Spatial Movement Research Articles

Inferring movement patterns from geometric similarity

Spatial movement data nowadays is becoming ubiquitously available, including data of animals, vehicles and people. This data allows us to analyze the underlying movement. In particular, it allows us to infer movement patterns, such as recurring places and routes. Many methods to do so rely on the notion of similarity of places or routes. Here we briefly survey how research on this has developed in the past 15 years and outline challenges for future work.

Spatiotemporal filtering method for detecting kinematic waves in a connected environment.

Backward-moving kinematic waves (KWs) (e.g., stop-and-go traffic conditions and a shock wave) cause unsafe driving conditions, decreases in the capacities of freeways, and increased travel time. In this paper, a sequential filtering method is proposed to detect KWs using data collected in a connected environment, which can aid in developing a traffic control strategy for connected vehicles to stop or dampen the propagation of these KWs. The proposed method filters out random fluctuation in the data using ensemble empirical mode decomposition that considers the spectral features of KWs. Then, the spatial movements of KWs are considered using cross-correlation to identify potential candidate KWs. Asynchronous changes in the denoised flow and speed are used to evaluate candidate KWs using logistic regression to identify the KWs from localized reductions in speed that are not propagated upstream. The findings from an empirical evaluation of the proposed method showed strong promise for detecting KWs using data in a connected environment, even at 30% of the market penetration rates. This paper also addresses how data resolution of the connected environment affects the performance in detecting KWs.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И АНАЛИЗ ПОЛЁТА КВАДРОКОПТЕРА ПРИ ЗАДАНИИ СЛОЖНОЙ ТРАЕКТОРИИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ

The article present the solution to the problem of autonomous piloting of a quadcopter for a complex flight task to determine the positioning error. Mathematical model is proposed for the equation of the dynamics of angular motion in a connected coordinate system to solve this problem. The stages of elaboration and creation of a flight task are considered, a model based on directed graphs is presented, reflecting various options for organizing the movement of a quadrocopter. Klever quadrocopters were taken as the object of research. The study was carried out in the airfield of the laboratory of unmanned aerial systems of the SUAI. Fragments of the program code for the implementation of autonomous piloting in Python are given. The flight mission consisted in the formation of the letters SUAI in space. The article discusses the necessary hardware, instrumental systems and camera modes of operation for fixing the movement of the quadcopter. As a result of the reserch, special photographs of the movement of the quadrocopter are taken and the permissible range of positioning errors is determined for performing the flight task. Key words: unmanned aerial vehicles, quadrocopter klever, autonomous flight, trajectory motion control, setting the trajectory of motion, aruco markers, positioning error, spatial movement.

Traveling waves for a cholera vaccination model with nonlocal dispersal

In this paper, we study the existence and nonexistence of a nonlocal dispersal cholera model with vaccination. First, we explore the existence of traveling wave solution whenR0 > 1andc ≥ c∗by using the Schauder's fixed‐point theorem associated with the upper‐lower solutions. Moreover, the Lyapunov functional is used to show the boundary asymptotic behavior of traveling wave solution. Furthermore, in the case whenR0 > 1andc < c∗, we show that the model system has nonexistence of traveling wave solution on the basis of the Laplace transform. At last, we discuss how the spatial movement and vaccination affect the minimal wave speed.

DANÇANDO-INVESTIGANDO A ARQUITETURA DE ZAHA HADID SOB UMA PERSPECTIVA COREOLÓGICA

Este artigo expõe a pesquisa-criação em dança inspirada pela obra da arquiteta iraquiana-britânica Zaha Hadid, com enfoque na perspectiva coreológica a partir da qual a mesma se desenvolveu. Teve como base teorias de Rudolf Laban, em interligação com os autores Gaston Bachelard e Maxine Sheets-Johnstone, informando os conceitos de imaginação espacial, imaginação corporal e imaginação de movimento. A pesquisa seguiu a abordagem metodológica da Prática como Pesquisa, valorizando o protagonismo do corpo dançante criativo e favorecendo trânsitos dialógicos verticais – corpo-intelectualidade, prática-teoria, criação-crítica – e transversais – entre os campos dos Estudos Coreológicos, estudos da dança, arquitetura, filosofia e artes visuais. Assim, objetivou-se valorizar o campo da dança como articulador de relações interartísticas e interdisciplinares. São descritos e discutidos o processo de materialização no corpo dançante da inspiração inicial por obras de Hadid, a dinâmica espiralada da pesquisa na figura do Anel de Moebius, as interrelações transversais entre os elementos da pesquisa e a processualidade e os desdobramentos da dança-investigação.Palavras-chavesDança. Arquitetura. Coreografia. Processo Criativo. Prática como Pesquisa.

Effects of visual inputs on neural dynamics for coding of location and running speed in medial entorhinal cortex.

Neuronal representations of spatial location and movement speed in the medial entorhinal cortex during the 'active' theta state of the brain are important for memory-guided navigation and rely on visual inputs. However, little is known about how visual inputs change neural dynamics as a function of running speed and time. By manipulating visual inputs in mice, we demonstrate that changes in spatial stability of grid cell firing correlate with changes in a proposed speed signal by local field potential theta frequency. In contrast, visual inputs do not alter the running speed-dependent gain in neuronal firing rates. Moreover, we provide evidence that sensory inputs other than visual inputs can support grid cell firing, though less accurately, in complete darkness. Finally, changes in spatial accuracy of grid cell firing on a 10 s time scale suggest that grid cell firing is a function of velocity signals integrated over past time.

Controlled Traffic Farming: An Approach to Minimize Soil Compaction and Environmental Impact on Vegetable and Other Crops

Mechanized farming for vegetable production has evolved as an integral part of commercial agriculture during the past few decades. As a first step towards mechanized farming the use of tractors in Indian agriculture has increased by 528% during the period 1990–91 to 2018–19 from 0.15 to 0.8 million/year. Undoubtedly, use of such technologies has made vegetable as well as foodgrain production a profitable venture by easing land preparation, weed management and other intercultural operations, crop harvesting, etc. However, their continuous use in production fields has resulted in the substantial compaction of soil along the wheel lines of tractors and similar heavy machinery. Reports indicate a significant yield loss (13–73%) owing to soil compaction because it restricts root penetrance into the soil, limiting nutrient and water uptake by the plants, and also potential water stagnation, which can limit the normal activities of respiring roots leading to retarded plant growth and root diseases. In this context, control traffic farming (CTF), which aims to reduce the area affected by the operation of heavy machinery that otherwise lead to soil compaction, brings a substantial value to the current global focus of sustainable and precision farming. CTF attempts to restrict the spatial movement of machinery wheels to fewer operation lanes during and across production cycles for a long time and allows specifically the undisturbed areas of soil for crop production. Research confirms a significant improvement in crop yield in different crop production systems worldwide and reduction in methane emission due to soil absorption (372–2100%) compared to random traffic farming. In this article, we discuss the advantages of CTF in terms of root growth, nutrient mobilization and energy efficiency of the vegetable production system, and also argue on its scope in the Indian context, given the situation that no or only a few studies have been reported from the country.

Hydrothermal combination and geometry control the spatial and temporal rhythm of glacier flow

The dynamic response of glacier to atmospheric change has varied both spatially and temporally. While some of this variability is likely related to regional climate signals, the geometry of this particular glacier also appears to be important. In this study, we investigated the hydrothermal conditions and geometric controls on the temporal and spatial evolution of Baishui River Glacier No.1's velocity from 2012 to 2019. To do this, we combined field investigations and remote sensing observations to measure the velocity of the glacier, and factors controlling this velocity. Annual changes showed that, from 2012 to 2019, the Baishui River Glacier No. 1 experienced continuous shrinkage, accompanied by decreasing ice velocities. Seasonal changes showed that the glacier velocity during the monsoon period was significantly higher than during the non-monsoon period. Spatially, the glacier's dynamic variability decreased toward its terminus, but increased toward the upper reaches of the glacier, along a longitudinal axis. We would suggest that the interannual velocity variation of Baishui River Glacier No.1 corresponded to thinning of the glacier, which in turn affected its gravitational force. Given that surface melt-induced basal lubrication, basal friction controlled by freezing rate, and dynamic thickening can alter seasonal patterns of movement, these variations may be important for understanding the seasonal evolution of this, and other glaciers. Our results further indicated that glacier width, slope, surface meltwater and crevasses were important constraints on any spatial movement patterns.

Pemodelan Pergerakan Mikroplastik di Selat Bali

The Bali Strait has an important role for the coastal society of East Java and Bali, because as a supplier of lemuru fish. However, the quality of lemuru fish is decrease due to the presence of plastic waste that flow into the Bali Strait. Plastic is a material that’s difficult to decompose, but by using oxidation or mechanical processes causing plastic break to micrometer. Microplastic will be more easily eaten and have a direct impact on the food chain and cause morphological damage or chemical effects that carried by plastic. Based on these problems, its important to conduct research on spatial and temporal microplastic movements in the Bali Strait. However, the wide area of the Bali Strait and the amount of time needed to collect data in the field directly, numerical modeling method was use to solve this problem by using the Finite Volume Ocean Coastal Model (FVCOM) modeled in 3-D and microplastic divided into 3 sizes (0.3 mm, 1 mm, 5 mm). Spatially the movement of microplastic with a size of 0.3 mm, 1 mm, and 5 mm has a relatively similar movement, but has different position based on depth. Temporally the highest total number of microplastic sites is in the potential area of Blimbing Sari catching in the third week, and the potential area for catching Bukit on second week. Whereas in the potential areas of capture Senggrong, Anyir, Watu Anyir and Pang-Pang Bay were not found microplastic.

Методи трекінгу земноводних

ntroduction: In this article, we present a literature review of modern, most common, and useful methods of amphibian tracking. Amphibians are the most sensitive group of animals and near 41 % of species are under the risk of extinction. Therefore, the research of spatial movements of amphibians is one of the most topical tasks of modern herpeto­logy. The information about the use of space is needed for practical protection of sensitive species of amphibians, for planning of protected areas, estimation of the potential danger for some groups of animals when designing infrastructure objects, such as roads. The movement studies gained popularity and have been undertaken since the second part of the 20th century. Such growth in the number of studies is related to the recent advances in radio-electronic technology that contributed to the creation of a range of instruments for automatic or semi-automatic tracking of individual animals. Unfortunately, most of such methods are still too expensive for scientists from developing countries. Thus, classical methods are still widely used. Results: We describe six methods of amphibians tracking: radioisotope tracking, automated radio telemetry, harmonic direction finding, radio frequency identification, fluorescent powder, spool tracking. Each of these methods allows collecting detailed information about spatial movements of individuals. Many of these tracking methods require using of a special tag, which is attached to an animal and used for its further detection. Different types of tags have identical functions but are based on different principles of use. Two of the described methods do not require using of tags and are cheap. These are fluorescent powder and spool tracking. In the article, we provide many links to grant programs and places where special equipment can be found. Conclusions: As a result of literature review, we created a table with concise information about all the described methods. Using this table one can choose the best method for an experiment. Keywords: amphibians, radiotelemetry, fluorescent powder, radioisotope tracking, spool tracking

Ecotourism spatio-temporal models to identify visitation patterns across the Indian Himalayan Region

Visitation patterns across protected areas of Uttarakhand, India reflect a unique amalgamation of natural, cultural and religious aspects of vulnerable mountain tourism destinations. These aspects act as predictors in determining visitation rates and identifying destination specific tourism models. Using the mixed methods approach based on field surveys, geotagged photographs and InVEST recreation tool, this study (1) maps the spatio-temporal movement of visitors across ten sampled protected areas of Uttarakhand (2) identifies predictor variables contributing to visitation across Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary (BWLS) of Uttarakhand (3) explores the visitors’ decision to recreate at specific locations across BWLS based on four tourism models and (4) determines the prevalent tourism model across BWLS. The visitation pattern assessment suggest Rajaji National Park as the most visited protected area in Uttarakhand, but the highest density of photographed location existed within the Corbett National Park. That, visitation to National Park outnumbers visitation to wildlife sanctuaries in Uttarakhand and preferably over the months of March–April (Spring) and October–November (Winter). Binomial logistic regression analysis on Flickr generated photographs reveals community-based ecotourism as the prevalent tourism model across Binsar. Human settlements and natural water springs of the sanctuary were key predictors affecting visitation in Binsar. The grounded nature of this research presents the ecotourism interacting variables addressing spatial movement of visitors across protected areas of critical importance, to manage tourism destinations sustainably.

Progressive threading of small holes based on mechanisms of parallel structures (MPS)

In the article the principles of construction of modern thread-cutting equipment based on mechanisms of parallel structures are considered. The optimal structure was identified and combined with a variant of the combination of MPS with the ability to simultaneously change the length of the rods and the coordinates of reference hinge, ensuring the implementation of a significant number of technological methods in the same workplace for one installation details. The principle of operation of the resulting hybrid thread-cutting machine with a combined MPS of a modular construction in which the executive body can perform a complex spatial movement is described. Based on morphological analysis and structural-layout synthesis, followed by optimization according to the criterion of reliability and economic efficiency, the hybrid layout of a six-spindle thread-cutting machine with MPS. The design of a precast plastically deforming tap of increased resistance is presented due to the possibility of multiple regrindings by shortening the worn-out section of the working part. The measures taken provide high performance, accuracy and quality of the obtained small-sized threads.

Spatial modeling and dynamics of organic matter biodegradation in the absence or presence of bacterivorous grazing

Biodegradation is a pivotal natural process for elemental recycling and preservation of an ecosystem. Mechanistic modeling of biodegradation has to keep track of chemical elements via stoichiometric theory, under which we propose and analyze a spatial movement model in the absence or presence of bacterivorous grazing. Sensitivity analysis shows that the organic matter degradation rate is most sensitive to the grazer’s death rate when the grazer is present and most sensitive to the bacterial death rate when the grazer is absent. Therefore, these two death rates are chosen as the primary parameters in the conditions of most mathematical theorems. The existence, stability and persistence of solutions are proven by applying linear stability analysis, local and global bifurcation theory, and the abstract persistence theory. Through numerical simulations, we obtain the transient and asymptotic dynamics and explore the effects of all parameters on the organic matter decomposition. Grazers either facilitate biodegradation or has no impact on biodegradation, which resolves the “decomposition–facilitation paradox” in the spatial context.

Motor vehicle driver injury severity analysis utilizing a random parameter binary probit model considering different types of driving licenses in 4-legs roundabouts in South Australia

A roundabout may not provide an acceptable level of control and can be confusing to inexperienced drivers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the contributing factors that lead to specific driver injury severity by utilizing a random parameter binary probit model sustained by different experiences of motor drivers at 4-legs roundabouts in South Australia. Four models were estimated based on seven years of crash data (2012–2018), considering different types of motorist-driving license: learner, provisional, full, and for all datasets, including unknown licensures. The model estimates variables have been categorized into a driver, crash, temporal, spatial, vehicle, roadway characteristics, and vehicle movements. The results showed there are differences between resulting crash-injury severities when driver experience has been observed. Besides, several parameters were found to be random and normally distributed: safety equipment, crash type (rear-end crash), number of involved vehicles, weekdays indicator, stats area (crash occurred within metropolitan), vehicle type (passenger car), and posted speed limit (more than 50 km/hr.). In addition, the log-likelihood and the transferability test indicated that the data should be separated and analyzed according to the driver's license. Findings can help authorities to improve driver safety considering the influence of the driver experience.

A Quadruple Diffusion Convolutional Recurrent Network for Human Motion Prediction

Recurrent neural network (RNN) has become popular for human motion prediction thanks to its ability to capture temporal dependencies. However, it has limited capacity in modeling the complex spatial relationship in the human skeletal structure. In this work, we present a novel diffusion convolutional recurrent predictor for spatial and temporal movement forecasting, with multi-step random walks traversing bidirectionally along an adaptive graph to model interdependency among body joints. In the temporal domain, existing methods rely on a single forward predictor with the produced motion deflecting to the drift route, which leads to error accumulations over time. We propose to supplement the forward predictor with a forward discriminator to alleviate such motion drift in the long term under adversarial training. The solution is further enhanced by a backward predictor and a backward discriminator to effectively reduce the error, such that the system can also look into the past to improve the prediction at early frames. The two-way spatial diffusion convolutions and two-way temporal predictors together form a quadruple network. Furthermore, we train our framework by modeling the velocity from observed motion dynamics instead of static poses to predict future movements that effectively reduces the discontinuity problem at early prediction. Our method outperforms the state of the arts on both 3D and 2D datasets, including the Human3.6M, CMU Motion Capture and Penn Action datasets. The results also show that our method correctly predicts both high-dynamic and low-dynamic moving trends with less motion drift.

Habitat preference, movements and growth of giant mottled eels, Anguilla marmorata, in a small subtropical Amami-Oshima Island river.

Although anguillid eel populations have decreased remarkably in recent decades, few detailed ecological studies have been conducted on tropical eels such as the giant mottled eel whose range extends across the whole Indo-Pacific. This species was studied throughout the entire 0.5 km mainstem reaches of Oganeku River on the subtropical Amami-Oshima Island of Japan over a two-year period using four sampling periods to understand its habitat preference, early life-stage dispersal process, movements, and annual growth using a mark-recapture experiment conducted with quantitative electrofishing. A total of 396 juvenile growth-phase A. marmorata eels were caught and tagged, with 48 individuals being recaptured at least once. Their density irrespective of size of eels was most strongly determined by distance from the river mouth, followed by riverbank type according to random forest models. Eel density decreased with increasing distance from the freshwater tidal limit located about 100–150 m from the river mouth. Eels preferred vegetated riverbanks, while they avoided those of concrete and sand. The density of small eels (total length: TL < 240 mm) was also associated with depth and velocity, with small eels tending to prefer riffle or run habitats. In contrast, large eels (TL ≥ 240 mm) were found in habitats of any depth and velocity. The TL of eels had a minimum peak at around the tidal limit, and it increased with increasing distance from the tidal limit. The observed density and size gradients of eels in relation to the distance from the river mouth suggested that A. marmorata initially recruited to freshwater tidal limit areas and then dispersed in both downstream and upstream directions. The growth rate of eels varied greatly among individuals that were at large for various periods of time and ranged from 0 to 163.2 mm/year (mean ± SD of 31.8 ± 31.0 mm/year). Of the recaptured eels, 52.1% were recaptured in a section that was different from the original capture section, and their mean ± SD distance travelled was 46.5 ± 72.5 m (median = 20 m). 47.9% of the eels were recaptured from the original section of capture (i.e., <10 m distances travelled), suggesting that they had strong fidelity to specific habitats with limited movements. The distance travelled of eels that had moved was greater for small eels (range = 10–380 m; mean ± SD = 84.4 ± 121.9 m) than large individuals (range = 10–120 m; mean ± SD = 30.9 ± 31.0 m), which indicates that the mobility of the eels declines as they grow. This is the first clear detailed documentation of the spatial distribution, growth, and movements of tropical eels in a small river system in relation to environmental conditions that provides an example of how future studies can be conducted in other areas to understand how conservation efforts can be most efficiently targeted for maximum success.

Vertical stratification of seed-dispersing vertebrate communities and their interactions with plants in tropical forests.

Vertical stratification (VS) is a widespread phenomenon in plant and animal communities in forests and a key factor for structuring their species richness and biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests. The organisms composing forest communities adjust and shape the complex three-dimensional structure of their environment and inhabit a large variety of niches along the vertical gradient of the forest. Even though the degree of VS varies among different vertebrate groups, patterns of compositional stratification can be observed across taxa. Communities of birds, bats, primates, and non-flying small mammals are vertically stratified in terms of abundance, species richness, diversity, and community composition. Frugivorous members of these taxa play important roles as seed dispersers and forage on fruit resources that, in turn, vary in quantity and nutritional value along the vertical gradient. As a consequence, plant-seed disperser interaction networks differ among strata, which is manifested in differences in interaction frequencies and the degree of mutual specialization. In general, the canopy stratum is composed of strong links and generalized associations, while the lower strata comprise weaker links and more specialized interactions. Investigating the VS of communities can provide us with a better understanding of species habitat restrictions, resource use, spatial movement, and species interactions. Especially in the face of global change, this knowledge will be important as these characteristics can imply different responses of species and taxa at a fine spatial scale.

RE/MAP 2.0 in Tokyo: drawing on local stories to draw out hidden realities

This article discusses the role of drawings in interdisciplinary visual research, especially the contribution of line drawings to investigative fieldwork. Citing precedents in Tokyo, the incorporation of sociological and ethnographic methods for architectural research is not new in Japan. RE/MAP 2.0, an exploratory workshop that brought participants from architecture and sociology together, uncovered the hidden realities of sub-metropolitan neighbourhoods in Central Tokyo affected by widespread urban restructuring in the lead up to Tokyo 2020. ‘Careful listening’ complemented the use of visual materials – in particular, researcher-based drawings – for fieldwork documentation. Line drawings produced by the workshop participants, though varied in style and form, contain a critical dimension. They graphically convey, through three case studies, the manipulated legibility of Roppongi, asynchronous spatial inhabitations and movements of street culture groups around Miyashita Park, and the intangible social networks fostered by intermediate wholesalers in Tsukiji for economic survival. Locating this collaboration in the discourse of visual studies practice reinforces the importance of not only interdisciplinary exchanges but also for doing research inclusively.

Approximate optimal method for controlling the angular motion of a spacecraft as part of an orbital tether system

An approximate optimal method for controlling the movement relative to the center of mass of a spacecraft as part of an orbital tether system is considered. The purpose of the control is to stabilize the spatial angular movement of the spacecraft relative to the direction of the tether connecting it to another spacecraft. If there is no control, the angular movement of the spacecraft relative to the direction of the tether may be unstable. This is primarily due to the disturbances that occur during the formation (deployment) of tether systems, as well as the internal small mass asymmetry of the spacecraft that inevitably occurs during its manufacture. An approximate optimal method for stabilizing the relative motion of a spacecraft on a tether is proposed, based on the Bellman dynamic programming principle and the averaging method. The averaging method is used for approximate solution of the Bellman partial differential equation, which allows in many cases to obtain the regulator’s equations in analytical form. An example of the application of this approach to stabilize the movement of a small spacecraft when deploying an orbital tether system is given.

I “Concetti spaziali per televisione” di Lucio Fontana: dalle proposte del Manifiesto Blanco ai primi ambienti

This essay investigates Lucio Fontana’s “Luminous Images in Movement”, realized by the artist in 1952, when the Manifesto of the Spatial Movement for Television was published. Analyzing little-known and new documents and re-examining the historical and artistic context in which they were born, the essay proposes a re-reading of these researches highlighting their environmental dimension. A case in point within a “pre-history” of the relationship between art and television, Fontana’s interest in the new television medium is thus included in the original path that from the Manifiesto Blanco leads the artist to the creation of his first pioneering “environments”.