Spatial Environment Research Articles

Prediction approach on pedestrian outdoor activity preference under factors of public open space integrated microclimate

This study conducted measurements of microclimates and investigations of spatial environments and human activities in six typical waterfront public spaces in Shanghai. The aim was to explore the synergistic influence mechanism of public open space (POS) integrated microclimate (POSIM) on pedestrians’ activities to predict the utilization of public space. The measurement period was during the spring and early summer when outdoor activities were more diversified. 121 observation points were set up in urban waterfront public spaces, and an outdoor activity characteristic database of 25,583 people was established. In addition, multiple linear regression and nonlinear neural network models were introduced to analyze data from different types of activities to calculate the fitness of the models and the influence weights of the variables. The results indicated that the neural network had stronger predictive ability for the spatial integration of microclimate demands of different activities. The prediction degree for strolling and sitting activities was the highest, with R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.704 and 0.844, respectively, while the prediction degree for viewing and sports activities was lower (R2 < 0.5). This study integrated the synergistic influence of urban waterfront public open spaces and microclimates factors on pedestrian outdoor activities to predict the preference patterns of different activities for spatial types. Focus on the requirements of space occupants, this study analyzed the public space environment from the bottom up and provided reference and inspiration for subsequent design optimization of urban waterfront areas.

Dual credit assignment processes underlie dopamine signals in a complex spatial environment

Animals frequently make decisions based on expectations of future reward ("values"). Values are updated by ongoing experience: places and choices that result in reward are assigned greater value. Yet, the specific algorithms used by the brain for such credit assignment remain unclear. We monitored accumbens dopamine as rats foraged for rewards in a complex, changing environment. We observed brief dopamine pulses both at reward receipt (scaling with prediction error) and at novel path opportunities. Dopamine also ramped up as rats ran toward reward ports, in proportion to the value at each location. By examining the evolution of these dopamine place-value signals, we found evidence for two distinct update processes: progressive propagation of value along taken paths, as in temporal difference learning, and inference of value throughout the maze, using internal models. Our results demonstrate that within rich, naturalistic environments dopamine conveys place values that are updated via multiple, complementary learning algorithms.

COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey

We present the survey design, implementation, and outlook for COSMOS-Web, a 255 hr treasury program conducted by the James Webb Space Telescope in its first cycle of observations. COSMOS-Web is a contiguous 0.54 deg2 NIRCam imaging survey in four filters (F115W, F150W, F277W, and F444W) that will reach 5σ point-source depths ranging ∼27.5–28.2 mag. In parallel, we will obtain 0.19 deg2 of MIRI imaging in one filter (F770W) reaching 5σ point-source depths of ∼25.3–26.0 mag. COSMOS-Web will build on the rich heritage of multiwavelength observations and data products available in the COSMOS field. The design of COSMOS-Web is motivated by three primary science goals: (1) to discover thousands of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (6 ≲ z ≲ 11) and map reionization’s spatial distribution, environments, and drivers on scales sufficiently large to mitigate cosmic variance, (2) to identify hundreds of rare quiescent galaxies at z > 4 and place constraints on the formation of the universe’s most-massive galaxies (M ⋆ > 1010 M ⊙), and (3) directly measure the evolution of the stellar-mass-to-halo-mass relation using weak gravitational lensing out to z ∼ 2.5 and measure its variance with galaxies’ star formation histories and morphologies. In addition, we anticipate COSMOS-Web’s legacy value to reach far beyond these scientific goals, touching many other areas of astrophysics, such as the identification of the first direct collapse black hole candidates, ultracool subdwarf stars in the Galactic halo, and possibly the identification of z > 10 pair-instability supernovae. In this paper we provide an overview of the survey’s key measurements, specifications, goals, and prospects for new discovery.

Resilience of Living Streets in Small and Medium-Sized Towns: A Grounded Theory Study of Yixing, China

In the context of the global fine-grained urban renewal initiative, living streets closely related to people’s lives have become a hot topic. This study provides a comprehensive framework for addressing prominent issues such as the limited adaptability and inability to accommodate development in living streets. It explores the value and design innovation points of incorporating resilience concepts in the renewal of living streets. Taking the living streets in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, as an example, the grounded theory approach was employed to conduct in-depth interviews and three-level coding of the data to systematically elucidate the influencing factors and implementation paths of resilience in living streets. The study reveals that the resilient development of living streets is influenced and constrained by six factors: positive values, demand factors, spatial environment, contextual factors, operation and management, and resilience characteristics. Each of these six main dimensions encompasses multiple subcategories and the factors influencing living streets’ resilience through different mechanisms. Building upon the guidance-demand-design-context-operation pathway model for enhancing the resilience of living streets in small and medium-sized towns in the Jiangnan region, the study proposes new perspectives such as correct orientation, adaptability to change, and a balance between rigidity and flexibility tailored explicitly to the enhancement of resilience in living streets. These novel perspectives contribute to the theoretical research achievements on the resilience development of living streets in small and medium-sized towns in the Jiangnan region of China to a certain extent. Furthermore, these findings hold significant implications for attaining SDG11, which emphasizes sustainable urban development.

Panel of sensitive mapping experiments with respect to various sources of information

Abstract. Sensitive mapping corresponds to a process of making maps by consciously integrating personal subjectivity about a space during observation and visualization. The approach is mobilized to express emotions, sentiments and opinions associated to a spatial environment as well as a mean to be attentive to this environment based on the five senses. The objective of the work is to explore the relations between sources of information about a space and resulted maps. Three sensitive mapping experiments implemented during the seminar in sensitive mapping in École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) are described. Different sources are used: direct observation, audio records and texts. The maps made by the participants were analyzed according to the criteria of the chosen material, the conceptualization of space, the scale and extent, the selection and display of information. Specificities and similarities between maps helped formulating hypotheses about the role of map-makers and the apprehension of space depending on the sources. Direct observation implied that the map-maker is physically in a space. Subjectivity can be seen on the maps through little completeness of the landscape features and display of emotions, sentiments and opinions. Audio records and texts implied that the map-makers did not go into the space. Maps contain relative completeness and details of information from the sources, mainly regarding landscape features. Interpretations by map-makers appeared more in the design than in the information selection. Sources of information can thus be considered complementary and sensitive mapping experiments can combine them to gather knowledge and perceptions about a space.

GNSS Surface Occlusion Model Analysis Based on Different Fitting Functions

Accuracy and reliability are determining factors when selecting where to place a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver for landslide monitoring and early warning in real time. Previous studies have revealed that surface occlusion models (SOMs) are beneficial to reduce the multipath error of satellite observation when the satellite line of sight is near the ground and improve the accuracy and reliability of GNSS monitoring. This paper investigates fitting functions to determine appropriate SOMs for GNSS stations located in different spatial environments. Based on their similarity to terrain patterns, Gaussian, Fourier, and sum of sine functions were chosen to build SOMs for the rover sites with different occlusions; the performance of fitting accuracy and application on the positioning were analyzed. The results indicate that the three functions present a similar performance considering the goodness of fit, but the Fourier and sum of sine functions can significantly improve the efficacy of SOMs and enhance performance in positioning for landslide monitoring. Therefore, these two functions can effectively support accurate and reliable GNSS landslide monitoring in real time.

Multiscale Dynamic Modeling for Spatial Radiation Environment Specification Models

The objective of this work is to study the feasibility of developing a stochastic specification model of the radiation environment near Earth, taking into account both the short-term dynamics (a few weeks) and the long-term dynamics (solar cycle). Extending from a previous work, we have developed a generic model for the average particle fluxes at the different timescales, and with confidence levels accounting for the natural variability of the radiation belts. We show that this new model can account for the dynamics of the fluxes of both protons and electrons, and for various orbit, such as LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit).

Using the EEG+VR+LEC evaluation method to explore the combined influence of temperature and spatial openness on the physiological recovery of post-disaster populations

Natural disasters have always been a substantial threat to human survival and development. Due to climate change, the number of weather-related disasters has more than doubled worldwide, further emphasizing the need for research on post-disaster environments. However, conducting comprehensive studies in actual disaster settings poses a number of challenges. This study proposes a novel approach that combines electroencephalography (EEG), virtual reality (VR), and laboratory environmental control (LEC) to investigate the joint effects of temperature and spatial openness on the psychological recovery of post-disaster populations. The integration of these techniques provided a controlled and immersive experimental environment for simulating post-disaster scenarios. This study conducted a controlled group experiment focusing on two variables in post-disaster environments: temperature range and spatial openness. Three temperature ranges were selected for the temperature condition: high (30 °C–36 °C), mid (22 °C–28 °C), and low temperature zones (12 °C–20 °C); the temperature environments were controlled by LEC. In terms of spatial openness, three levels were chosen: temporary emergency shelters (enclosed space), the semi-outdoor area of the emergency building (BBBC) designed by the project team (semi-open space), and open natural environments (open space). This research then established a temperature-spatial openness matrix. The study involved emotional recovery experiments for nine patterns of post-disaster environments, using physiological parameters such as EEG, skin conductance, and heart rate, as well as psychological parameters established through subjective questionnaires. The findings of this study will be beneficial for efficiently and reasonably optimizing human-centered spatial environment designs in post-disaster situations featuring limited resources.

Study on the Correlation between User Emotional Benefits and their Perception of Campus Outdoor Spaces

There exists a certain correlation between spatial environments and emotional fluctuations, and emphasizing research on campus outdoor spaces holds significant importance in promoting students' emotional well-being. Based on relevant theoretical foundations, this study aims to explore the relationship between students and other users' perception of campus outdoor spaces and their emotional characteristics. The survey focuses on students and other campus users at Yunnan University of Finance and Economics. Firstly, it investigates their perspectives on outdoor space perception and its influence on emotions. Secondly, through questionnaires, the study gathers information about the subjects and their emotions. Building upon this data, the emotional characteristics of campus users in outdoor spaces are analyzed from multiple aspects. Finally, using the SPSS method, the study explores the correlation and influencing patterns between campus outdoor space perception and users' emotions, while proposing campus outdoor space planning and design strategies to enhance individual emotional benefits. This research provides a scientific basis for improving campus outdoor environments and enhancing students' emotional well-being.

Reversible Modulation of the Electronic and Spatial Environment around Ni(0) Centers Bearing Multifunctional Carbene Ligands with Triarylaluminum.

Designing and modulating the electronic and spatial environments surrounding metal centers is a crucial issue in a wide range of chemistry fields that use organometallic compounds. Herein, we demonstrate a Lewis-acid-mediated reversible expansion, contraction, and transformation of the spatial environment surrounding nickel(0) centers that bear N-phosphine oxide-substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes (henceforth referred to as (S)PoxIms). Reaction between tetrahedral (syn-κ-C,O-(S)PoxIm)Ni(CO)2 and Al(C6F5)3 smoothly afforded heterobimetallic Ni/Al species such as trigonal-planar {κ-C-Ni(CO)2}(μ-anti-(S)PoxIm){κ-O-Al(C6F5)3} via a complexation-induced rotation of the N-phosphine oxide moieties, while the addition of 4-dimethylaminopyridine resulted in the quantitative regeneration of the former Ni complexes. The corresponding interconversion also occurred between (SPoxIm)Ni(η2:η2-diphenyldivinylsilane) and {κ-C-Ni(η2:η2-diene)}(μ-anti-SPoxIm){κ-O-Al(C6F5)3} via the coordination and dissociation of Al(C6F5)3. The shape and size of the space around the Ni(0) center was drastically changed through this Lewis-acid-mediated interconversion. Moreover, the multinuclear NMR, IR, and XAS analyses of the aforementioned carbonyl complexes clarified the details of the changes in the electronic states on the Ni centers; i.e., the electron delocalization was effectively enhanced among the Ni atom and CO ligands in the heterobimetallic Ni/Al species. The results presented in this work thus provide a strategy for reversibly modulating both the electronic and spatial environment of organometallic complexes, in addition to the well-accepted Lewis-base-mediated ligand-substitution methods.

Evaluation of Flood Mitigation Physical Examination in Zhengzhou City from the Perspective of Resistance

In recent years, the study of urban flood resistance has included the perspectives of spatial environment and multiple elements of urban space, which break through the limitation of only focusing on engineering measures in traditional disaster prevention. The article constructs a flood prevention and mitigation index system under the perspective of resistance based on the basic work of urban physical examination and ignoring the variability of population size affected by floods in different regions. It also takes 6 districts and 6 counties under the jurisdiction of Zhengzhou City as the research object, combines the relevant data of 12 cities, uses the entropy weight method and the coefficient of variation method to determine the index weights comprehensively and introduces the barrier degree diagnosis model. This article carries out urban flood control and disaster reduction special physical examination, considers resistance obstacle factors and promotes strategy analysis and research. The results show that from the perspective of spatial distribution, the flood control and flood mitigation resistance of Zhengzhou City is in a “differential” distribution state and the high resistance areas are Erqi District, Jinshui District and Gongyi City. In general, the resistance index in the southwest region was higher than that in the northeast region and there was a significant difference between urban areas and counties, showing a medium-high and medium-low resistance status. From the results of the study, to improve the level of resistance to flood mitigation in each city, it is necessary to focus on the main obstacle factors that hinder the development of the city and to fundamentally improve the level of resistance to create a more livable and healthier city according to local conditions.

Universal Sub-Nanoreactor Strategy for Synthesis of Yolk-Shell MoS2 Supported Single Atom Electrocatalysts toward Robust Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

The coordination structure determines the electrocatalytic performances of single atom catalysts (SACs), while it remains a challenge to precisely regulate their spatial location and coordination environment. Herein, we report a universal sub-nanoreactor strategy for synthesis of yolk-shell MoS2 supported single atom electrocatalysts with dual-anchored microenvironment of vacancy-enriched MoS2 and intercalation carbon toward robust hydrogen-evolution reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that the "E-Lock" and "E-Channel" are conducive to stabilize and activate metal single atoms. A group of SACs is subsequently produced with the assistance of sulfur vacancy and intercalation carbon in the yolk-shell sub-nanoreactor. The optimized C-Co-MoS2 yields the lowest overpotential (η10 =17 mV) compared with previously reported MoS2 -based electrocatalysts to date, and also affords a 5-9 fold improvement in activity even comparing with those as-prepared single-anchored analogues. Theoretical results and in situ characterizations unveil its active center and durability. This work provides a universal pathway to design efficient catalysts for electro-refinery.

Universal Sub‐Nanoreactor Strategy for Synthesis of Yolk‐Shell MoS2 Supported Single Atom Electrocatalysts toward Robust Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

AbstractThe coordination structure determines the electrocatalytic performances of single atom catalysts (SACs), while it remains a challenge to precisely regulate their spatial location and coordination environment. Herein, we report a universal sub‐nanoreactor strategy for synthesis of yolk‐shell MoS2 supported single atom electrocatalysts with dual‐anchored microenvironment of vacancy‐enriched MoS2 and intercalation carbon toward robust hydrogen‐evolution reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that the “E‐Lock” and “E‐Channel” are conducive to stabilize and activate metal single atoms. A group of SACs is subsequently produced with the assistance of sulfur vacancy and intercalation carbon in the yolk‐shell sub‐nanoreactor. The optimized C−Co−MoS2 yields the lowest overpotential (η10=17 mV) compared with previously reported MoS2‐based electrocatalysts to date, and also affords a 5–9 fold improvement in activity even comparing with those as‐prepared single‐anchored analogues. Theoretical results and in situ characterizations unveil its active center and durability. This work provides a universal pathway to design efficient catalysts for electro‐refinery.

Classification of the Human Image in the Eastern Halychyna Monumental Art of the Early 20th Century

Eastern Halychyna has always been a territory on the border between the cultural paradigms of the East and the West. At the end of the 19th - the first third of the 20th cen. this region became the center of the multicultural environment formation, where certain typological groups of anthropomorphic images were determined at the regional-provincial level. It was reflected in monumental art, in particular temple murals, stained glass and mosaics, as well as architectural decor and monumental sculptural plastic, such as monuments and plastic tombstones. The subject of this research is the characteristic features of the images of the Human in the interiors, exteriors and spatial environment of the cities, towns and villages of Eastern Halychyna of the Early 20th century. The relevance of this topic arises from the fact that, as a result of long-term silence, concealment and destruction, the artifacts of the outlined period have been introduced into scientific circulation only in the last three decades and require not only a final description and fixation, but also analysis and systematization, which have not yet been fully carried out. At the same time, the monumental art of that time developed on the basis of art synthesis, therefore there is actually a need to outline certain pictorial typological groups for their classification and more detailed study. The research method is the classification of the most characteristic images, taking into account the philosophical and aesthetic principles of contemporary anthropomorphic imagery and the artistic and stylistic features of the work of artists of the specified period. Main scientific issue is in the circulation and research of several little-known works of monumental art of Eastern Halychyna of the first third of the 20th cen. and the formation of several typological groups of human images as proposal for their classification. It is based on the analysis of the largest and most representative examples of the monumental art of Eastern Halychyna in sculpture and painting of that time. In conclusion three large typological groups were formed: biblical-mythological, historical (national)-symbolic and symbolic-impersonal images in the monumental art of Eastern Halychyna of the Early 20th century.

The influence of the physical environment on social behavior, school climate, and bullying in schools

ABSTRACT Bullying is a prevalent issue in American schools with short and long-term consequences for the students involved. Across the extensive anti-bullying literature, the emphasis has been on the social and behavioral aspects of bullying, largely to the exclusion of the physical environment. Implementing an ecological psychology framework, this study aims to shed light on the relationship between the spatial environment of schools and the prevalence of bullying. Following a comprehensive review of relevant literature, experienced school architects were interviewed as key informants. Thematic analysis of these interviews was used to investigate how school planning and design might exacerbate or alleviate bullying. The results suggest that there are a variety of ways that the spatial planning and design of the physical settings in schools is related to the occurrence of bullying and that it is essential that there be more research on this issue by planners, designers, geographers, and environmental psychologists.

Tourists’ Perception of Macau’s City Image: Based on the Analysis of User-Generated Content (UGC) Text Data

City image reflects urban culture and communication and influences tourists’ travel behavior. However, based on field investigations, it was found that Macau’s city space currently faces issues such as an imbalance in practical use efficiency, an overload of historical urban areas, and a mismatch between tourist numbers and spatial capacity. To further understand tourists’ travel experiences and influencing factors in Macau, this study uses user-generated content (UGC) textual data and takes the Macau Special Administrative Region in China as a case study. The ROST CM6.0 software and grounded theory analysis method are utilized to analyze the perceptual content and underlying influencing mechanisms of city image from the perspective of tourists. The research results show that: 1. Tourists’ perception of Macau’s city image mainly stays at the intuitive and superficial level, represented by individual landscapes such as the “Ruins of St. Paul’s”, “Grand Lisboa”, and “Galaxy”. 2. Tourists’ perception of Macau’s city image can be summarized into four main dimensions: architectural and landscape image, cultural and historical image, economic and commercial image, and spatial governance and public service image. 3. Negative aspects of tourists’ perception of Macau’s city image include infrastructure perception, tourism service perception, urban experience perception, and urban safety perception, with spatial scale perception being the most influential factor. Finally, this study proposes effective measures to optimize urban spatial resource allocation, improve urban infrastructure, enhance the spatial environment of the old city, strengthen the promotion of historical culture, improve urban transportation convenience, and enhance urban safety to provide references for enriching the theory of city image perception research and the development of urban tourism in Macau.

Integration of single‐cell transcriptome and proteome technologies: Toward spatial resolution levels

AbstractCells are basic building blocks of life with vast heterogeneity. Nowadays, the rapid development of single‐cell multiomics (scMulti‐Omics) has facilitated comprehensive understanding of gene regulatory networks, cellular characteristics, and temporal dynamics. However, simultaneous analysis of transcriptome and proteome at single‐cell level still faces huge challenges due to their differences in molecular modalities. Recent technological advances in single‐cell manipulations, barcoding, and ultrasensitive instrument recently offer unprecedented opportunities for the co‐profiling of genes and proteins. In this review, multiple types of single‐cell isolation, lysis, and molecular separation technologies are first introduced. Second, various approaches for co‐measurement of transcriptome and proteome in single‐cells are summarized, with their advantages, limitations, and capacity for targeted or unbiased deep analysis. Then we highlight the cutting‐edge spatial multiomics methodologies that operate at the single‐cell or subcellular resolution level, providing a comprehensive understanding of cell function and heterogeneity within the tissue spatial environment. The emerging biomedical applications of multiomics are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of this field are proposed.

Winged Things: Insects and Birds as Flying Messengers in Céline Arnauld's Poetry

The metropolis and the machine are the epitome of modernity in the avant-garde but in the interstices of the cityscape the natural world persists. In the disrupted Dada poems of Céline Arnauld, from the 1920s through to the 1940s, collisions between the man-made and natural environment produce sparks of lyrical beauty and of anxiety. The skyline is punctuated both by aeroplanes and birds; the roar of trains and buzz of insects clash in soundscapes. From wasps to doves, Arnauld’s winged things frequent and transcend the anthropocentric environment. Unbound by man-made borders, they range across temporal and spatial environments, the real and imaginary. This essay considers how Arnauld used her flying messengers to negotiate complex experiences and ecologies of modernity. Albeit mapped to temporal moments in the twentieth century, it emerges that her points of enquiry and tensions – from migration to war, freedom to precarity – are startlingly relevant one hundred years later.

Urban 3D spatial thermal environment simulation and comparative analysis of Chinese ancient/modern typical garden based on CFD

ABSTRACT Gardens plays an important role in mitigating effects on the wind-heat environment, and their scientific planning and layout are of great significance to the improvement of the urban ecological environment and the local microclimate of the city. However, there are few studies of quantitative analysis of the impact of landscaping and their layouts on the urban wind-heat environment. Therefore, taking Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, Beijing Summer Palace, Suzhou Jingsi Garden and Beijing Taoranting Park as study area, we carried out a study of 3D spatial wind and thermal environment simulation of classical gardens and modern gardens based on high-resolution remote sensing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The mitigating effects including cooling intensity and the maximum mitigation distance are calculated. By analysing the overall of mitigating effects of classical/modern gardens on the surrounding thermal environment, we found that, compared with the shape index, the water area and the area of green planting are the main factors affecting the wind and heat environment.Comparing the quantitative simulation results, it was found that the maximum cooling value of the Summer Palace was 2°C higher than that of Taoranting Park by 1°C. The cooling distance in the downwind direction of the Summer Palace is as high as 1 km, which is 800m longer than that of Taoranting Park. Comparing the influence of the spatial layout differences of modern gardens, the results show that the cooling effect of Taoranting Park in Beijing is better than that of Jingsi Garden in the south. The maximum cooling value of the Jingsi Garden is only 0.2°C, and the cooling distance in the downwind direction is 200m.

Assessment of lands for cassava (&lt;i&gt;Manihot esculenta&lt;/i&gt; Crantz; Euphorbiaceae, Magnoliopsida) cultivation using the AHP-GISRemote Sensing technique

The objective of present study was to assess the physical land capacity for an annual cassava crop, aiming to understanding spatial parameters and environment parameters required for locating potential areas of cassava cultivation. According to FAO guidelines, a spatial model was built to assess the potential land for facilitating sustainable cassava production through the integration of the AHP-GIS-Remote Sensing method. The present study showed that the land analysis indicatedthat the high potential land was 6101.1 ha (8% total area), concentrated in the middle and eastern part of the study area. These areas face limitations for the cultivation of cassava due to climatic conditions of the minimum temperature of the coldest month (P3 &lt; 14°C), average annual sunny hours (P5 &lt; 1500 h) and potential factors for providing quality products (LULC, annual precipitation and soil pH are the most significant factors). The areas of cassava crop cultivation were simultaneously reduced. Still, the reason for that has been not dependent on the physical environmental conditions, the limiting factors from the domestic market, backward processing technology, and the purchase price of raw cassava may possibly play a prominent role in the local farms.