Uniformity Of Spatial Distribution Research Articles

Highly adaptive multi-modal image matching based on tuning-free filtering and enhanced sketch features

The generalizability and adaptiveness of multi-modal image matching (MMIM) techniques are hampered by the nonlinear radiometric differences that vary in a highly non-uniform manner across different modal combinations. A major challenge is the extensive filter tuning required by many filter-based matching methods to mitigate the impact of radiometric aberrations. Additionally, the low correct matching rate resulting from the non-repeatability and low similarity of local or detailed features presents another significant obstacle. In this paper, we introduce a novel MMIM framework, called Adaptive Matching with enhanced Edge Sketches (AMES), for reducing manual interference in filter parameter configuration and improving the correct matching rate of extracted feature points. Specifically, AMES trains a support vector regression model to adaptively predict the optimized filtering parameters for each test image using its internal statistical factors as input. We also propose a sketch feature enhancement method, based on fusing multi-scale moment maps through principal component analysis, for cross-modal adaptive feature point extraction. We generate matching results by applying feature descriptors within the Log-Polar window and performing outlier removal following a coarse-to-fine strategy. In an evaluation involving four datasets comprising 1055 image pairs with 26 different cross-modal combinations, the assessment of 10,599 manually measured checkpoints demonstrates that AMES surpasses the state-of-the-art in terms of success rate, correct matching rate, point coverage, average matching accuracy, and spatial distribution uniformity. Our source code and multi-modal image datasets are publicly available at https://dpcv.whu.edu.cn/zm1/gksjj.htm.

Performance of a Drip Irrigation System under the Co-Application of Water, Fertilizer, and Air

The co-application of water, fertilizer, and air is a new water-saving irrigation method based on drip irrigation technology, which can effectively alleviate the phenomenon of soil rhizosphere hypoxia, improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, and inhibit the clogging of irrigation equipment in drip irrigation systems. The performance of drip irrigation systems is one of the important factors affecting the effectiveness of the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air. However, the impact of factors such as the aeration method, fertilization device, and working parameters on the performance of drip irrigation systems for the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air is still unclear. Therefore, based on two typical aeration methods, i.e., micro-nano and Venturi aeration, the performance of a drip irrigation system under the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air was studied by comparing and analyzing the effects of different aeration methods, working pressures of the drip irrigation system, and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of fertilizer irrigation on the spatial distribution uniformity of water, fertilizer, and air in the drip irrigation pipeline network. The results showed that the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of fertilization irrigation had no significant impact on system performance, while the working pressure significantly affected system performance. Compared with the effective effect of Venturi aeration on system performance, micro-nano aeration can significantly affect drip irrigation system performance and effectively improve drip irrigation system performance. The micro-nano-aerated drip irrigation system with the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air under a working pressure of 0.1 MPa has better system performance. The research results are of great significance for revealing the mechanism underlying the impact of the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air on the performance of drip irrigation systems and constructing efficient drip irrigation technology for the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air.

Constructing a synergistic catalyst by confining Pd within a MOF using an extended “bottle-around-ship” protocol

Developing confined heterogeneous catalytic systems with diverse and evenly dispersed active sites is a hot research topic for various applications. However, the issues related to the agglomeration of active nanoparticles, spatial distribution uniformity of active nanoparticles, and coverage of active sites with the participation of surfactant or organic ligand restrict the activity or selectivity. In this work, a confined catalyst Pd(PPh3)4@MOF-808-150 was successfully prepared through a host-guest assembling strategy followed by thermal activation to enhance the rigidity of the catalyst. The synthesized catalyst is employed to generate β-ketoenamines in the cascade reaction involving nitro-reduction and sequential condensation. This catalyst effectively resolves the electronic preference conflict of the two catalytic steps by isolating the different active sites, demonstrating excellent activity and high chemoselectivity. It is generally applicable to the synthesis of many β-ketoenamines, with up to 16 kinds of products that have been successfully prepared with conversion and selectivity up to 99%. The extended synthesis method holds significant potential for developing the nanoconfined catalyst without surfactant encapsulation.

Spatial distribution and influencing factors of high-quality tourist attractions in Shandong Province, China.

Optimizing the spatial layout of high-quality tourist attractions is of great significance in the sustainable development of the tourism industry. This work employs the ArcGIS spatial analysis tool to study the form, equality, and density of the spatial distribution of the 892 3A+ tourist attractions (high-quality tourist attractions hereafter) in Shandong Province, China. It also examines the factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourist attractions from the perspectives of geographic features and landscapes, culture and heritage, socioeconomic development, and transportation. We therefore find the following: 1) High-quality tourist attractions in Shandong Province have obvious clustering in spatial distribution with the high-density areas mainly concentrated in Qingdao, Jining, Jinan, Tai'an and other cities. Influenced by resource endowment and economic development, the two major geographical areas in Central Shandong and Jiaodong Peninsula have the most concentrated distribution of high-quality tourist attractions. 2) The distribution of high-quality tourist attractions shows a southwest‒northeast clustering direction; Qingdao is a high-high clustering area, and Heze is a low-high clustering area with low uniformity of spatial distribution and obvious spatial divergence. 3) Tourist attractions show an obvious "N" type high-density distribution belt and nuclear density distribution across the three existing agglomeration centers in the Jining-Tai'an intersection, Binzhou-Dongying intersection, and Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay coast. 4) Topography, climate conditions, history and culture are intrinsic factors affecting the spatial distribution of tourist attractions, while socioeconomic and transportation conditions are external requirements for the development thereof; collectively, they constrain the spatial distribution of high-quality tourist attractions.

The turbulent flame structure in a steam diluted H2/Air micromix flame

In order to safely organize hydrogen flame with low NOx emission in traditional gas turbines and industrial burners, an attractive combustion technology is the steam diluted micromix combustion technology. The effects of equivalence ratio (φ), steam dilution ratio (D) and nozzle diameter (d) on the turbulent flame structure in a steam diluted H2/air micromix flame were investigated experimentally with a 10 kHz high-speed OH∗ chemiluminescence imaging system to detect the instantaneous flame zone. With the increase of equivalence ratio (φ) or the decrease of steam dilution ratio (D), the overall OH∗ signal intensity and the area of OH∗ signal increase. The maximum OH∗ signal intensity along the axial direction (Z) is distributed far from the nozzle outlet with the increase of nozzle diameter (d). Two types of flame were found for time-averaged images, namely the anchored flame and the lifted flame. And the increase of hydrogen velocity could lead to the changing of flame from anchored to lifted due to lower uniformity of the fuel-air mixture at the nozzle outlet. The instantaneous flames for larger nozzle diameter appear as “M” or “V” shape, and the changing of flame shape indicates an unstable combustion. This was further discussed with the OH∗ spatial distribution uniformity (SDU) and its variation determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) parameter.

The Effects of Stochastic Circular Pores on Splitting Tensile Behavior of Concrete Based on the Multifractal Theory

Concrete naturally contains a large number of circular-like stochastic pores which weaken the tensile strength of concrete and change the crack propagation path. This study investigates the influences of the size distribution and the spatial distribution of stochastic pores on the fracture behavior of concrete based on the splitting tensile test. The mesoscale model of concrete containing coarse aggregate, mortar, interface transition zone (ITZ), and circular pores is established to simulate the crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence of concrete. Concrete samples with a single hole are prepared to verify the effectiveness of the numerical simulation method. Numerical tests are conducted on numerous mesoscale concrete samples with various porosities, pore size distributions, and pore spatial distributions. The numerical simulation results indicate that the tensile strength decreases with the increase of pore size at the same porosity. Based on multifractal theory, a quantitative indicator to describe the spatial distribution uniformity of concrete stochastic pores is proposed. There is a positive correlation between the spatial distribution uniformity of stochastic pores and the tensile strength. The stochastic circular pores can have a profound effect on the concrete’s fracture pattern, which results in three typical macro-crack patterns in the numerical simulation of the splitting tensile test. The presented results deepen the understanding of the influence of stochastic circular pores on the tensile mechanical properties of concrete and provide a reference for the design of concrete structures.

Effect of pore structure on shear resistance and chloride transport of macro-synthetic fiber reinforced concrete

This study proposes a method for the quantitative characterization of the complexity and uniformity of pore structure, and explores the effect of macro-synthetic fiber inclusion on the shear resistance and chloride transport of concrete from the perspective of pore structure. First, the shear capacity and chloride migration coefficient of normal concrete and macro-synthetic fiber reinforced concrete with fiber content of 3, 4.5, 6, and 9 kg/m3 were tested. Next, the porosity and pore size distribution were determined using the Rapidair 457 pore structure analyzer. The complexity of the pore structure was quantified using the fractal dimension calculated from the pore structure scans. The uniformity of spatial distribution of pores was quantified by the standard deviation of pore frequency. The results showed that increasing the fiber content increased the shear resistance and chloride transport of concrete while increasing the complexity and uniformity of pore structure. High-fidelity correlations between shear resistance and pore structure uniformity, chloride transport and pore structure complexity were established. This study will promote the fundamental understanding of concrete pore structure and properties for the development of high-performance fiber reinforced concrete.

Morphology and structure evolution of multilayered Ge/Si quantum dots grown by magnetron sputtering

The authors prepared multilayered Si-based Ge quantum dots (Ge/Si QDs) by using the magnetron sputtering technique and reported the corresponding morphology evolution by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The increased temperature can improve the Si-isolated-layer crystallinity and Ge atom mobility to increase the density, size, and spatial distribution uniformity of top-layer QDs. The morphology and vertical correlation between the layers of QDs at different temperatures exhibited different phenomena or laws, and had been explained in this paper. The authors’ work made it possible to control the quality of multilayer QDs by high-rate deposition technology and laid a foundation for the industrial production of multilayer QDs in the future.

Advance Time to Determine Injection and Flushing Times in Drip Fertigation

Drip fertigation has shown unquestionable benefits in recent decades compared to traditional farming fertilization practices. However, a fertilizer dissolved in the irrigation water must be evenly distributed in the fertigated area. Irrigation system and fertigation system characteristics and operational management potentially affect the uniformity of fertilizer and water distribution. Advance time (AT), which is an intrinsic and determinable characteristic of the irrigation system, has not been assessed as a useful technical criterion for managing the uniformity of fertilizer distribution in drip fertigation. The objective of this study was to assess the use of advance time as a technical criterion for determining the duration of injection time and flushing time that provides a satisfactory uniformity of spatial distribution of the fertilizer in drip fertigation. Therefore, the distribution uniformity of potassium chloride (KCl) fertilizer and water was evaluated at six injection times equivalent to 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200% AT, and two flushing times equivalent to 100 and 200% AT through Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU). The used drip irrigation system had 10 drip strips with 12.5 m length, a flow rate of 1.40 L h−1 per dripper, and AT of 12.5 min. The injection solution was prepared with 40 g L−1 of KCl. The results indicate that the distribution uniformity of KCl improved significantly with increasing injection time. The injection time of 200% AT promoted the greatest uniformity of distribution of KCl with CU of 0.977 and DU of 0.962. The flushing time of 100% AT was sufficient to rinse the irrigation system and promoted a satisfactory spatial distribution uniformity with a CU of 0.983. In both tests, the uniformity of irrigation water distribution was satisfactory, with CU of 0.988 and DU of 0.982 (average). Advance time is an intrinsic characteristic of the irrigation system that is useful in determining the duration of injection time and flushing time in a more technical way for drip fertigation with satisfactory spatial distribution uniformity of the fertilizer.

Semisolid Pharmaceutical Product Characterization Using Non-invasive X-ray Microscopy and AI-Based Image Analytics.

This work reports the use of X-ray microscopy (XRM) imaging to characterize the microstructure of semisolid formulations containing multiple immiscible phases. For emulsion-based semisolid formulations, the disperse phase globule size and its distribution can be critical quality attributes of the product. Optical microscopy and light diffraction techniques are traditionally used to characterize globule size distribution. These techniques are subjected to sample preparation bias and present challenges from matrix interference and data processing. XRM imaging is an emergent technique that when combined with intelligent data processing has been used to characterize microstructures of pharmaceutical dosage forms including oral solid formulations, controlled release microspheres, and lyophilized products. This work described our first attempt to use XRM imaging to characterize two complex emulsion-based semisolid formulations, a petrolatum-based ointment with a dispersed phase comprising a hydrophilic liquid, and an oil-in-water cream. This initial assessment of technology showed that microstructure details such as globule size distribution, volume fraction, spatial distribution uniformity, inter-globule spacing, and globule sphericity could be obtained and parameterized. It was concluded that XRM imaging, combined with artificial intelligence-based image processing is feasible to generate advanced characterization of semisolid formulation microstructure through 3D visualization and parameterization of globule attributes. This technique holds promise to provide significantly richer microstructure details of semisolid formulations. When fully developed and validated, it is potentially useful for quantitative comparison of microstructure equivalence of semisolid formulations.

Multicriteria Optimal Latin Hypercube Design-Based Surrogate-Assisted Design Optimization for a Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machine

This article proposes an efficient surrogate-assisted design optimization method based on a multicriteria optimal Latin hypercube design (LHD) for multi-objective optimization of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet vernier machine (SPMVM). An improved iterated local search (ILS) method is proposed to optimize the spatial distribution uniformity and orthogonality of LHDs so that the data feature over the wide ranges of optimization variables can be captured more efficiently. Using the optimal LHD, a highly generalizable surrogate model can be trained with fewer samples, thus greatly reducing the required number of finite element analysis (FEA) cases and improving the optimization efficiency. A prototype corresponding to the optimal design is built and measured to validate the proposed method.

秸秆机械化还田技术研究现状与发展趋势综述

As the application of agricultural mechanized production technology becomes more and more extensive, the application of mechanized straw returning technology has become more and more valuable. The mechanized return of straw to the field is a time-saving and labor-saving technology. It is an effective way to achieve sustainable agricultural development and is of great significance to the development and progress of modern agriculture. This article analyzes the current research status of mechanized straw returning to the field, discusses the process structure and characteristics of different mechanized straw returning methods, and focuses on the analysis of the composite technology of straw returning to the field. At the same time, the key problems of straw returning to the field, such as the length of straw not meeting the standard, the shallow depth of straw returning to the field, and the uneven distribution of straw, are put forward and analyzed. By taking the cover and burial rate of straw on the soil surface and the spatial distribution uniformity of straw in the soil as the performance evaluation indexes of straw mechanized field return, each index is elaborated. Finally, two major development trends are proposed: the development of mechanized straw returning to the field from a single process to a composite process, and the effect of straw returning to the field towards uniform mixed burying and precise control.

Criticalquality attribute assessment of big brand traditional Chinese medicine: visualization method for quality control of Ginkgo Leaves Tablets based on spatial distribution uniformity

Spatial distribution uniformity is the critical quality attribute(CQA) of Ginkgo Leaves Tablets, a variety of big brand traditional Chinese medicine. The evaluation of the spatial distribution uniformity of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs) in Ginkgo Leaves Tablets is important in ensuring their stable and controllable quality. In this study, hyperspectral imaging technology was used to construct the spatial distribution map of API concentration based on three prediction models, further to realize the visualization research on the spatial distribution uniformity of Ginkgo Leaves Tablets. The region of interest(ROI) was selected from each Ginkgo Leaves Tablet, with length and width of 50 pixels, and a total of 2 500 pixels. Each pixel had 288 spectral channels, and the number of content prediction data could reach 1×10~5 for a single sample. The results of the three models showed that the Partial Least Squares(PLS) model had the highest prediction accuracy, with calibration set determination coefficient R_(pre)~2 of 0.987, prediction set determination coefficient R_(pre)~2 of 0.942, root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC) of 0.160%, and root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) of 0.588%. The classical least-squares(CLS) model had a greater prediction error, with the RMSEP of 0.867%. Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Square(MCR-ALS) model showed the worst predictive ability among the three models, and it couldn't realize content prediction. Based on the prediction results of PLS and CLS models, the spatial distribution map of APIs concentration was obtained through three-dimensional data reconstruction. Furthermore, histogram method was used to evaluate the spatial distribution uniformity of API. The data showed that the spatial distribution of APIs in Ginkgo Leaves Tablets was relatively uniform. The study explored the feasibility of visualization of spatial distribution of Ginkgo Leaves Tablets based on three models. The results showed that PLS model had the highest prediction accuracy, and MCR-ALS model had the lowest prediction accuracy. The research results could provide a new strategy for the visualization method of quality control of Ginkgo Leaves Tablets.

Critical quality attribute assessment of big brand traditional Chinese medicine: visualization of blending process for rare medicines in Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills based on spatial distribution uniformity

The spatial distribution uniformity of valuable medicines is the critical quality attribute in the process control of Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills. With the real world sample of the mixed end-point powder of Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills as the research object, hyperspectral imaging technology was used to collect a total of 32 400 data points with a size of 180 pix×180 pix. Spectral angle matching(SAM), classical least squares and mixed tuned matched filtering(MTMF) were used to identify the spatial distribution of rare medicines. MTMF model showed higher identification accuracy, therefore the spatial distribution of the blended intermediates was identified based on the MTMF model. The histogram method was also used to evaluate the spatial distribution uniformity of rare medicines. The results showed that the standard deviation was 4.78, 6.5, 3.48, 1.96, and 3.00 respectively for artificial bezoar, artificial musk, Borneol, Antelope horn and Buffalo horn; the variance was 22.8, 42.3, 12.1, 3.82, and 9.00, and the skewness was 1.26, 1.71, 0.06,-0.86, and 1.04, respectively. The final results showed that the most even blending was achieved in concentrated powder of Borneol, Antelope horn and Buffalo horn, followed by artificial bezoar, and last artificial musk. A visualization method was established for quality attributes of distribution uniformity in blending process of Tongren Niuhuang Qingxin Pills. It could provide evidences of quality control methods in the mixing process of big brand traditional Chinese medicine.

Chemical Concentration and Spatial Uniformity of a Premixing In-Line Injection System Attached to a Variable-Rate Orchard Sprayer

HighlightsA newly developed premixing in-line injection system attached to a variable-rate orchard sprayer was evaluated.Tests were conducted to verify the in-line injection system performance using a vertical spray patternator.Concentration accuracy and spatial distribution uniformity were determined with a fluorescent tracer.Uniform spray mixtures were obtained for different spray viscosities and duty cycle combinations.Abstract. Pesticide spray application efficiency is highly dependent on the chemical concentration accuracy and spatial distribution uniformity. In this study, the performance of a newly developed premixing in-line injection system was evaluated when it was attached to a laser-guided, pulse width modulated (PWM), variable-rate orchard sprayer. The chemical concentration accuracy was determined with respect to spray deposition with a fluorescent tracer, and the spatial distribution uniformity was determined with spray deposits at different heights on a vertical spray patternator. Outdoor tests were conducted with 27 combinations of target chemical concentration (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%), viscosity of the simulated pesticide (1.0, 12.0, and 24.0 mPa·s), and various spray outputs manipulated with PWM duty cycles. For each injection loop, the amounts of the chemical concentrate and water discharged into the mixing line were measured separately in response to preset target concentrations. The results showed that the measured concentrations were consistent across the patternator heights, spray viscosities, and duty cycle combinations. For all treatments, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the measured concentration was 6.96%, indicating that the concentration accuracy of the system was acceptable. The mean coefficient of variation was 3.35%, indicating that the spatial distribution uniformity of the system was in the desirable range. In addition, there was little variation in chemical concentration for spray mixtures collected at different heights on the patternator. Thus, the premixing in-line injection system could adequately dispense chemical concentrate and water to produce accurate concentrations and uniform spray mixtures for variable-rate nozzles to discharge to targets. Keywords: Environment protection, Precision pesticide application, Laser-guided sprayer, Tank mixture disposal, Specialty crop.

城市化下平原河流水系变化及空间响应

针对平原河网地区水系形态难以刻画并且受城市化的空间影响难以定量等问题，以太湖平原杭嘉湖地区为例，基于地形图获取的1980s与2010s水系数据和遥感影像等资料，运用多重分形理论及地理加权回归模型，定量揭示了20世纪80年代以来城市发展对河网水系演变的影响。结果表明：（1）杭嘉湖地区河网密度和水面率均呈减小趋势，衰减率分别为10%、13%；区内水系分布集中，均匀性下降；河流曲度降幅为0.5%，干流面积长度比在中、高城市化区域增幅较大。（2）水系变化对城市化的响应在空间上存在较为明显的异质性。城市化水平越低，水系形态演变越剧烈，空间分布不规则性越明显。（3）杭嘉湖地区存在"低-低"、"低-中"、"低-高"、"中-高"4种不同的城市化水平转变类型。城市化水平未发生转变时，水面率衰减更为剧烈，且水系空间分布均匀性下降，水系形态变化较大；城市化水平转变幅度越大，水系均匀化分布趋势越明显；受政策影响"中-高"发展区域仅河网密度变化较为明显。本研究将为城市河网水系保护和生态环境可持续发展提供科学参考。;With the rapid development of urbanization, the river network morphology in the plain area is harder to describe, not to mention the difficulty in quantifying the spatial influence of urbanization. Based on the data of river network in the 1980s and 2010s obtained by topographic map and the data of LUCC from remote sensing images, this paper quantitatively reveals the impact of urbanization on the river network since 1980s in the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou area of Taihu Lake Plain with the application of multifractal theory and geographically weighted regression model. The results show that: (1) both the density and water surface ratio of river network present a decreasing trend, and their attenuation rates are 10% and 13%, respectively. From the multifractal perspective, the distribution of the river network was concentrated and the uniformity was decreased. Besides, the river sinuosity decreased by 0.5%, and the main river area length ratio increased significantly in the moderately and highly urbanized areas. (2) The response of river network evolution to urbanization has obvious heterogeneity in space. The lower the urbanization level is, the greater the evolution of river network morphology is, and the more obvious the irregularity of spatial distribution is. (3) There are four different types of urbanization level transformation in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region: low-low, low-moderate, low-high, and moderate-high. When the urbanization level does not change, the spatial distribution uniformity decreases, the river network morphology changes greatly and the attenuation of water surface ratio is greater. Furthermore, the greater the transformation is, the more obvious the homogenization trend of river network distribution is. Due to the effects of policy, only river network density changes significantly in the moderate-high development area. This study will provide scientific support for the sustainable development of ecological environment, so as to protect the river network.

Enhancing effectiveness of tidal river management in southwest Bangladesh polders by improving sedimentation and shortening inundation time

Bangladesh, one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, is threatened by sea level rise (SLR) and land subsidence. The tidal river management (TRM) practised in coastal regions of Bangladesh has the potential to raise the land by sedimentation, to counteract SLR and subsidence. TRM is an indigenous method in which dikes are breached to readmit sediment-rich water into a polder, which results in sediment being deposited in depressions in the polder called ‘beels’, while simultaneously preventing silting-up of the tidal rivers. However, after several years of continuous sedimentation from TRM, deposition has been uneven and less than expected.To study the effectiveness of TRM, this research analyses different scenarios to identify which operation schemes most effectively trap sediment to raise the land surface. The scenarios developed considered the number of inlets, flow regulation through the beel using open inlets or gated inlets with different operation schemes, and seasonality. The study area was Pakhimara Beel in southwest Bangladesh, where TRM is ongoing. To simulate the scenarios, a two-dimensional (2D) morphodynamic model with variable cell size was set up, calibrated and used. The simulation results were analysed for total sediment deposition, uniformity of spatial distribution of sediment deposition and trapping efficiency.Sediment deposition shows clear seasonal variability, with greatest deposition in the pre-monsoon period, less during monsoon and least in the dry season. Greatest deposition combined with high spatial uniformity was found for TRM that uses two inlets located at opposite sides connected to different watercourses. Regulated flow using successively opened gates resulted in highest sediment deposition in all seasons, about double that of the existing situation without gate. However, given the complexity and cost of gate operation, TRM with two inlets located at opposite sides of the beel without flow regulation may be considered more feasible, and still effective despite 20–30% less sediment deposition. To also increase acceptability by local affected stakeholders we propose to restrict this improved TRM to the monsoon period, to allow crops to be grown on the land in the dry and pre-monsoon periods, and ensure salinity is minimized. Such well-planned TRM has the potential to also counteract sea level rise in sinking deltas elsewhere in the world by enhancing sedimentation.

2D microspatial distribution uniformity of photon detection efficiency and crosstalk probability of multi-pixel photon counters

Two-dimensional (2D) microspatial distribution uniformity of photon detection efficiency (PDE) and optical crosstalk probability Pct of multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs) is studied. The experimental results show that the 2D spatial distribution of Pct is obviously uneven, i.e. Pct is larger at the corners and edges of a single pixel in MPPCs, which suggest a higher electrical field in the depletion region of the pixel at the corners and edges. The nonuniformity of the 2D spatial distribution of PDE also become evident when the size of the pixels of MPPCs is small, which signifies higher nonuniformity of the electric field distribution in MPPCs with small pixel size. A method is proposed for characterization of the 2D electrical field spatial distribution uniformity in a single pixel of MPPCs, which can be used for guiding the optimisation of the fabrication process of MPPCs and their properties. This promising method can naturally be extended to any Geiger avalanche photodiodes (G-APDs) and their arrays.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of an attacker\u2019s strategy to pass a defender effectively in a computer-based one-on-one task

For modern humans, chase-and-escape behaviors are fundamental skills in many sports. A critical factor related to the success or failure of chase-and-escape is the visuomotor delay. Recent studies on sensorimotor decision making have shown that humans can incorporate their own visuomotor delay into their decisions. However, the relationship between the decision of an attacker and the visuomotor delay of a defender is still unknown. Here, we conducted a one-on-one chase-and-escape task for humans and investigated the characteristics of the direction changes of the attacker and the responses of the defender. Our results showed that the direction change of the attacker has two characteristics: uniformity of spatial distribution and bimodality of temporal distribution. In addition, we showed that the response of the defender did not depend on the position but it was delayed to the direction change of the attacker with a short interval. These results suggest that the characteristics of direction change of an attacker increased unpredictability, and it could be useful for preventing the predictive response of the defender and to receive the benefit of an extra response delay of tens of milliseconds, respectively.

LED filament standard lamp for total luminous flux with uniform spatial distribution

To measure the total luminous flux emitted by a light source, the standard lamp which provides an absolute value of the total luminous flux is used with a sphere-photometer. Many institutes have developed their standard lamps based on LED. However, it is difficult to acquire uniform light distribution like the traditional incandescent lamps. To solve this problem, a novel LED filament standard lamp for total luminous flux is developed. First, a luminous intensity distribution model of a single LED filament is established. Based on this model, a method to calculate the luminous intensity distribution of multiple LED filaments is derived. To evaluate the uniformity of a light source, a spatial distribution uniformity index is introduced. Second, the spatial distribution uniformity index of the developed standard lamp is calculated by simulation and the optimal design is obtained. Experiment shows that the LED filament standard lamp for total luminous flux with the optimal design obtained uniform luminous intensity distribution in 4π geometry.