Land transportation influence on the spatial distribution of Lead (Pb) in urban soils of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Land transportation is a vital component of urbanization to promote economic activities in the society. But land transportation is also one of the major contributors of Lead (Pb) contamination in urban soils that might affect the health of the population. This study aims to look at the perspective of land transportation influence to spatial distribution of Pb in metropolitan Yogyakarta. We obtained 168 unique samples in grid manner and quantified its Pb concentration using ICP-AES. In relation, Inverse distance weighted (IDW) geostatistical technique is utilized to produce a spatial distribution map of Pb concentration and correlated to road density, traffic points, and transportation points perspective as a context of influence. The findings show that Yogyakarta City as highly urbanized and more land transportation activities compared to Sleman and Bantul regencies is a place of Pb contamination hotspots. Traffic areas, and Transport areas (e.g., fuel station, terminals, stopover hubs) are amplifying components of land transportation in the context of influence. Thus, land transportation sustainable urban planning is critical to address its growing influence in Pb spatial distribution in urban that might lead to population health issues upon circulating through food, air-breathing, or drinking.