MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems Research Articles

Multi-branch successive interference cancellation for MIMO spatial multiplexing systems: design, analysis and adaptive implementation

In this study, the authors propose a novel successive interference cancellation (SIC) strategy for multiple-input multiple-output spatial multiplexing systems based on a structure with multiple interference cancellation branches. The proposed multi-branch SIC (MB-SIC) structure employs multiple SIC schemes in parallel and each branch detects the signal according to its respective ordering pattern. By selecting the branch which yields the estimates with the best performance according to the selection rule, the MB-SIC detector, therefore, achieves higher detection diversity. The authors consider three selection rules for the proposed detector, namely, the maximum likelihood (ML), the minimum mean square error and the constant modulus criteria. An efficient adaptive receiver is developed to update the filter weight vectors and estimate the channel using the recursive least squares algorithm. Furthermore a bit error probability performance analysis is carried out. The simulation results reveal that the authors' scheme successfully mitigates the error propagation and approaches the performance of the optimal ML detector, while requiring a significantly lower complexity than the ML and sphere decoder detectors.

Enhanced Groupwise Detection with a New Receive Combiner for Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems

In this letter, we propose a new groupwise receive combiner design for multiple-input multiple-output spatial multiplexing systems. The conventional group detection (GD) suffers from a considerable performance loss since the noise components are not taken into account. The output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is defined in each subgroup in order to consider both the desired signal and noise statistics. Adopting the real-valued representation, we provide an optimal receive combiner which maximizes the SINR with a general group size. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a large performance gain over the conventional GD in coded systems. Also, when combining with near-optimal detection algorithms such as sphere decoder, the proposed GD scheme offers a comparable performance with significant reduced complexity.

Mobile Station Spatio-Temporal Multipath Clustering of an Estimated Wideband MIMO Double-Directional Channel of a Small Urban 4.5 GHz Macrocell

Multipath clusters in a wireless channel could act as additional channels for spatial multiplexing MIMO systems. However, identifying them in order to come up with better cluster channel models has been a hurdle due to how they are defined. This paper considers the identification of these clusters at themobile station through a middle ground approach--combining a globally optimized automatic clustering approach and manual clustering of the physical scatterers. By including the scattering verification in the cluster identification, better insight into their behavior in wireless channels would be known, especially the physical realism and eventually a more satisfactorily accurate cluster channel model could be proposed. The results show that overlapping clusters make up the majority of the observed channel, which stems from automatic clustering, whereas only a few clusters have clear delineation of their dispersion. In addition, it is difficult to judge the physical realism of overlapping clusters. This further points to a need for the physical interpretation and verification of clustering results, which is an initial step taken in this paper. From the identification results, scattering mechanisms of the clusters are presented and also their selected first and second order statistics.

Ordered Eigenvalues of a General Class of Hermitian Random Matrices With Application to the Performance Analysis of MIMO Systems

In this paper, we present a general formulation that unifies the probabilistic characterization of Hermitian random matrices with a specific structure. Based on a general expression for the joint pdf of the ordered eigenvalues, we obtain i) the joint cdf; ii) the marginal cdfs; and iii) the marginal pdfs of the ordered eigenvalues, where ii) and iii) follow as simple particularizations of i). Our formulation is shown to include the distribution of some common MIMO channel models such as the uncorrelated, semicorrelated, and double-correlated Rayleigh MIMO fading channel and the uncorrelated Rician MIMO fading channel, although it is not restricted only to these. Hence, the proposed formulation and derived results provide a solid framework for the simultaneous analytical performance analysis of MIMO systems under different channel models. As an illustrative application, we obtain the exact outage probability of a spatial multiplexing MIMO system transmitting through the strongest channel eigenmodes.

Tree Based Approximate Optimal Signal Detectors for MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems

In multiple antenna systems that use spatial multiplexing to raise transmission rates, it is preferable to use maximum likelihood (ML) detection to exploit the full receive diversity and minimize the error probability. In this paper, we present two tree based approximate ML detectors that use new two ordering criteria in conjunction with efficient search strategies. Unlike conventional tree detectors, the new detectors closely approximate the error performance of the exact ML detector while achieving a dramatic reduction in complexity. Moreover, they ensure a fixed detection delay and high level of parallelization in the tree search.

Theoretical Analysis of Capacities in Dynamic Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems

Theoretical Analysis of Capacities in Dynamic Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems

Strategies for ARQ in 2x2 MIMO Systems

Packet retransmission strategies are presented for 2x2 MIMO spatial multiplexing systems. Antennas for retransmission are selected to maximize an approximation of the throughput of the system. A sign change or conjugate operation is allowed for retransmitted packets. The proposed scheme performs selection of retransmission antennas based on the CSI at the receiver: only 1 bit of feedback is additionally required, along with the acknowledgement bits. When 2 packets are decoded with errors, retransmission follows a space time block code structure, allowing a seamless switching between spatial multiplexing and space time block coding.

Overcoming interference in spatial multiplexing MIMO cellular networks

Multi-antenna transmission and reception (known as MIMO) is widely touted as the key technology for enabling wireless broadband services, whose widespread success will require 10 times higher spectral efficiency than current cellular systems, at 10 times lower cost per bit. Spectrally efficient, inexpensive cellular systems are by definition densely populated and interference-limited. But spatial multiplexing MIMO systems- whose principal merit is a supposed dramatic increase in spectral efficiency- lose much of their effectiveness in high levels of interference. This article overviews several approaches to handling interference in multicell MIMO systems. The discussion is applicable to any multi-antenna cellular network, including 802.16e/WiMAX, 3GPP (HSDPA and 3GPP LTE), and 3GPP2 (lxEVDO). We argue that many of the traditional interference management techniques have limited usefulness (or are even counterproductive) when viewed in concert with MIMO. The problem of interference in MIMO systems is too large in scope to be handled with a single technique: in practice a combination of complementary countermeasures will be needed. We overview emerging system-level interference-reducing strategies based on cooperation, which will be important for overcoming interference in future spatial multiplexing cellular systems.

Uplink Power Control in Multi-Cell Spatial Multiplexing Wireless Systems

This paper proposes a power control strategy for the uplink of cellular MIMO spatial multiplexing systems, with a linear MMSE receiver applied at the base station and a single active user per time instant. A fixed per-stream SINR target is employed that allows guaranteed QoS for delay-sensitive applications. A straightforward application of single antenna power control is not possible in the MIMO context due to coordination between receive antennas and nonlinear dependence between interference and eigenspaces of the channel matrices. Two schemes are proposed to solve the problem. The first equally allocates power to all transmit antennas. Deriving an SINR lower bound based on an eigenvalue approximation of the composite interference, allows application of the conventional single antenna power control framework to solve this problem. To improve the feasibility performance, a second scheme is proposed that adaptively allocates power on the transmit antennas, where an iterative algorithm based on game theory is used to sequentially update each user's power distribution. The optimal solution with full channel knowledge, and a practical near-optimal solution requiring only partial channel knowledge, are both derived. Numerical results show that power control, compared to supposedly optimal waterfilling strategies, actually achieves higher throughput at the low SINRs typical in cellular systems, with significantly lower overhead and complexity. Due to its better exploitation of spatial diversity and reduced transmit power (and hence reduced interference), adaptive power allocation increases the achievable SINR by an order of magnitude over equal power allocation, resulting in far better coverage.

Approximate Minimum BER Power Allocation for MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems

Approximate Minimum BER Power Allocation for MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems

Design and Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems With Quantized Feedback

This paper investigates the problem of transmit beamforming in multiple-antenna spatial multiplexing (SM) systems employing a finite-rate feedback channel. Assuming a fixed number of spatial channels and equal power allocation, we propose a new criterion for designing the codebook of beamforming matrices that is based on minimizing an approximation to the capacity loss resulting from the limited rate in the feedback channel. Using the criterion, we develop an iterative design algorithm that converges to a locally optimum codebook. Under the independent identically distributed channel and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) assumption, the effect on channel capacity of the finite-bit representation of the beamforming matrix is analyzed. Central to this analysis is the complex multivariate beta distribution and tractable approximations to the Voronoi regions associated with the code points. Furthermore, to compensate for the degradation due to the equal power allocation assumption, we propose a multimode SM transmission strategy wherein the number of data streams is determined based on the average SNR. This approach is shown to allow for effective utilization of the feedback bits resulting in a practical and efficient multiple-input multiple-output system design

Enhancing coverage and capacity for multiuser MIMO systems by utilizing scheduling

Recent studies have revealed that the remarkable capacity improvement resulting from an open-loop multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing system may come at the sacrifice of degrading link reliability. This tradeoff between antenna multiplexing gain against antenna diversity gain may translate into smaller coverage areas. In this paper, we suggest using the multiuser diversity to replenish the diversity-deficient spatial multiplexing MIMO system. Specifically, we propose a fair scheduling scheme, called the strongest-weakest-normalized-subchannel-first (SWNSF) scheduling, which requires only limited amount of feedback. Our analysis and results indicate that the SWNSF scheduling can significantly increase the coverage of the multiuser MIMO system while further improving the system capacity.

Likelihood Detection Utilizing Ordering and Decision of Partial Bits in MIMO Systems

We propose a likelihood detection scheme that utilizes ordering and decision of partial bits in MIMO spatial multiplexing systems. We compute BER performance of the proposed detection scheme under Rayleigh fading channels in a 3 x 3 MIMO spatial multiplexing system and compare it with BER performance using MLD only and detection utilizing ZF or MMSE only. In addition, the computational complexity of the proposed detection scheme is compared with that of MLD and detection utilizing ZF or MMSE. The results of our investigation show that the proposed detection is a scheme achieves both good BER performance and low computational complexity.

Computational Complexity Reduction of MLD Based on SINR in MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems

MIMO spatial multiplexing systems are attracting a lot of attention because of their high spectral effiencies. Maximum Likelihood Detection (MLD) is known to be the optimal signal detection method for MIMO spatial multiplexing systems in terms of bit error rate (BER). However, the main drawback of MLD is its high complexity. In this paper, to reduce the computational complexity of MLD and to attain good BER in MIMO spatial multiplexing systems, we propose the minimum mean square error (MMSE)-MLD that combines MMSE detection and MLD according to the estimated SINR from each transmit antenna. We also propose the ordered successive MMSE detection (OSD)-MLD that combines OSD and MLD according to the estimated SINR from the transmit antennas. Simulation results show that the proposed MMSE-MLD and OSD-MLD can attain almost identical BER to that of MLD but with less complexity.

Detection techniques for MIMO spatial multiplexing systems

We discuss and compare the most important detection techniques for MIMO spatial multiplexing wireless systems, focusing on their performance and computational complexity. Our analysis shows that the limited performance of conventional suboptimal detection techniques is primarily caused by their inability to cope with poorly conditioned channels. The recently proposed sphere projection algorithm is better suited to these channels and can achieve near-optimal performance.

Spatial-Mode Selection for the Joint Transmit and Receive MMSE Design

To approach the potential MIMO capacity while optimizing the system bit error rate (BER) performance, the joint transmit and receive minimum mean squared error (MMSE) design has been proposed. It is the optimal linear scheme for spatial multiplexing MIMO systems, assuming a fixed number of spatial streams p as well as a fixed modulation and coding across these spatial streams. However, state-of-the-art designs arbitrarily choose and fix the value of the number of spatial streams p, which may lead to an inefficient power allocation strategy and a poor BER performance. We have previously proposed to relax the constraint of fixed number of streams p and to optimize this value under the constraints of fixed average total transmit power and fixed spectral efficiency, which we referred to as spatial-mode selection. Our previous selection criterion was the minimization of the system sum MMSE. In the present contribution, we introduce a new and better spatial-mode selection criterion that targets the minimization of the system BER. We also provide a detailed performance analysis, over flat-fading channels, that confirms that our proposed spatial-mode selection significantely outperforms state-of-the-art joint Tx/Rx MMSE designs for both uncoded and coded systems, thanks to its better exploitation of the MIMO spatial diversity and more efficient power allocation.