. Views on space and geometry on the scale of human history have been studied. An attempt is made to understand the "reality" of development and spatial organization of cities. Geometry is used to display order and regularity, as well as in solving urban problems of today. The article highlights, structures and reveals the role of geometry and geometric problems in urban systems, their relationship with other dimensions and problems of spatial organization and urban development. In the model of multidimensional urban space "human - functions - conditions - geometry - time", which was substantiated by the author to solve problems of urban planning (spatial organization and development of urban systems) a special role is given to the geometric dimension, which is described in detail in the article. It includes many characteristics and indicators: size, configuration, shape, concentration of elements, as well as properties related to scale, intrasystem connections and location in the environment. The importance of urban geometry is illustrated using the author's model of multidimensional urban space on the example of geometric problems of Lviv, in particular placement, relocation and division. The solution of the communication and transport problem in the city is characterized and substantiated taking into account the requirements of the new geometry.

Spatial factor in the organization and development of urban systems

The article identifies the phenomenon of spatial factor and its influence on the organization and development of urban systems; a methodological toolkit for exploring urban and territorial space is proposed; The approaches to its consideration in the context of the strategy of urban development and urban development are substantiated. Emphasis is placed on the influence of intangible factors on the spatial organization of cities and territories. Among the intangible, the main focus is on the moral and environmental imperatives, which are one of the defining features of the spatial structure of urban systems.

STAGES OF HISTORICAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF ORENBURG

The article aims to consider the development and preservation of the urban structure of the city as a result of historical transformations. As a result of the analysis, the authors propose, in addition to the existing system of periodization Of Russian urban planning (pre-Soviet, Soviet, post-Soviet periods), a system of division into stages associated with the peculiarities of the territorial development of the city of Orenburg against the background of the historical context. As a result of research 8 stages of historical development of Orenburg and the spatial transformations of planning structure of the city connected with them are allocated. Particular attention is paid to the description of the first stage - the laying and construction of the fortress city as a supporting Outpost of the Russian state. A brief description of the Russian urban ideology of the XVIII century as a General concept of spatial organization of cities of that time is given.

Estimate Urban Growth and Expansion by Modeling Urban Spatial Structure Using Hierarchical Cluster Analyses of Interzonal Travel Data

Estimating the spatial organization of cities yields insights into interactions over a spatial structure, and thus creating efficient subcenters with more balanced distribution of travel patterns over urban agglomerations can be exercised via models which support an evidence-based spatial planning. As cities evolve and self-organize as complex spatial structures, problems such as accessibility, environmental sustainability, and social equity or weak economy can be incurred by unrealistic development scenarios. In this regard, it is claimed that the dynamic nature of the urban spatial structure can to be modeled to estimate growth and expansion of it using the patterns of freight and passenger movements throughout metropolitan areas under the assumption that there is a simple and straightforward link between travel flows and urban spatial structure. The main effort of this study is to describe and model urban spatial structure and its evolution due to the spatial distribution of population, and employment centers.

Reexamining Zipf's Law from a World Historical Perspective: Urbanization, Complexity, and the Rank-Size Rule

Zipf's Law is often considered a conspicuous example of empirical regularity in the spatial organization of cities in national boundaries - especially cities within the United States over the last century (Krugman 1986). Complex systems, such as cities, are expected to form a hierarchical power law function in an integrated economic system where the number of cities whose population exceeds S is proportional to 1/S. Anomalies of this pattern are taken as outliers to be explained away, rather than as points of central importance to the system itself. This paper theoretically examines how Zipf's Law is one dimension of possible urban distributions based on the complexity of power in the world economy and considers the need for a conceptual model capable of considering alternative arrangements of power and the spatial organization of complex urban distributions globally. By placing urbanization and urban development within world historical perspective, alternative urban distributions can be theorized to exist and become contingent formations of political, economic, and social power in the urban system.

‘A regular state of beautiful confusion’: governing by numbers and the contradictions of calculable space in New York City

ABSTRACT:Historical scholarship on the spatial organization of cities has largely ignored the crucial role that house numbering has played as a political technology of spatial calculation since the eighteenth century. This article examines the spatial history of house numbering in Manhattan to illustrate how the numbering of buildings was a key strategy employed to reconfigure the city as a space of calculability. From the very outset, however, such calculable spaces of ‘number’ were riddled with contradictions, resulting in several rounds of spatial rationalization over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. More than a mere technical concern alone, the history of house numbering in New York City exemplifies the spatial politics and temporal instabilities that have shaped the spaces of calculation in the modern city.

Criminal dons and extralegal security privatization in downtown Kingston, Jamaica

In cities across the world, neoliberal retrenchment, shrinking public expenditure and an emphasis on private‐public partnerships have resulted in the privatization of many services formerly provided by the state. The privatization of security has been one of the most significant shifts in this regard, with citizens becoming responsibilized for safeguarding their own physical integrity and material belongings. This transfer of state responsibility has had an important effect on the spatial organization of cities, as formerly public spaces become both privatized and militarized. Drawing on research in Kingston, Jamaica, this paper describes how new actors from criminal organizations to security companies move to fill these physical and social spaces. Arguing for an increased focus on spatial retreat from below, it highlights the extent to which an extralegal transformation of urban security and services takes place in marginalized areas, parallel to the better studied privatization of security services in affluent areas.

The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States

The nature and organization of segregation shifted profoundly in the United States over the course of the twentieth century. During the first two-thirds of the century, segregation was defined by the spatial separation of whites and blacks. What changed over time was the level at which this racial separation occurred, as macro-level segregation between states and counties gave way steadily to micro-level segregation between cities and neighborhoods. During the last third of the twentieth century, the United States moved toward a new regime of residential segregation characterized by moderating racial-ethnic segregation and rising class segregation, yielding a world in which the spatial organization of cities and the location of groups and people within them will increasingly be determined by an interaction of race and class and in which segregation will stem less from overt prejudice and discrimination than from political decisions about land use, such as density zoning.

Специфіка та тенденції розвитку сучасного міста в соціологічному дискурсі

In the article the analysis of teoretiko-methodological approaches is considered to research of socially spatial organization of cities. The basic historical stages of forming and development of cities and process of urbanization, and also excretions of principal reasons of their origin and excrescence, are analysed. The basic idea of the article consists in claim of idea about the important role of modern city in community development.