Spatial Multi-criteria Evaluation Research Articles

Assessment of Physical, Social, and Economic Vulnerability to Landslides Disaster in the Karangsambung Karangbolong National Geopark, Indonesia.

Abstract The Karangsambung-Karangbolong National Geopark (GNKK) is administratively located in Kebumen Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The GNKK area has an area of 543,599 km2 which includes 12 sub-districts with 117 villages. The morphology of the GNKK area consists of hills, valleys, and plains to the coast. The morphology of hills and mountains is an area that is prone to landslides. Assessment of physical, social, and economic vulnerability needs to be carried out so that disaster risk analysis and mitigation can be carried out in the future. The aims of this study are 1. To determine the spatial distribution of physical, social, and economic vulnerabilities in the Karangsambung Karangbolong National Geopark Area, 2. To analyze the physical, social, and economic vulnerability to landslides in the Karangsambung Karangbolong National Geopark Area. Assessment of physical, social, and economic vulnerability using the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) method. The results of the main study of the GNKK area have high, moderate, and low classes of physical, social, and economic vulnerability to landslides. However, most GNKK areas are classified as moderate. The community’s social conditions in each village significantly affect the areas prone to frequent landslides. The strategy for disaster mitigation by a landslide is increasing human resources for disaster knowledge with disaster mitigation training and using infrastructures such as installing landslide-prone signs and trigger lines.

Mapping of Multiple Hazards in the Cilongkrang Sub-Watershed, Majalengka, Indonesia

The intensive agricultural activities in the Cilongkrang Sub-Watershed are causing environmental changes that can lead to various disasters. This study aims to map the spatial distribution of multiple hazards, including flash floods, erosion, and landslides. Three hazards selected because the critical condition of Cilongkrang Sub-Watershed as an upstream area caused the area to be prone to those hazards. The flash flood hazard model was created using the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) method, which uses land use, slope, vegetation cover, and soil texture. The erosion hazard model was created using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method with parameters such as erosivity, erodibility, slope length factor, crop management index, and soil conservation index. The landslide hazard model was created using the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) method, which uses slope, landform, land use, and soil texture. The results showed that the dominant flash flood-prone areas were in the medium class of 1.556 hectares, the erosion tended to be very low, which was 2.699,5 tons/ha/year, and The Argapura Sub-District encompasses multiple regions that are highly susceptible to landslides.

Optimizing Tourism Development Through Landslide Hazard Mapping in Raung Volcano

The series of volcanic activities of Mount Raung triggered primary and secondary hazards in the area around the volcano. Kalibaru watershed is one of the areas prone to landslides due to secondary hazards of eruption activity in the direction of west and northwest part of this region. This study aims to optimize tourism by mapping landslide hazard using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) around Mount Raung. This research used 46 points of landslide data through remote sensing, field observation. Ten landslide triggering factors, namely TPI (Topographic Position Index), TWI (Topographic Wetness Index), SPI (Stream Power Index), slope, distance to river, rainfall, geology, land use, distance to road, and soil type was used to map the landslide hazard. This study used ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis to validate the landslide susceptibility mapping with an AUC (Area Under Curve) value of 0.93, which indicates that the mapping has a high accuracy value. The results showed that the landslide susceptibility is divided into three classes: high susceptible, moderate susceptible, and low susceptible. The high susceptible area covers 151.62 km2 (21%), the moderate susceptible area covers 407.99 km2 (56%), and the low susceptible area covers 166.79 km2 (23%). Based on the results of the mapping, tourism development in the area of Mount Raung is recommended in areas that are classified as medium and low landslide susceptibility.Keywords: Mount Raung, Landslides, SMCE, Tourism Development

Spatial Analysis of Mycobacterium Ulcerans-Hosting Water Bug Critical Zones in the Amansie West District of Ghana

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized Buruli ulcer (BU), a skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), as the third most prevalent mycobacterial disease in 1998, following tuberculosis and leprosy. In Ghana, there have been over 2000 reported cases in the past decade, with outbreaks in 90 administrative districts, including Amansie West. The mode of transmission remains unclear, but research suggests water bugs may be involved. This study aimed to assess this transmission method by identifying potential water bug habitats using geospatial techniques. Water bugs are found to inhabit freshwater ponds, marshes, slow-moving pools, streams, and mats of vegetation. This study used the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to locate water bodies and marshy areas, the Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) to identify vegetation zones, and Land Surface Temperature (LST) to determine suitable areas for water bugs based on temperature. A spatial multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) pinpointed critical areas for Mycobacterium ulcerans-hosting water bugs, which were mainly located in illegal mining areas due to stagnant wastewater. Notably, 36 communities, including prominent ones like Manso Nkwanta and Pakyi Number 1 and 2, were situated within these critical zones. This study generated a geospatial distribution map highlighting the potential areas for Mycobacterium ulcerans-hosting water bugs in the Amansie West district, crucial for Buruli ulcer transmission. The study recommended improved environmental sanitation in the affected areas to combat this water bug-related health issue.

Mapping The Location of Flood Shelters in Demak Regency using The Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation Method

Floods are the most common disasters in the world and severely disrupt lives and livelihoods. Furthermore, the developing countries, especially Indonesia, around 241 flood events in early 2023. The World Bank’s through its Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2025, aims to support Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development, in pursuing poverty eradication and shared prosperity with a sustainability lens. In the action plan, there are actions to identify and prioritize mitigation and adaptation activities to this effect. In connection with Flood Risk Management where there is no flood shelter location Demak Regency, this study aims to research location using the Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation method by using the Geographic Information System. Geographic Information System can provide a precise and an effective mapping to mitigate the flood disaster. The Flood shelter can help disaster preparedness activities by minimizing casualties in Demak Regency. Based on the identification results, it was found that there were 36 main points and priority flood shelters in the form of worship facilities and educational facilities.

Tsunami Susceptibility Assessment Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation in Watukarung, Pacitan

Tsunamis are natural hazards that have the potential to cause significant damage and losses to the South Coast of Java. As the initial foundation for local spatial planning and risk reduction, preparing a tsunami susceptibility mapping is imperative to minimize the disaster's impact. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution of tsunami susceptibility in Watukarung Village, Pacitan Regency, using the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) method. The variables involved in the modeling include landform, elevation, slope, distance from the shoreline, and distance from the river. The value and weight of each factor were determined using the pairwise technique in the SMCE framework. The research results indicated that the tsunami susceptibility in Watukarung comprises four classes: safe (598.40 ha), low (9.68 ha), moderate (23.92 ha), and high (25.13 ha). The areas most prone to tsunamis are generally identified in the southern part of Watukarung, which is generally associated with beach or alluvial plain landforms, very close to shore, and low land elevation. Ironically, human settlements and coastal tourism are overgrowing in the tsunami-prone zone, highlighting that risk reduction measures must be implemented optimally to anticipate tsunami hazards. As a recommendation, further research must be carried out to comprehensively represent the tsunami risk in the Watukarung coastal region. Keyword: Tsunami, Susceptibility, Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation, Watukarung, Pacitan

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility in the Pagentan Area, Banjarnegara Regency: A Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation Approach

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility in the Pagentan Area, Banjarnegara Regency: A Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation Approach

Multi-Hazard Analysis in Gunungkidul Regency Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation

This study has two aims: to determine the spatial distribution of multi-hazard levels and to discover the interactions, interdependencies, and effects that cascade among hazards in Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. A multi-hazard map was created with a scale of 1:250,000 and modelled using SMCE (Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation). The conditioning factors used included slope, rainfall, historical data, river distance, geomorphology, land cover, lithology, and fault distance. The selected conditioning factors for each hazard were then weighted using weighted overlay analysis. The results showed that the area of Gunungkidul can be included in the high-risk category for floods, since the probability of flooding is 56.72%, the probability of landslides is 9.14%, that of drought is 48.86%, and that of seismic disturbance is 20.83%. (Multi-hazard maps are created by overlaying flood, landslide, seismic, and drought hazard maps.) After these risk factors were calculated, the regions on the multi-hazard map were re-categorized into five hazard classes. All areas in Gunungkidul Regency have multiple hazards, with risk factors of different magnitudes. The interaction between hazards can generate new hazards that are called cascading hazards. The cascading hazards in the study area are most likely to occur in the north of Gunungkidul Regency with its very high seismic and landslide hazard risk factors, due to the geological and geomorphological conditions of the Baturagung Structural Hills.

Area-based scenario development in land-use change modeling: A system dynamics-assisted approach for mixed agricultural-residential landscapes

This study aimed to enhance land use and land cover (LULC) change models by addressing their main limitations, which include the lack of accountability and temporal stability of driving forces. Additionally, the study aimed to create area-based scenarios to forecast future LULCs, rather than solely relying on distribution-based scenarios. To accomplish this goal, the study developed a coupled System Dynamics (SD) and Cellular Automata (CA) modeling system to simulate possible LULC changes in the Gavkhooni Basin, central Iran. The study utilized LULC maps from Landsat images in 2001, 2011, and 2021 to analyze spatio-temporal land use changes in the region. Agricultural and residential transition suitability layers were produced using a spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation procedure and applied to inform the CA model in the proper allocation of LULC changes. Three interconnected water supply, agricultural, and residential area projection subsystems were developed using system dynamics method to determine land requirements for LULC conversions from 2020 to 2041, taking into account factors such as water availability, land suitability, agricultural labor force, and economic development. Ten scenarios were developed based on changes in the key variables affecting the limiting factors, such as climatic conditions and water management policies, to project agricultural and residential areas in the future. The CA's spatial allocation informed by transition suitability layers was found to be satisfactory with a Kappa-location value of 0.85. The subsystems were competent in projecting water supply with Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values of 6.57% and the dynamics of agricultural and residential areas with MAE values of 2.94%, whereas those of the Markovian Chain model were found to be 23.02% and 7.5% for agricultural and residential areas, respectively. The study found that available agricultural areas varied significantly between 86.53 and 1480 sq.km under different climatic conditions, irrigation efficiency, and agricultural water assignment coefficients between 2024 and 2033. Residential area demand was found to be increasing with different rates under the scenarios between 47.40 and 73.01 sq.km. The SD-CA coupled framework presented in this research can be viewed as a decision support system to develop compensatory strategies for better management and planning of agricultural and residential lands.

Analysis of potential water recharge areas using spatial multi-criteria evaluation in Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia

Occupied by a fairly large population, Denpasar City (Bali Province, Indonesia) is experiencing landuse change into residential areas. A reduction in the water recharge area has been recognized as one of the consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition and distribution of water recharge zones in the city. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to overlay maps of soil type, rainfall, slope, and landuse as the input to Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). The research output is a map of potential recharge zones in Denpasar City. Results showed six criteria for their conditions: good, normal/natural, slightly degraded or at the early stage of degradation, moderately degraded, degraded, and severely degraded. The majority of the potential water recharge areas were moderately degraded (covering an area of 7860.87 ha), degraded (2049.19 ha), degraded (1653.21 ha), severely degraded (292.45 ha), good (280.29 ha), and normal/natural (205.96 ha).

Spatial model of industrial area suitability using spatial multi criteria evaluation: A case study in Kendari City

Designing an industrial location must be based on consideration of factors that will influence it such as natural, environmental and ecological conditions. One of the spatial-based location determination methods is Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). This study aims to determine suitable industrial areas and compare industrial locations that have been determined based on the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) for 2010-2030 in Kendari City. Industrial areas must be flood-free, located in a relatively flat area, far from settlements, have good access and must not interfere with the river’s natural function. Therefore, the aspects of access, hydrology, physiography and convenience were all taken into account in this study. The area in Scenario A was retested with Scenario B and Scenario C to get a variety of industrial areas with different perspectives. Kendari City’s appropriate industrial area is 2.462.36 ha and is located in Puuwatu Sub-District, which is directly connected to Mandonga Sub-District (scenario 2.C). The RTRW map with the industrial model of the area shows the mismatch of the proposed industrial area placement. The results of this industrial area can be used as an alternative for decision-makers.

Supply-demand measurement and spatial allocation of Sponge facilities for Sponge city construction

Sponge City Construction (SCC) has been extensively explored for controlling frequent urban waterlogging and non-point source pollution. Assessing the “supply” and “demand” of SCC as a city-wide approach may aid in appropriate areal coverage to achieve optimal performance on flood control based on local priorities and sustainable urban development plans. However, to date, very few studies have examined the potential spatial mismatches in the “supply” and “demand” of SCC. This study presented the development of a framework to explore the supply–demand relationship based on a spatial multi-criteria evaluation of the existing SCC facilities, risk exposure, and socio-economic vulnerability. The feasibility and application of such a framework were successfully demonstrated in a field application in Guangzhou, China. The results indicated that most of the high-density areas in the city centres of Guangzhou were exposed to high risk with strong SCC demands. Furthermore, Liwan and Yuexiu districts exhibited SCC supply deficits, while SCC supply surpluses were observed in other central districts in Guangzhou. The findings of this study provided insight into the development of a generalised and replicable method that could be used to achieve a balance between the “supply” and “demand” of SCC for more participatory, strategic and multifunctional planning of SCC in various urban contexts.

Integrated Approach for Landslide Risk Assessment Using Geoinformation Tools and Field Data in Hindukush Mountain Ranges, Northern Pakistan

Landslides are one of the most recurring and damaging natural hazards worldwide, with rising impacts on communities, infrastructure, and the environment. Landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments are critical for landslide mitigation, land use and developmental planning. They are, however, often lacking in complex and data-poor regions. This study proposes an integrated approach to evaluate landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk using a range of freely available geospatial data and semi-quantitative techniques for one of the most landslide-prone areas in the Hindukush mountain ranges of northern Pakistan. Very high-resolution satellite images and their spectral characteristics are utilized to develop a comprehensive landslide inventory and predisposing factors using bi-variate models to develop a landslide susceptibility map. This is subsequently integrated with landslide-triggering factors to derive a Landslide Hazard Index map. A geospatial database of the element-at-risk data is developed from the acquired remote sensing data and extensive field surveys. It contains the building’s footprints, accompanied by typological data, road network, population, and land cover. Subsequently, it is analyzed using a spatial multi-criteria evaluation technique for vulnerability assessment and further applied in a semi-quantitative technique for risk assessment in relative risk classes. The landslide risk assessment map is classified into five classes, i.e., very low (18%), low (39.4%), moderate (26.3%), high (13.3%), and very high (3%). The developed landslide risk index map shall assist in highlighting the landslide risk hotspots and their subsequent mitigation and risk reduction.

Market-based waste segregation and waste bin siting suitability studies using GIS and multi-criteria evaluation in the Kumasi Metropolis

This study examined the readiness and motivation of market women to separate solid waste in the Central Business Districts (CBD) of Kumasi. Multiple non-probability sampling techniques were adopted to sample 156 respondents. The results obtained were analysed using SPSS. From the study, 81.4% of market women were willing to sort their waste provided there are proper infrastructures such as separate waste bins. Also, 85.3% of the women also indicated that training and educating them on the consequences of sorting waste will have a great impact on their attitudes to participate. A Relative Importance Index (RII) assessment of the reasons why waste sorting was done, the highest index (RII = 0.87) was recorded for environmental protection. The second highest order of reason for sorting waste by the women was related to personal hygiene (RII = 0.86) whereas reduce proliferation of landfills recorded (RII = 0.85) as the third highest index. The fourth and fifth reasons were that it will be easier to produce manure from sorted waste and fulfilment to mankind with RII of 0.77 and 0.58 respectively. A spatial multicriteria evaluation was performed to select suitable sites for the waste bins for the CBD. A total of 192 suitable locations were identified for waste bins in the three business districts. It is recommended that proper waste management equipment (colour-coded bins) are provided in the CBD bin as a motivating mechanism for waste segregation.

Physical vulnerability analysis of cultural heritage for strong winds in the city of yogyakarta, indonesia

This study aimed to analyse which variable (s) had the most contribution to the vulnerability of strong winds in Yogyakarta. Strong winds are the second-largest disaster in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The city has at least five cultural heritage regions, including Kotabaru, Kotagede, Malioboro, Pakualaman, and Kraton. It employed Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) to process 11 variables, i.e. age, height, and physical condition of the building, landmark, spatial design/architectural style, roads, regional effect, shape of the region, building density, also built-up land patterns. These ten variables processed by scoring and cluster sampling Meanwhile, the remaining variable, hazard, analysed using scoring. The results were two types of vulnerability scenarios. (1) The Equal Vulnerability Scenario (2) The Vulnerability Scenarios used research variables that were grouped into three levels of spatial patterns, namely, Spatial Pattern I (landmark, road, and the physical condition of the building), Spatial Pattern II (regional effect, building density, and hazard), and Spatial Pattern III (built-up land pattern, building age, building height, architectural style, and the shape of the region). All scenarios proved that CHR Kotagede was extremely vulnerable. This strong pattern determines hazard as the most contribution variable, since the similarities to Equal, Building Density, and Regional Effect.

Tool for the Establishment of Agro-Management Zones Using GIS Techniques for Precision Farming in Egypt

Agro-management zones recently became the backbone of modern agriculture. Delineating management zones for Variable-Rate Fertilization (VRF) can provide important ecological benefits and better sustainability of the new Egyptian farming projects. This article aims to represent an approach for delineating management zones using Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation (SMCE) within irrigated peanut pivot situated at the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. The results indicated that soil data, such as soil texture, soil type, the elevation of the landscape, and slope, allow for sampling the study area into similar classes and in smaller units, along with a crop productivity map. The effects of the variability in soil characteristics within the field on Peanut yields are predicted by the soil suitability model. In addition, final management zones map a varied amount of nutrients that could be added to different pivot zones. In conclusion, mapping soil units with a sufficient number of field observations within each class provided an acceptable accuracy, and a good spatial distribution of the suitability classification was achieved. Hence, agro-management zones are essentially needed for policymakers in a specific field in order to furnish an evaluation about the transformations at a territorial scale and for studying the strategies to realize environmental sustainability and to reduce the territorial impacts.

Analysis of Vulnerability to Transmission of the Covid-19 based on Building Function at Padukuhan Mancasan Kleben, Pandowoharjo, Sleman, Yogyakarta

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic is currently being a concern in all parts of the world, including Indonesia. Yogyakarta Special Region, especially Sleman Regency, is a red zone, which is an area that has a very high transmission rate of Covid-19. Padukuhan Mancasan Kleben, is one of the hamlets located near the government center of Sleman Regency where community activity and mobility are quite high. There are many business buildings located along the main road. The purpose of this research is to analyze the vulnerability to transmission of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) based on building function using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) methods. Types of buildings as houses and store are identified using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) image. Types of buildings used as physical variables in the analysis. Based on the result, from total of 363 buildings, there are 35 buildings that have a high level of vulnerability and 328 buildings with low vulnerability. A low level of vulnerability is found in buildings that function as shophouse. Meanwhile, the low level of vulnerability is found in buildings used as houses and public facilities. This is because during the pandemic, several public facilities in Mancasan Kleben are not yet operational. Mitigation efforts that need to be implemented are increasing awareness of ourselves and the surrounding environment. The implementation of healthy living habits by implementing CITA MAS JAJAR, avoiding crowds and not traveling if it is not too important, can help prevent the transmission of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

基于层次分析-有序加权平均多准则评估的雄安新区生态安全格局模拟研究

稳定、高效的生态安全格局对于"建设雄安新区"国家战略具有重大意义。然而，目前尚缺乏一套科学、弹性的规划方法，用于指导新区建设。采用层次分析（AHP）和有序加权平均（OWA）空间多准则评估方法，结合Google Earth Engine遥感云计算技术和InVEST模型，在量化生态系统服务和生态风险的基础上，模拟新区生态安全格局。首先，生态安全格局涉及众多专业领域，内涵较为丰富，决策过程应采用参与式方法，建立包含生态环境和社会经济因素在内的综合指标体系，奠定格局构建的决策基础；其次，AHP-OWA方法按不同决策情景（风险），提供了一整套"完全保护-中立-完全开发"的空间决策集，定量揭示"保护-开发"权衡关系，为格局构建提供充足决策支持；最后，白洋淀保护地以及启动和起步区建设，会对生态安全格局产生重要影响，所以构建工作应在科学规划启动和起步区建设的同时，围绕白洋淀开展。未来在"绿色生态宜居新城区"目标指引下，新区建设方案应以"保护优先"为基本原则，结合重要区域、现有规划和资金预算等要素共同确定，实现保护与开发的"双赢"。;Xiong'an New Area, officially described as the millennium plan and one of the key national strategies, is a state-level new area in the Baoding municipality of Hebei province, China and was established in April 2017. It is located about 100 km southwest of Beijing and 50 km east of downtown Baoding. The Xiong'an New Area's main function is to serve as a development hub for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic triangle. At the same time, the non-core functions of the Beijing city are expected to migrate here, including offices of some state-owned enterprises, government agencies, and research and development facilities. Within this context, the Xiong'an New Area raises higher requirements for ecological security. As such, stablely and efficiently ecological security pattern is significant to the national strategy of developing the Xiong'an New Area. However, a set of scientific and flexible planning methods that can be used to guide the development of the Xiong'an New Area is still lacking so far. This study uses the method of spatial multicriteria evaluation, namely, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the ordered weighted averaging (OWA). Based on the quantification of local ecosystem services and ecological risks, the AHP and OWA are integrated with the cloud computation technology of Google Earth Engine for remote sensing images and the InVEST model to simulate the ecological security pattern in the Xiong'an New Area. First, ecological security pattern is an integrative field covering various disciplines. As a result, the decision-making processes should be participatory to correspondingly establish a comprehensive set of indicator system consisted of biophysics and socioeconomics. Second, according to different decision scenarios or risks, the AHP-OWA method provides a complete set of alternatively spatial decisions, ranging from full conservation and neutral to full development. This decision set can quantitatively reveal the tradeoffs between conservation and development and will strengthen decision-making processes for the construction of ecological security pattern in the Xiong'an New Area. Finally, the Baiyangdian protected area and the construction of the promoter and start-up areas will generate the significant effects on the ecological security patterns. Thus, efforts of pattern construction are suggested to focus on the Baiyangdian protected area while systematically planning the construction of the promoter and start-up areas. In the future, toward the objective of becoming green, ecological, and livable, the Xiong'an New Area development plans should set conservation priority as a basic principle while factoring key areas, ongoing conservation plans, and budgets to achieve a win-win outcome balancing conservation and development.

A Scenario-Driven Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation to Identify and Rank Potential Zones for Aquaculture at a National Scale

A Scenario-Driven Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation to Identify and Rank Potential Zones for Aquaculture at a National Scale

Potential distribution of water in Malang city based on Multitemporal Sentinel 2A image data

Malang City is one of the cities in East Java with the status of a second-level city, with Surabaya City as the first-level city. Malang City also has various advantages that can attract many people outside the city to live in Malang City. As time goes by, Malang City experiences an increase in built-up land area, which is considered to be the cause of increased flooding in Malang City. This study attempted to identify the areas vulnerable to potential inundation (flooding) using several influencing variables, consisting of data on land cover, slope, land altitude, intensity of rainfall, and NDWI. This study employed the SMCE (Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation) method to obtain data on the distribution of potential areas for rainwater puddles (floods) in Malang City. Based on the analysis results, most of Malang City in 2019 is dominated by areas categorized as vulnerable with a percentage of 71% or an area of 7,827.21 hectares. At the same time, the remaining 29%, or an area of 3,130.10 hectares, is an area included in the safe category from potential puddles. The percentage of this vulnerable area, when compared to 2014, increased by 6%.