Spatial Distribution Of Lead Research Articles

Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Uranium in Soils of Southern Louisiana

Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Uranium in Soils of Southern Louisiana

Land transportation influence on the spatial distribution of Lead (Pb) in urban soils of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Land transportation is a vital component of urbanization to promote economic activities in the society. But land transportation is also one of the major contributors of Lead (Pb) contamination in urban soils that might affect the health of the population. This study aims to look at the perspective of land transportation influence to spatial distribution of Pb in metropolitan Yogyakarta. We obtained 168 unique samples in grid manner and quantified its Pb concentration using ICP-AES. In relation, Inverse distance weighted (IDW) geostatistical technique is utilized to produce a spatial distribution map of Pb concentration and correlated to road density, traffic points, and transportation points perspective as a context of influence. The findings show that Yogyakarta City as highly urbanized and more land transportation activities compared to Sleman and Bantul regencies is a place of Pb contamination hotspots. Traffic areas, and Transport areas (e.g., fuel station, terminals, stopover hubs) are amplifying components of land transportation in the context of influence. Thus, land transportation sustainable urban planning is critical to address its growing influence in Pb spatial distribution in urban that might lead to population health issues upon circulating through food, air-breathing, or drinking.

Spatial Distribution of Lead in the Soil of Urban Areas Under Different Land-Use Types

Awareness of lead (Pb) distribution and zoning in urban, agricultural, and industrial areas is of particular importance in environmental protection planning. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the distribution of Pb in different uses with different levels of industrial development and human activities in urban areas in Hamadan during 2018. For this purpose, 146 soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depth and prepared for air-dried laboratory analyses. Then, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total Pb, and adsorbable Pb in the soil were measured. The results demonstrated that the mean concentration of total Pb is 88 mg/kg. In addition, the mean concentration of Pb in urban, industrial, and agricultural areas was 41 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 17 mg/kg, respectively. Further, the average concentration of adsorbable Pb with a standard deviation of 0.3 in industrial, urban, and agricultural areas was 0.38 mg/kg, 0.16 mg/kg, and 0.06 mg/kg. Land use was an important source of Pb change in the studied soils; however, Pb change did not depend only on land use. Factors such as weather conditions or proximity to roads, as well as previous land uses, could affect the role of existing land use and be effective in the distribution of soil Pb. Studies revealed that the amount of the soil’s adsorbable Pb is more important than that of total Pb in different uses, which should be considered in any soil-related research.

Assessment of the Contamination of Baghdad Soils with Lead Element

The present study aims to study the content and spatial distribution of lead (Pb) contamination in the soils of some Baghdad cities (Middle of Iraq). Twenty soil samples were randomly collected from different land-use in the studied area at a depth between 5 to 30 cm. Ten samples are collected from Al-Rissafa side areas (Adhamiya, Al-Wazeeria (Battery Manufacturer), Shikh Omer, Ziyouna, Karada, Shaab, Sadr city, Al-Za’franiya, Al-Dora expressway, and Alselikh ) and other ten samples are collected from Al-Krakh side areas Al-Dora, Al-Masafi junction, Al-Dora, Sayidia, Al-Salam university college, Al-Bayaa (Industrial District), Jehad, Amirya, Abu Ghraib, Al-hurriya, and Kadhimiya. The soil samples have been analyzed for the lead (Pb) with the utilization of the X-Ray Fluorescence. Based on the results, there is a notable difference in the concentration of Pb compared with the national and international permissible limits. The mean concentrations of Pb are 19507.5, 12.8, 2.2 mg/kg for industrial, roadside, and agricultural respectively and <1 for commercial, residential, and waste dumping sites. The high Pb concentration in the soils has been related to anthropogenic activities. Further, the spatial analysis map showed the high concentration of Pb distribution in the Al-Rissafa side of Baghdad city. The geoaccumulation factor and contamination factor indicate that all the soil samples are uncontaminated except the industrial sites are very high contamination with Pb. Also, by calculating the potential ecological risk, It has been found there is a very high ecological risk in the industrial sites, while a low ecological risk in other sites in the study area. The results showed that the average concentration of Pb in soil was greater than the global soil average.

Spatial distribution of lead (Pb) in soil: a case study in a contaminated area of the Czech Republic

For decades, the Příbram district in the Czech Republic has been affected by industrial and mining activities, which are the main sources of heavy metal pollutants and negatively affect soil quality. A recent study examined visible–near-infrared (VNIR), shortwave-infrared (SWIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to model soil lead (Pb) content in a selected area located in Příbram. Following that study, and using the data, we examined the spatial distribution of Pb content in the soil, with a combination of traditional techniques (Moran’s I, hotspot analysis, and Kriging). One of the novel points of this work is the use of the Getis–Ord hotspot analysis before the execution of Kriging interpolation to better emphasize clustering patterns. The results indicated that Pb was a spatially dependent soil property and through extensive in-situ sampling, it was possible to generate an accurate interpolation model. The high-Pb hotspots coincided with topographic obstacles that were modeled using topographic profiles extracted from Google Earth, indicating that Pb content does not always exhibit a direct relationship with topographic height as a result of runoff, due to the contribution of topographic steps. This observation provides a new perspective on the relationship between Pb content and topographic patterns. Highlights Different spatial analyses were executed to examine the spatial distribution of Pb Extensive in-situ sampling provided an accurate Kriging interpolation model of Pb Pb hotspots with field soil data were mapped with a high degree of certainty The Pb hotspots coincided with topographic obstacles modeled using Google Earth

Credit Access and Mobility during the Flint Water Crisis

How do credit-constrained communities cope with the financial consequences of environmental crises? Beginning in April 2014, the residents of Flint, Michigan, were exposed to lead-contaminated water resulting from a series of governmental missteps. In this paper, we use the spatial distribution of lead and galvanized pipes in Flint to study the effect of the crisis on households’ financial health, including loan balances, repayment of outstanding debt, and Equifax Risk Scores, as well as on household mobility. We find that relatively more affected households, as measured by exposure to lead pipes, experienced a modest increase in the balance and frequency of past due loans. Equifax Risk Scores declined slightly on average, but more so at the bottom of the Risk Score distribution. In addition, we find that there was no effect on mobility out of the state or county, but that more affected households were more likely to move within the city when the crisis began, away from lead-pipe-dense areas.

Assessment of metal concentrations in Polymesoda expansa from Sungai Geting, Tumpat, Kelantan and associated health risk

The spatial distribution of lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and arsenic in Polymesoda expansa from Sungai Geting, Tumpat Kelantan were determined with inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometer, in comparison to the levels in their surrounding water body. The objectives of this research was to determine the possible health risks associated with heavy metal accumulation via consumption of Polymesoda expansa by using Target Hazard Quotient (THQ). The data indicate have associations between the concentrations of metal measured in study sampled and the levels observed at the sites. The results suggested that the concentration of arsenic in Polymesoda expansa was relatively higher than those studied elements. The concentration of arsenic in studied sample demonstrate the sources of the antropogenic inputs. In terms of risk assessment, concentrations of metals in Polymesoda expansa were significantly below the Malaysian Food Regulation 1985.

Sources and spatial distribution of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in saline soils and sediments of Mighan Playa (Iran)

AbstractRapid industrialization has led to an extraordinary increase in environmental pollution in Arak, Iran. This study classified the distribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in sediments and soils of Mighan Playa (Iran) and analysed the pollution sources using geostatistical methods. Samples were taken from 250 points and the data analysed by means of SPSS, GS+ and ArcGIS. The soils were moderate to considerable polluted with Pb and high to very high polluted with Cd. The comparison of the maps of EF for Pb and Cd with the maps of their total contents indicated they have two different distributions in the region. Lead was enriched near the pollution sources. However, Cd accumulated at the centre of Mighan Playa apart from the pollution sources, meaning Cd was highly mobile in the studied wet and salty soils.

Assessment of lead contamination on aquatic habitat and street snacks in makassar coastal area, Indonesia

Lead can be a poison to the environment which may affects all body systems. Lead can also affect human health especially those who frequently exposed. Lead potentially lowering level of intelligence, growth, loss, causing anemia, and disorder among children as lead is neurotoxin and accumulative. In addition, lead can cause a decrease in the ability of the brain, whereas in adults may cause interference of high blood pressure and other tissue toxicity. Any increase in the levels of lead in the blood of 10 ug/dl led to a decrease in IQ of 2.5 points or 0.975 IQ. The research aims to assess the potential health risk among people who exposed to lead in the coastal area of city of Makassar. We investigate the distribution of toxic lead in Makassar coastal area namely; sea water, sediments, shells and crab. Then investigate lead toxins around coastal such as lead in soil, dust, snacks and air. After create distribution maps lead risks we create analysis of environmental and health risks assessment. Result revealed that the analysis of spatial distribution of Lead in the sediment shows that the high distribution was in station 3 in Mariso districts then coastal Tallo area and the lowest was in Tamalate District. While the analysis of the spatial Pb distribution in mussels seen that the highest distribution Pb was in station 4 of districts Mariso then coastal waters Tallo area and the lowest was in Tamalate District 5.00 to 7.20 mg/g. In conclusion, it revealed the concentration of Lead at all stations of those four districts have exceeded the level of allowed standard and may potentially lead to a hazard both to environment and human being who are living in the surround area.

A REVIEW OF USE OF GIS FOR THE EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN THE CANAL DO CUNHA WATERSHED AND WEST OF THE GUANABARA BAY, RIO DE JANEIRO (BRAZIL)

As well as other sub-basins of the Guanabara Bay, the Canal do Cunha watershed, located in the Rio de Janeiro city, has suffered severe environmental degradation since the 50s, due to accelerated urban-industrial development. The fluvial dynamics has changed by the deforestation, landfill constructions, drainage and vale occupation. Canal do Cunha deliver wastewaters and sediments at the western side of Guanabara Bay. Contribute to the environmental degradation and has direct influence on the water quality indexes and heavy metal contamination at the western side of Guanabara Bay. This study intends to evaluate, through geoprocessing techniques, the spatial distribution of Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), dissolved oxygen (DO) and total phosphorus (total P) concentrations and pH values, using data provided by six monitoring stations of the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente – INEA (State Environmental Institute). This work allows to observe the influence of weather conditions on Pb and Zn concentrations in superficial waters and surface sediments and the behavior of DO, pH and total P of superficial waters before and after the implementation of the remediation program: Programa de Despoluicao da Baia de Guanabara (PDBG; Pollution Remediation Program of Guanabara Bay). Canal do Cunha flow has direct influence on the low quality indexes of water and contributes to the heavy metal contamination and environmental degradation of the western region of Guanabara Bay.

Spatial distribution of lead in soils of Pb-Zn mining and smelting area of the Mitrovica Region, Republic of Kosovo

ABSTRACTAn area of 301 km2 in the Mitrovica region, Republic of Kosovo, was selected in order to evaluate the lead distribution in the soil. In total, 156 surface soil samples (0 to 5 cm) were collected. The lead content was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was found that the average content of lead in the surface soil is 450 mg/kg (with a range of 35–35000 mg/kg). For the entire study area 93% of the samples had lead levels above 100 mg/kg, eight samples below 100 mg/kg and only one sample had lead levels at 30 mg/kg. The effects of mining and metallurgical activities were further assessed using the enrichment factor (EF) value. The lead average exceeded the optimum value specified in the New Dutchlist by five times, while EU average value exceeded it up to 20 times. An area of 113 km2 of the study area was enriched with Pb higher than the action value (530 mg/kg) while 287 km2 had significant concentration levels with Pb (358 mg/kg) higher than the optimal value (85 mg/kg), according to New Dutchlist.

Geostatistical study of spatial correlations of lead and zinc concentration in urban reservoir. Study case Czerniakowskie Lake, Warsaw, Poland

AbstractThe article presents detailed geostatistical analysis of spatial distribution of lead and zinc concentration in water, suspension and bottom sediments of large, urban lake exposed to intensive anthropogenic pressure within a large city. Systematic chemical measurements were performed at eleven cross-sections located along Czerniakowskie Lake, the largest lake in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. During the summer, the lake is used as a public bathing area, therefore, to better evaluate human impacts, field measurements were carried out in high-use seasons. It was found that the spatial distributions of aqueous lead and zinc differ during the summer and autumn. In summer several Pb and Zn hot-spots were observed, while during autumn spatial distributions of Pb and Zn were rather homogenous throughout the entire lake. Large seasonal differences in spatial distributions of Pb and Zn were found in bottom sediments. Autumn concentrations of both heavy metals were ten times higher in comparison with summer values.Clear cross-correlations of Pb and Zn concentrations in water, suspension and bottom sediments suggest that both Pb and Zn came to Czerniakowskie Lake from the same source.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of the Proposed Mkuju Uranium Mine in Tanzania

Tanzania is at advance stages in the preparation to start uranium mining at Mkuju River Deposit. In order to implement best practice in environmental management in uranium mining as required by national and international regulations and standards, a set of site specific baseline data have to be established prior the mining operation. In order to establish heavy metal baseline data for this purpose, a total of 84 soil samples were collected from clustered area of about 1,300 km 2 at two depths: 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. Analysis of the data using EDXRF showed a total metal concentration ranges of 3570-19400 for Al, 15200-58600 Fe, 400-1400 Mn, 15.2-54.9 Cr, 13.5-51.0 Zn, 2.2-45.3 Pb, 2.1-37.3 Cd, 0.2-23.0 Hg, 1.8-25.1Cu, 2.1-22.7 Ni and 0.8-9.1 mgkg -1 for Co. Since the spatial distributions of heavy metals in the vicinity of the planned uranium mine are comparable to established global concentration ranges in soils, it is an indication that the distribution is natural. By virtue of their strong association with uranium and immobility in soil, spatial distributions of lead and copper concentrations would be more sensitive indicators for monitoring uranium related soil contaminants when the uranium mine become operational.

Spatial distribution of lead in Sacramento, California, USA.

Chronic exposure to lead remains a health concern in many urban areas; Sacramento, California is one example, with state surveillance data showing nearly 3% of screened children reported with blood lead levels over 4.5 μg/dL in 2009. To investigate the environmental exposure, 91 soil samples were collected and analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS for 14 elements. An additional 28 samples were collected from areas of focus and analyzed by hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for Pb and Zn. Analysis of the metals data revealed non-normal distributions and positive skewness, consistent with anthropogenic input. In addition, high correlation coefficients (≥0.75) of metal concentrations in Cd-Pb, Cd-Zn, Pb-Zn, and Sb-Sn pairs suggest similarities in the input mechanisms. Semivariograms generated from Pb and associated metals reveal these metals to exhibit spatial correlation. A prediction map of lead concentrations in soil was generated by ordinary kriging, showing elevated concentrations in soil located in the central, older area of Sacramento where historic traffic density and industrial activity have been historically concentrated. XRF analysis of Pb and Zn from additional samples verifies elevated concentrations in the central areas of Sacramento as predicted.

An undergraduate's experience in interdisciplinary research

A s an undergraduate student at Northern Kentucky University, I never strongly considered participating in research. My impression was that it took place indoors sitting in front of computers or in labs, and as an environmental science major and outdoor enthusiast I was concerned that research would conflict with my passion for the outdoors. However, I began to consider undergraduate research when I learned about its many experiential and personal benefits. I wanted to be better suited for a career in environmental science, and I wanted to gain further life experience through travel. I applied for a summer research position with my professor to work at the University of California, Davis (UCD) on an existing research project and was accepted. As I learned from this experience, research is in fact very diverse. The overarching goal of the project is to gain an understanding of how elevated soil lead levels may affect urban gardening activities in Sacramento, CA. With more people interested in access to healthy foods, many have turned to urban gardening as an affordable solution. Lead, which has accumulated in urban soils from historic sources, is sometimes viewed as a barrier to urban gardening. Renewed interest in urban gardening and concern over elevated soil lead levels has created the dual opportunity to 1) investigate the distribution of soil lead levels in the city, and 2) inquire into how knowledge of that information may affect the local community. In partnership with Ubuntu Green, a Sacramento non-profit aimed at increasing access to healthy food, researchers working with UCD addressed questions from a combined biogeophysical and social science perspective. Since this research involves more than one discipline it is considered interdisciplinary research, defined as research that involves the use of multiple academic disciplines in order to develop a deeper understanding of scientific questions (Committee on Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research, 2004). The social science team is investigating how knowledge of elevated soil lead may influence an individual’s sense of place and empowerment. The biogeophysical team is interested in identifying the spatial distribution of lead at multiple scales, including the garden, home, and city scale. Collectively, the group is working to increase opportunities for healthy urban gardening in Sacramento. Project goals have been advanced through the joint development of research questions, shared methodology, and sustained feedback throughout the project between both teams as well as community partners. There are many benefits that undergraduates can gain from participating in research, especially interdisciplinary work. Science that diCorrespondence to: koenigd1@nku.edu

Ground Water Conditions and Spatial Distribution of Lead and Cadmium in the Shallow Aquifer at Effurun- Warri Metropolis, Nigeria

A water table head distribution map of the shallow Benin Formation aquifer in the Effurun-Warri area has been drawn from dug well data and used to define groundwater gradients as well as identify directions of groundwater movement in this densely populated urban setting. Water samples from forty dug wells were also screened for the presence of lead and cadmium and results showed a variation in concentration from not detectable to 0.04mg/l for each metal. Iso-concentration contours for lead in groundwater suggest that enrichment may be from two sources: wastes from the refinery and petrochemical industrial complex on the northwestern edge of the city and secondly from leachates associated with the many unregulated waste dumpsites. Lead appears to be constrained from spreading eastwards from the industrial complex area by the south and westwards trending groundwater gradient. The city wide prevalence of elevated levels of cadmium is also probably due to leachates from unregulated dumpsites as well as the mixing of groundwater as suggested by existing gradients. Potential implications of the findings for public health, local and regional water quality monitoring are discussed.

Spatial distribution of lead in the surface layers of mountain forest soils, an example from the Karkonosze National Park, Poland

Total concentrations and pools of Pb in the surface layers of mountain soils in the Karkonosze National Park are presented and discussed in relation to site altitudes and soil properties. Soil samples were collected from a forest floor and from the depths of 0–10cm and 10–20cm in 372 monitoring sites situated in a forested zone of the Park. Particularly high concentrations of Pb (24–200mg∙kg−1, most often over 100mg∙kg−1), potentially hazardous for soil biota, were found in forest litter. The concentrations of Pb in soil layers 0–10cm and 10–20cm were in the ranges 19–248 and 4–196mg∙kg−1, respectively. Pb distribution indicated very high spatial variability, confirmed by geostatistical analysis. Calculated pools of Pb varied in a broad range: 0.16–26.6g∙m−2 (mean: 6.20g∙m−2), and correlated strongly with the stocks of organic matter, both being significantly higher in the lowest altitudinal zone (500–750ma.s.l.) compared to the highest zone (1250–1380ma.s.l.). Nevertheless, there was no simple correlation of Pb pools vs. altitude. The largest pools of Pb are stored in the layer 0–10cm. The pools of accumulated Pb determined in this study are much higher than those assessed on the basis of available data on former and present Pb deposition rates. These findings may be assigned to a seeder–feeder effect and horizontal transport of pollutants. The highest amounts of Pb were identified in three distinct areas (hot spots), in particular in the vicinities of mountain passes, which may be explained by meteorological factors as well as by the influence of local pollution.

Concentration and Spatial Distribution of Lead in Soil Used for Ammunition Destruction

Studies on heavy metal contamination in soils used for ammunition disposal and destruction are still emerging. The present study aimed to evaluate the contamination level and spatial distribution of lead in disposal and destruction areas. This site was used for ammunition disposal and destruction activities for 20 years. The ammunition destruction site (1,296 ha), a sampling system that followed a sampling grid (5 m × 5 m) with 30 points was adopted and samples were collected at the following five depths with a total of 150 samples. During the collection procedure, each sampling grid point was georeferenced using a topographic global positioning system. Data were validated through semivariogram and kriging models using Geostat software. The results demonstrated that the average lead value was 163 mg kg(-1), which was close to the investigation limit and the contamination levels were higher downstream than upstream. The results showed that there was lead contamination at the destruction site and that the contamination existed mainly at the surface layer depth. However, high lead concentrations were also found at deeper soil depths in the destruction area due to frequent detonations. According to the planimetry data, the areas that require intervention significantly decreased with increasing depths in the following order: 582.7 m(2) in the 0-20 cm layer; 194.6 m(2) in the 20-40 cm layer; 101.6 m(2) in the 40-60 cm layer; and 45.3 m(2) in the 60-80 cm layer.

The effects of the urban built environment on the spatial distribution of lead in residential soils

Lead contamination of urban residential soils is a public health concern. Consequently, there is a need to delineate hotspots in the landscape to identify risk and facilitate remediation. Land use is a good predictor of some environmental pollutants. However, in the case of soil lead, research has shown that land use is not a useful proxy. We hypothesize that soil lead is related to both individual landscape features at the parcel scale and the landscape context in which parcels are embedded. We sampled soil lead on 61 residential parcels in Baltimore, Maryland using field-portable x-ray fluorescence. Thirty percent of parcels had average lead concentrations that exceeded the USEPA limit of 400 ppm and 53% had at least one reading that exceeded 400 ppm. Results indicate that soil lead is strongly associated with housing age, distance to roadways, and on a parcel scale, distance to built structures.

Lead tolerance and cellular distribution in Elsholtzia splendens using synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the tolerance and spatial distribution of lead (Pb) in Elsholtzia splendens—a copper (Cu) accumulator plant using synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence. According to chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, E. splendens displayed certain tolerance at 100μM Pb treatment. Lead concentration in roots, stems and leaves of E. splendens reached 45,183.6, 1657.6, and 380.9mgkg−1, respectively. Pb was mostly accumulated in the roots, and there were also high concentrations of Pb been transported into stems and leaves. Micro-XRF analysis of the stem and leaf cross section revealed that Pb was mostly restricted in the vascular bundles and epidermis tissues of both stem and leaf of E. splendens. The correlation between distribution of K, Ca, Zn and Pb were analyzed. There were significant positive correlations (P<0.01) among Pb and Ca, K, Zn distribution both in stem and leaf of E. splendens. However, among the three elements, Ca shared the most similar distribution pattern and the highest correlation coefficients with Pb in both stem and leaf cross section of E. splendens. This suggests that Ca may play an important role in Pb accumulation in stem and leaf of E. splendens.