Spatial Formation Research Articles

松嫩平原湿地植物群落多样性的环境梯度分布格局及控制因子

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 松嫩平原湿地植物群落多样性的环境梯度分布格局及控制因子 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202201150145 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央高校自主科研项目计划（2572019DF07） Environmental gradient distribution patterns of wetland plant community diversity and controlling factors in Songnen Plain Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: Supported by: The Independent Research Project of the Central Universities of China (2572019DF07) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:物种丰富度格局及其决定因素是生态学核心问题，但对其形成机制仍缺乏共识。为探究松嫩平原西部半干旱区沿湖岸至高地环境梯度（局地尺度）植物群落多样性分布格局及其决定因素，以沿该梯度依次分布的7种群落（狭叶香蒲沼泽、小香蒲沼泽、芦苇沼泽、草丛沼泽、拂子茅草甸、羊草草甸和榆树疏林）为对象，采用样带网格调查法及聚类分析法划分群落类型，测定物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性及其环境因子（水位、土壤含水率、有机质等），揭示群落多样性空间分布规律及其形成机制。结果表明，沿湖岸至高地环境梯度：（1）物种丰富度（2.00-18.00）和α多样性（Simpson指数0.12-0.90；Shannon-Wiener指数0.23-2.57和Pielou指数0.34-0.88）总体上均呈类似N字型分布（在下部深水生境狭叶香蒲沼泽最低、中下部季节性积水生境草丛沼泽最高、中上部湿润生境拂子茅草甸较低、上部沙丘干旱生境榆树疏林又较高）；（2）广义的β多样性（Jaccard指数0.56-0.96）可以分解成物种周转（丰富度没有变化的地点间的物种替代）和嵌套（物种贫乏地点是物种丰富地点子集时的物种差异）两个过程，其在该梯度上半段干旱生境和下半段浅水生境相对较高，且主要由周转过程控制。在常年积水生境上最低且仅由嵌套过程控制，而在环境梯度中间地段则由周转和嵌套过程共同控制；（3）物种丰富度和α多样性的主控因子沿该梯度发生了明显转换，在高水位区由水位、有机质和全磷共同控制；中水位区仅由速效磷控制；低水位区由pH和含水率控制。因此，松嫩平原半干旱区沿湖岸至高地环境梯度物种丰富度和α多样性存在明显的空间分布格局及具有较高的β多样性，且其主要形成机制为微地形创造局地空间环境异质性与物种库相互作用共同塑造了植物群落多样性，故在生物多样性管理实践中应对其空间分布格局完整性加以重点保护。 Abstract:Patterns and determinants of species richness are the central issues in ecology, but there is still a lack of consensus on their formation mechanisms. In order to explore the distribution patterns and determinants of community diversity along lakeshore-highland environmental gradient (local scale) in western Songnen Plain semi-arid region, species richness, α diversity, β diversity and environmental factors including water level (WL), soil water content (WC), organic matter (OM), etc. were measured by setting up sample belts and cluster analysis in seven communities (Typha angustifolia wetland, Typha minima wetland, Phragmites australis wetland, hassock wetland, Calamagrostis epigeios meadow, Leymus chinensis meadow and elm sparse forest) along this gradient, to reveal the spatial variation and formation mechanisms of community diversity. The results show that, along lakeshore-highland environmental gradient:(1) both species richness (2.00-18.00) and α diversity (Simpson index 0.12-0.90; Shannon-Wiener index 0.23-2.57 and Pielou index 0.34-0.88) showed a similar N-shaped distribution pattern (Typha angustifolia wetland was the lowest at the lower deep-water habitats, hassock wetland was the highest at the lower-middle seasonal inundated habitat, the lower at the middle-upper wet habitats of Calamagrostis epigeios meadow and the higher at the upper arid habitats of dune elm sparse forest). (2) We partitioned the generalized β diversity (Jaccard index 0.56-0.96) into two components:species turnover (species replacement among sites without changes in richness) and nestedness (species differences among sites when species-poor sites constitute subsets of those with a greater number of taxa). β diversity was relatively high at arid habitats located in upper half and shallow-water habitat located in lower half of the gradient, and it was mainly controlled by turnover processes. At the permanently inundated habitats, it was the lowest one, which is controlled only by nestedness processes. But in the middle of the environmental gradient, the turnover and nestedness processes control it togther. (3) The main controlling factors of species richness and α diversity were significantly converted along the gradient. The high water level area was jointly controlled by water level, organic matter and total phosphorus (TP), the medium water level area was controlled only by available phosphorus (AP) and the low water level area was jointly controlled by pH and water content. Therefore, there were obviously spatial distribution patterns of species richness and α diversity, and higher β diversity along lakeshore-highland environmental gradient in the Songnen Plain semi-arid region. Our results suggested that the main mechanism was the interaction between the local spatial environmental heterogeneity created by microtopography and the region species pool, which jointly shaped the plant community diversity. Thus, its spatial distribution patterns integrity should be protected in the practice of biodiversity management. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Assessment of Urban Spaces of Mixed-Use Areas and Their Role in Achieving Social Sustainability in Closed Urban Communities in Greater Cairo

The spatial formation of multi-use urban areas is one of the main reasons for the emergence of some positive or negative social phenomena among the population in Egypt, where the value of the urban space lies in the total social and cultural relations that arise in it and its ability to create opportunities for interaction between a different group of individuals. Hence, this research discusses the concept and evaluation of urban spaces in terms of the positives or negatives of multi-use areas and their role in achieving social sustainability in closed urban communities in Greater Cairo. Therefore, the study aims to evaluate mixed-use urban spaces, from a functional and social perspective, which is a tool to increase the social sustainability of urban communities in general and closed mixed urban communities in Egypt in particular. So that some conclusions and recommendations can be made on how to establish for mixed-use lands as a basic approach in sustainable urban development.

More on the Continuing Ambiguity in Understanding the Term “Special Economic Zone” under Russian Law

The legal institution of special economic zones established in the Russian Federation is of scientific interest due, on the one hand, to their continuing importance for achieving uniform and stable economic development of most territories within the country, and, on the other hand, to a consistent and correct understanding of the universal model of their organizational and legal structure. The purpose of the study is to describe and critically evaluate existing approaches to the definition of Russian special economic zones from a legal point of view in all their diversity. Research objectives: to present the historically formed source base of legal regulation of the institute of special economic zones in Russia; to study the views existing in Russian science on the legal nature of special economic zones; to give a comparative description of the main elements of the definition of the concept of “special economic zone”, enshrined in the current federal legislation; to understand the current rules of the territorial and spatial formation of special economic zones according to Russian legal norms; to draw a conclusion about the degree of development of a universal legislative approach to understanding the theoretical and legal essence of special economic zones in the Russian Federation. Research methods: synthesis, analysis, deduction, induction, historical and comparative legal methods. Research results and conclusions: currently, the legislator shows an unjustifiably differentiated approach to understanding the elements of the legal status of special economic zones, which leads to ambiguity in their interpretation. Domestic science also did not come to a single point of view on the designated issue. There are still some difficulties in the perception of legal guarantees for the implementation in practice of certain features of special economic zones, especially with regard to the obligation of their preferential nature and their permissible spatial and territorial limits.

Long-Haul mmWave Sky Links: A Multi-Hop NFP-Based Design and Analysis

Networked flying platforms (NFPs) have emerged as a favorable solution to extend the network coverage and/or capacity in temporary scenarios, such as disasters or mega-size events, thanks to their flexibility and cost efficiency. However, in order to provide a reliable multihop link through NFPs, multiple parameters should be considered and optimized, such as the antenna gains, and the number of NFPs required to achieve a certain level of quality of service (QoS). Furthermore, the design of such parameters when considering the hovering fluctuation of NFPs becomes more challenging. In this paper, we study the performance of a long millimeter wave (mmWave) link through multiple NFPs to connect a remote area with the core network taking into account the fluctuation of NFPs. In specific, we derive the outage probability (OP) for such a system under practical considerations, such as NFP fluctuation variance, realistic 3D radiation patterns, gaseous absorption losses, number and distribution of NFPs. Furthermore, we propose a spatial formation for NFPs to reduce interference along the path. Extensive simulations are provided to validate the analytical findings and to reveal insightful trade-offs that help in designing such links.

县域乡镇驻地空间形态演变研究——以曲阜市为例

县域乡镇驻地空间形态演变研究——以曲阜市为例

Border Formation

This doctoral thesis examines the militarisation of the Southern border of Hungary as a process of spatial formation, expanding the debate on borders from the political to the architectural arena. Combining spatial theory with empirical research on the case study, the thesis rethinks the border as a complex spatial system, with an agency of its own. From this perspective, it contests the enforcement of spatial boundaries from the above and related ideas of fixity. It brings attention to the agency of space in the advancement of a material becoming; the role of migration in the radical redefinition of meanings and functions of space; and the action of technologies in the strategic manipulation of measures and scales. While conceptualising the border as a space in formation, this thesis builds a diagrammatic method of study and moves the research in an ontoepistemological direction. With the aim of fostering a change in those structures that control the partition and governance of space, this doctoral study calls the discipline of architecture to review its questions, methods, and practices. It invites to use architectural knowledge to engage with borders’ complexity and challenge their established meanings and makings.

A proposed attention-based model for spatial memory formation and retrieval.

Animals use sensory information and memory to build internal representations of space. It has been shown that such representations extend beyond the geometry of an environment and also encode rich sensory experiences usually referred to as context. In mammals, contextual inputs from sensory cortices appear to be converging on the hippocampus as a key area for spatial representations and memory. How metric and external sensory inputs (e.g., visual context) are combined into a coherent and stable place representation is not fully understood. Here, I review the evidence of attentional effects along the ventral visual pathway and in the medial temporal lobe and propose an attention-based model for the integration of visual context in spatial representations. I further suggest that attention-based retrieval of spatial memories supports a feedback mechanism that allows consolidation of old memories and new sensory experiences related to the same place, thereby contributing to the stability of spatial representations. The resulting model has the potential to generate new hypotheses to explain complex responses of spatial cells such as place cells in the hippocampus.

Spatial Mapping of Gated Community-Based Housing Formations around Metro Stations at the Time of COVID-19 and a Residents’ View

At its peak period of the COVID-19 spread, this study investigates how transit-oriented sub-centered housing developments responded against the pandemic in line with the residents’ spatial experience and changing preferences. In this context, Batikent, a gated-community-based urban development and one of the successful urban residential projects realized in the 1980s in Ankara, Turkiye, was chosen as a case study. The four metro stations located on the same track in Batikent’s most densely populated areas were taken as reference points, and their surroundings, 1 km in diameter were spatially examined in terms of the housing types they host, and differences in their land coverages and building and population density, etc. A survey was carried out to examine the residents’ COVID-19 experience in line with spatial qualities. To match them against COVID-19 with the spatial patterns, both results were compared to the COVID-19 spread maps, collected for six months starting from October 2020 to March 2021. The spread risk was prominent in the places where the buildings are in closer proximity and increased interaction with the commercial networks. The results also suggest that perceived qualities of the residential environment are critical in dealing with extreme urban phenomena. Neither the spatial formation of the urban form nor the living habits change instantaneously but being aware of the capabilities of the spatial setting and properties which combat the pandemics helps with the spatial scale of the local adaptation process.

Distributed fixed-time sliding mode control of time-delayed quadrotors aircraft for cooperative aerial payload transportation: Theory and practice

This paper investigates a cooperative fixed-time control for networked-delayed and disturbed quadrotors in payload transportation missions. First, the input time-delayed tracking error system is adequately transformed into a delay-free system via Artstein’s reducing transformation. Second, a novel Distributed Cooperative Fixed-Time Stable Control Protocol (DCFTSCP) is proposed for the multi-quadrotor system to stabilize the geometrical spatial formation while carrying the payload. Furthermore, a disturbance observer is incorporated into the control framework to counteract the lumped disturbances and achieve the transportation task with a minimal swing. Overall, the designed DCFTSCP is able to stabilize the delayed tracking states at the origin in fixed-time uniformly to the Initial Conditions (ICs). It is worth mentioning that the proposed controller belongs to the homogeneous sliding mode control class. The reported related works rely on the bi-limit approximation method to prove the fixed-time convergence of the states. Nevertheless, this method suffers from a crucial shortcoming where it is unable mathematically to provide an explicit expression on the settling (convergence) time. In contrast, in the present study, the stability analysis is thoroughly investigated based on the algebraic Lyapunov tools, namely, Algebraic Lyapunov Equation (ALE) and Lyapunov Quadratic Function (LQF). Consequently, the upper-bound on the convergence-time is explicitly derived for the first time for time-delayed quadrotors aircraft used in cooperative payload transportation. MATLAB® simulations and real flight experiments are conducted to corroborate the theoretical studies of the paper. Overall, the results show that the proposed control protocol yields performance improvement regarding fixed-time tracking stability featuring fast transient, strong robustness, and high steady-state precision. In addition, the undesirable chattering problem of regular linear sliding mode control is noticeably attenuated. Furthermore, unlike conventional terminal sliding mode control techniques, the control input is singularity-free. Finally, several challenging issues in cooperative fixed-time control for networked-delayed quadrotors are highlighted for future research.

The regional difference, dynamic evolution, and multidimensional inequality of China's ecological environment quality from the concept of ecological resilience.

Based on the concept of ecological resilience, this paper systematically constructs an evaluation system of ecological environment quality and dynamically measures the ecological environment quality (EQI) and its dimensional oriented indices: environmental pollution production (PPI), environmental pollution management (PMI), and ecological environment restoration (ERI). Then, the dynamic evolution of EQI, PPI, PMI, and ERI could be analyzed by the kernel density estimation and Markov chain, and the multidimensional inequality and its sources of ecological environment quality are studied by Maasoumi index. The main conclusions are as follows: China's EQI shows a tendency of slow growth despite swings. In terms of dimensional-oriented indices, PPI exhibits a slow decreasing trend, and PMI and ERI exhibit an ongoing upward trend. There are showing signs of sustained improvement of EQI across regions, especially in the southwest and northwest. Meanwhile, EQI has the evolutionary characteristics of increasing internal regional synergy and inter-regional differentiation effects. The multidimensional inequality of EQI shows a downward trend first and then an upward trend, and its contribution decreases in turn with "PPI-ERI-PMI." There are obvious differences in the multidimensional inequality of EQI across regions. The intra-regional inequality is absolutely dominant. The marginal contribution of this paper is to construct an evaluation framework of ecological environment quality based on the concept of ecological resilience and to conduct empirical research on China's ecological environment quality, so as to further explain the spatial distribution, evolutionary path, and formation mechanism of China's ecological environment quality.

Self-driven and directional transport of water during hydrate formation: Potential application in seawater desalination and dewatering

Hydrate-based desalination has attracted considerable attention as an innovative desalination process without extra pollution; however, the slow kinetics of hydrate formation and the difficulty of separating solid hydrate from liquid brine hinder the industrialization of this technology. Hydrates exhibit water absorption effects and can be formed above silica sand beds to promote separation. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying the self-driven and continuous directional transport of water during hydrate formation is unclear. In this study, the spatial and temporal formation behavior of hydrate in quartz glass beads were observed using a nuclear magnetic resonance system. The results revealed that not all types of guest molecules capable of forming hydrates exhibited the hydrate water absorption effect. The interfacial tension between the hydrate and bound water provided capillary driving force for water migration. Large particle sand had larger pore channels for water migration and low initial water saturation will inhibited water migration. The results of this study improve the understanding of water migration during hydrate formation in porous media. Our findings have significant potential for the application in desalination, sludge dewatering processes, and gas capture.

Neuromorphic model of hippocampus place cells using an oscillatory interference technique for hardware implementation

In this paper, we propose a simplified and robust model for place cell generation based on the oscillatory interference (OI) model concept. Aiming toward hardware implementation in bio-inspired simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) systems for mobile robotics, we base our model on logic operations that reduce its computational complexity. The model compensates for parameter variations in the behaviors of the population of constituent theta cells, and allows the theta cells to have square-wave oscillation profiles. The robustness of the model, with respect to mismatch in the theta cell’s base oscillation frequency and gain—as a function of modulatory inputs—is demonstrated. Place cell composed of 48 theta cells with base frequency variations with a 25% standard deviation from the mean and a gain error with 20% standard deviation from the mean only result in a 20% deformations within the place field and 0.24% outer side lobes, and an overall pattern with 0.0015 mean squared error on average. We also present how the model can be used to achieve the localization and path-tracking functionalities of SLAM. Hence, we propose a model for spatial cell formation using theta cells with behaviors that are biologically plausible and hardware implementable for real world application in neurally-inspired SLAM.

Research on the Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Urban Tourism and Leisure: Taking Tai’an City as an Example

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current problems and formation mechanism of the tourism and leisure hotspots in Taian City and explore how to optimize the tourism and leisure hotspots in Taian City so that they can become new growth poles for urban development and transformation and upgrading.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - Taking the Chinese tourist and leisure city of Tai’an as an example, this study analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of the tourist and leisure hotspots in Tai’an through POI data and visualization techniques and explores the formation mechanism of the city’s tourist and leisure industry.
 Findings - The “host and guest sharing” is an important positioning for creating urban tourism and leisure space, and guiding the intensive growth of the city has become the focus of practice.
 Research Implications - In the context of cultural and tourism integration, grasping the development pattern of tourism and leisure hotspots through big urban data is of great practical significance to scientifically guide the layout of urban tourism and leisure industries, as well as to meet the dual demands of residents and tourists for leisure space at the same time.

Effects of Clearance and Operating Conditions on Tip Leakage Vortex-Induced Energy Loss in an Axial-Flow Pump Using Entropy Production Method

Abstract Tip leakage flow (TLF) is a typical flow phenomenon in the internal flow of axial-flow pumps that has a serious impact on their safety and stability. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to investigate the influence of various tip clearances and operating conditions on the characteristics of the tip leakage vortex (TLV) and energy loss of a prototype of a vertical axial-flow pump. First, based on entropy production theory, the TLV-induced energy loss is quantitatively studied. The entropy production rate caused by turbulence dissipation (EPTD), which is caused by pulsating velocity, contributes the most to the total energy loss. The EPTD at the impeller is principally distributed on the leading edge of the blade due to the influence of the tip clearance. Then, the spatial shape and trajectory of the core of the TLV are discussed, and their correlations with pressure and vorticity are investigated to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of TLVs. With increasing tip clearance, the trajectory of the vortex core extends radially outward, and the low-pressure area near the blade tip is consistent with the trajectory of the core of the TLV, which accompanies high vorticity. Fundamentally, pressure gradients and flow separation at the leading edge are the root causes of the TLVs. Lastly, the spatial evolution of TLVs under different calculation schemes is discussed by utilizing the vorticity transport equation, demonstrating that the Coriolis force (CORF) is the main factor that affects the location of a TLV, whereas the vorticity stretching term (VST) has a greater influence on the vorticity variation rate of the TLV than the CORF and plays a predominant role in the spatial development of the TLF.

Examining similarity indicators in six planned capital cities from Africa and Asia: a qualitative research technique

There is little research-based evidence regarding the similarities and differences in urban plans and urban forms, regarding urban planning and design, between planned capital cities in Africa and Asia. In recognition of the establishment of planned capital cities on these continents, this article limited its case studies to six planned capital cities of the Global South, in the post-independence and post-crisis period. By using bibliometric analysis, snowballing technique, and content analysis approaches, this study determines data sources, including books, journals, city reports, and internet blogs. The results show that these planned capital cities are similar in their urban plans: geographical, socio-cultural and demographic dimensions (location, size, and population densities), historical context of societies, and their goals and aspirations. Meanwhile, urban forms have similarities and differences based on paradigms, organization and spatial formation, spatial arrangement of activities, and architectural artefacts. This study suggests a conceptual and phasal framework, which combines planning history and theory in the first phase, and urban planning and design implementations in the second phase. The results demonstrate how considering our framework can limit similarities in the urban plans and urban forms of planned capital cities. This framework can guide urban planners and designers in academia and professional practice.

Doors, privacy and the public sphere: a conceptual discussion on the spatial structure of early modern Istanbul

Abstract The aim of this article is to offer a new conceptual framework for the study of various spaces in Istanbul during the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. I contend that rather than the sharp distinction manifested with the public–private dichotomy, we need to focus on gradations of privacy. I offer qāpū and bāb as two new concepts borrowed from the period's own repertoire for representing the macro and micro ends of the spatial gradation. Theoretically, I draw on George Simmel's definition of doors as the interfaces of spatial formation.

Literary and cultural (re)productions of a utopian island: Performative geographies of colonial Shamian, Guangzhou in the latter half of the 19th century

: In the second half of the 19th century, Shamian was established and developed as a colonial island enclave in the Chinese city of Guangzhou. Simultaneously, literary and cultural imaginations, depictions, and narrations of the place produced a discourse of Shamian as a utopian island: geographically insular and bounded, environmentally beautiful and peaceful, socially exclusive and harmonious, and technologically progressive and advantageous. This paper examines contemporaneous (predominantly English) literary and cultural representations of Shamian as a colonial utopia and their interrelations with the island’s spatial formation and evolution. These texts (primarily written and pictorial descriptive, nonfictional accounts) reflected the spatial reality but also promoted spatial practices that reinforced the physical utopian island. This process exemplifies the theories of performative geographies in island studies and intertextuality in geocriticism, showing how a place’s spatial representations and reality are mutually constructed. Adopting a conceptual model of intertextual performative geographies, this paper investigates the dynamic interplay of these literary and cultural texts with the spatial reality, arguing that literary and cultural representations of Shamian (re)produced the colonial enclave as a utopian island, both conceptually and practically.

The Relationship Between Cultural Space and Power in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Rusya, Sovyetler Birliği’nden önceki Çarlık Döneminde oldukça çalkantılı bir süreç yaşamış, dönemin siyasal olayları ve sosyal yapılanmalarının izleri toplum üzerinde olduğu kadar topluma hizmet eden yapılarda da yoğun şekilde görülmüştür. Sovyetler Birliği’nin kurulmadan önceki Çarlık döneminde Feodal yönetim yaşanmış, ardından da ülkede sosyalist sisteme geçilmiş ve her iki dönemde de barınma halkın en büyük sorunlarından biri olmuştur. Bu makalede, Çar Dönemi ve Sovyetler Birliği’nde uygulanan farklı politikaların mimariyi ne şekilde etkilediği, dönemlere göre nasıl yön değiştirdiği incelenmiştir. Mutlak Monarşinin yıkılıp yerine Sovyetler Birliği’nin kurulması ile uygulanmaya başlanan sosyalizm, Sovyetler Birliği Dönemi’nde farklı politik süreçler geçirerek çeşitli değişimlere maruz kalmıştır. Farklı liderlik ve rejim süreçleri geçiren ülkenin konut ve kültürel yapıları ve yapılara yansıyan liderlik ideolojisi kültürel boyutta araştırılmıştır. Çarlık Döneminden başlayarak Lenin ve Stalin döneminin kültürel yapıları seçilmiştir. Liderlerin mekânsal biçimlenme ve politika doğrultuda konut ve kültürel mekânları üzerindeki etkisi ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır.

Distribution Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Highly Mineralized Groundwater in the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia

As the largest artesian irrigation area in northern China, the Hetao Plain is also one of the major grain-producing areas in China. Meanwhile, there is a large amount of highly mineralized groundwater resulting in the soil salinization and desertification in this region. In addition, this study also uses the traditional hydro-geochemical methods to investigate the spatial evolution characteristics and formation mechanisms of highly mineralized groundwater. The results indicate that there is a large amount of highly mineralized groundwater (salinity > 3 g/L) in the shallow aquifer over the Hetao Plain. As far as the spatial patterns are concerned, there are significant spatial differences. In accordance with the structural, paleogeographic, landform, and hydrogeological conditions, the highly mineralized groundwater in the Hetao Plain can be divided into five zones, namely, the front fan depression, the north bank of the Yellow River, Xishanzui, Hasuhai in the Hubao Plain, and Dalad banner on the south bank of the Yellow River. Among them, the highly mineralized groundwater of Xishanzui exhibits the largest value of the salinity > 10 g/L. The main cations are Mg2+ and Na+, while the main anions are Cl− and SO42−. Moreover, the groundwater in the highly mineralized area contains a large amount of I−. According to the analysis of Piper, Gibbs diagrams of groundwater, the proportion coefficients of various components and the indication of isotope, it can be seen that most of the chemical ions in groundwater in the highly mineralized zone come from evaporation-concentration, which are mainly affected by climate, sedimentary environment, hydrogeological conditions and hydrology. The source of high mineralization in Xishanzui are different from other high mineralization regions, and the highly mineralized groundwater in Xishanzui is formed by the infestation of deep underground salt brine. These results can provide scientific basis for the rational allocation of regional water resources and the promotion of water resources development and utilization.

Visualizing chemical indicators: Spatial and temporal quality formation and distribution during black tea fermentation

Fermentation is a key black tea processing step and makes an important contribution to quality formation. Current approaches to fermentation monitoring are costly or laboratory-based. Here, we first evaluated the potential of at-line computer vision for detecting fermentation quality in a tea factory. A self-built industrial camera was used to collect tea samples at various fermentation durations. The correlations of color variables that were extracted from the images with key quality indicators in the tea samples were verified. Subsequently, partial least-squares regression models based on the color variables showed high prediction accuracy with residual prediction deviation values of 4.13, 3.53, and 3.39 for catechins, theaflavins and chlorophylls, respectively. Finally, the spatial and temporal distributions of indicators during fermentation were mapped to visualize the fermentation quality. This study realized low-cost, at-line and real-time detection for black tea fermentation, which provides technical support for the industrial and intelligent production of black tea.