Spatial Deviation Research Articles

Low relative-submergence effects in a rough-bed open-channel flow

ABSTRACTMulti-plane stereoscopic PIV measurements were performed in an open-channel flume fitted with cubes to investigate very low submergence ratios, , where h is the water depth and k the roughness height. The spatial standard deviation of the mean flow components reveals that the extent of the roughness sublayer increases drastically with the decrease in h/k to span the entire water column for the lowest h/k investigated. Despite this, the logarithmic law is still observed on the double-averaged velocity profiles for all h/k, first with a fixed von Kármán constant κ and, second, via the indicator function where κ is a free parameter. Also, the longitudinal and vertical normal stresses indicate a universal boundary layer behaviour independent of h/k. The results suggest that the logarithmic and wake-defect laws can still be applied at such low h/k. However, the lateral normal stress depends on h/k in the range investigated as well as on the geometry of the roughness pattern.

Development of yield and harvesting time monitoring system for tomato greenhouse production

Tomato greenhouse growers need information about yield and harvesting time as a majority of working time to improve a yield, cultivating technique, and management of labor. We developed a tomato yield and harvesting time monitoring system for selective hand harvesting of fresh tomato. The monitoring system consists of an electronic balance, a handheld type barcode scanner, a microprocessor, and cart. Each barcode was set on each tomato plant. The monitoring system can measure and record harvested fruit weight and harvesting time, and save to micro SD card. The yield and harvesting time map were constructed using a spreadsheet software. We conducted a harvesting experiment to investigate monitoring data for 7 months, using 3 varieties. The developed monitoring system could be used in greenhouse environment without any trouble and any disturbance of harvesting work for all experimental term. By using monitoring system, we could get yield map, harvesting time map, and effect of greenhouse climate on yield and harvesting time. It is found that spatial deviation of the total harvested fruit's weight of DR03-103 was the highest. The results showed that in harvesting of fruits of DR03-103, more labor is needed and deviation of harvesting labor is higher. The result of investigation of effect of greenhouse climate and yield indicated that when greenhouse inside temperature increased, the number of harvested fruit and harvesting time is increasing from winter to spring. It was considered it was possible for growers to use yield and harvesting time information by using monitoring system.

A novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with fuzzy logic based adaptive selection of operators: FAME

We propose a new method for multi-objective optimization, called Fuzzy Adaptive Multi-objective Evolutionary algorithm (FAME). It makes use of a smart operator controller that dynamically chooses the most promising variation operator to apply in the different stages of the search. This choice is guided by a fuzzy logic engine, according to the contributions of the different operators in the past. FAME also includes a novel effective density estimator with polynomial complexity, called Spatial Spread Deviation (SSD). Our proposal follows a steady-state selection scheme and includes an external archive implementing SSD to identify the candidate solutions to be removed when it becomes full. To assess the performance of our proposal, we compare FAME with a number of state of the art algorithms (MOEA/D-DE, SMEA, SMPSOhv, SMS-EMOA, and BORG) on a set of difficult problems. The results show that FAME achieves the best overall performance.

Nanometer-Resolved Mapping of Cell–Substrate Distances of Contracting Cardiomyocytes Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy

It has been shown that quantitative measurements of the cell-substrate distance of steady cells are possible with scanning surface plasmon resonance microscopy setups in combination with an angle resolved analysis. However, the accuracy of the determined cell-substrate distances as well as the capabilities for the investigation of cell dynamics remained limited due to the assumption of a homogeneous refractive index of the cytosol. Strong spatial or temporal deviations between the local refractive index and the average value can result in errors in the calculated cell-substrate distance of around 100 nm, while the average accuracy was determined to 37 nm. Here, we present a combination of acquisition and analysis techniques that enables the measurement of the cell-substrate distance of contractile cells as well as the study of intracellular processes through changes in the refractive index at the diffraction limit. By decoupling the measurement of the cell-substrate distance and the refractive index of the cytoplasm, we could increase the accuracy of the distance measurement on average by a factor of 25 reaching 1.5 nm under ideal conditions. We show a temporal and spatial mapping of changes in the refractive index and the cell-substrate distance which strongly correlate with the action potentials and reconstruct the three-dimensional profile of the basal cell membrane and its dynamics, while we reached an actual measurement accuracy of 2.3 nm.

Spatio-temporal analysis of temperature variability, trend, and magnitude in the Hindu Kush region using Monte Carlo and Sen’s slope approaches

The present study explores the spatial and temporal deviations in temperature using Monte Carlo (MC) and Sen’s slope (SS) approaches in the Hindu Kush (HK) region. Climate change holds sturdy association against the temperature trend that has generated adverse impacts in the form of floods. In this attempt, for trend analysis, temperature has been selected as a meteorological parameter. This study mainly focuses on exploring the tendency in average temperature with respect to time and the consequential flood recurrences in the region. For the current study, data regarding temperature were typically collected from Pakistan Meteorological Department. In the study region, there are a total of seven meteorological station falls namely Dir, Chitral, Drosh, Saidu, Malam Jabba, Kalam, and Timergara. The temperature time series data was calculated and analyzed using MC and SS approaches for trend detection in order to demonstrate the kind of fluctuation in the Hindu Kush region. The resultant analysis further revealed that in the meteorological station of Dir, a more significant positive trend (α = 0.0001) was found in mean monthly maximum, minimum, and monthly normal temperature. Likewise, at Drosh, a positive trend is detected in mean monthly maximum (α = 0.04), monthly minimum (α = 0.003), and monthly average (α = 0.0005). Moreover, at Saidu met station, there is also a trend detected in temperature sub-variables such as monthly maximum (α = 0.0001) and monthly minimum (α = 0.001). In addition to these, at Kalam, there is a temperature trend noted for monthly minimum (α = 0.01) and monthly average (α = 0.02). Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that there is no trend detected in the remaining stations, i.e., Chitral, Malam Jabba, Drosh, and Timergara. The overall analysis discovered that there is a sturdy relationship between climate change phenomenon and temperature variability. After using SS test to the temperature data of mean monthly maximum (TMMMax), the results explored that Kalam station grips the highest magnitude, i.e., Q = 0.76; however, Timergara shows the lowermost, i.e., Q = − 0.34. For the monthly minimum temperature (TMMMin), at Kalam again, the highest value (Q = 0.005) was detected; however, other stations revealed a negative trend, except Drosh which express no change in terms of magnitude. Similarly, in terms of monthly normal temperature (TMNor), Timergara station (Q = − 0.4) verified a negative trend magnitude and Malam Jabba station again trendless. Among all, the met station of Malam Jabba which holds an altitude of 2591 m is a hilly station just followed by Kalam having 2103 m height; however, Dir holds 1375 m height and the rest of the met stations show low elevation. The main reason for the temperature difference is the altitude of the study region.

Adaptation to virtual prisms and its relevance for neglect rehabilitation: a single-blind dose-response study with healthy participants

ABSTRACTPrism adaptation (PA) has been applied with mixed success as a rehabilitation method of spatial neglect. Results from many single-case and multiple case studies as well as randomised controlled trials do not produce a clear picture of the efficacy of PA. We here tested a new method of PA, by inducing adaptation effects in the virtual reality. Healthy participants were attributed to one of four groups: no deviation, 10-, 20-, or 30-degrees rightward deviation. In contrast to classical wedge prisms, we induced the visual shift progressively. Participants performed two variants of the bisection and the landmark task to measure cognitive transfer of adaptation effects. Pointing error was directly related to the degree of optical deviation, and was greatest immediately following adaptation. Transfer was only observed in the bisection tasks, and only in the 30-degrees group. Due to the gradual induction of the spatial deviation the majority of participants were unaware of the adaptation effects. These findings show that large rightward deviation may affect sensorimotor performance in healthy participants similarly to neglect patients. Moreover, the finding that only participants adapted to 30-degrees showed biased bisection performance suggests that a critical threshold must be reached in order to induce significant visuomotor transfer.

Comparison of global geomagnetic field models and evaluation using marine datasets in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and western Mediterranean Sea

Many models describing the Earth’s magnetic field exist and are maintained by international research organizations. However, no clear general overview of the cross-compared quality of these models is available. An evaluation of the internal component and of the anomaly field as estimated by a selection of nine geomagnetic models with global coverage is presented here. Anomaly field models are also compared with an external, independently processed marine dataset extracted from Shom’s (the French Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service) geophysical database. The comparative study shows that internal geomagnetic fields computed outside the provisional domain, up to degrees 12 or 13 of spherical harmonics (SH), can be considered as equivalent. Relative amplitude differences with the World Magnetic Model 2015 (WMM2015) and the 12th generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF-12) taken as references are lower than 10 nT. For an extent reduced to the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and western Mediterranean Sea, anomaly field models up to SH degree 720 and the 3rd version of the Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (EMAG2v3) at the equivalent 0.5° resolution are the closest models to the filtered marine data. However, they are significant spatial discrepancies and standard deviations of differences between models and data are about 65 nT. The 3-arc-minute World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map (WDMAM) best reflects the unfiltered marine data, but with significant standard deviations of about 70 nT. Results demonstrate that any model can be used with insignificant errors to compute raw anomalies from total field measurements by removing the internal component of the Earth’s magnetic field. In addition, they suggest that the priority should be given to WDMAM for levelling and evaluating marine datasets and for computing enhanced high-resolution regional magnetic maps.

Spatial distribution and deviation from optimum temperature conditions of phenological stages of potato cultivation in West Azerbaijan

The study occurrence time of the phenological stages of agricultural products based on thermal conditions is important. In this study, firstly the relationship between climatic parameters and potato yield was studied based on multivariate regression method. In the following, time of occurrence phonological stages, cropping calendar, and deviation from optimal temperature were determined based on daily temperature statistics from 1989 to 2014. Based on the thermal gradient between low and highlands, the temperature up to 3000 m was estimated. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between temperature components and potato yield. The topographic condition determined the completion time of the thermal units required for potato plant phenology phases. In the study area from the easterly areas to the rugged Western regions, the planting time of 1 month is delayed. The first and last phases of potato plants, called sprouting–leaf development and flowering–ripening, require the smallest and most effective thermal units, respectively. For the sprouting, leaf development, inflorescence emergence, and ripening were 437, 692, 540, and 1126, growth degree days, respectively, required. Estimation of air temperature based on the least-squares regression showed that for the 1000 m height, 1 month of optimum temperature of potato cultivation was delayed. In low and highlands of the region, the planting and harvesting, respectively, occurred in May–June and August–October, respectively. Matching the phonological stages of each product’s growth with thermal conditions in geographical information system is effective for planning in irrigation, spraying, and other agronomic activities.

Comparison of 2c- and 3cLIF droplet temperature imaging

This work presents “pulsed 2D-3cLIF-EET” as a measurement setup for micro-droplet internal temperature imaging. The setup relies on a third color channel that allows correcting spatially changing energy transfer rates between the two applied fluorescent dyes. First measurement results are compared with results of two slightly different versions of the recent “pulsed 2D-2cLIF-EET” method. Results reveal a higher temperature measurement accuracy of the recent 2cLIF setup. Average droplet temperature is determined by the 2cLIF setup with an uncertainty of less than 1 K and a spatial deviation of about 3.7 K. The new 3cLIF approach would become competitive, if the existing droplet size dependency is anticipated by an additional calibration and if the processing algorithm includes spatial measurement errors more appropriately.

Variability and geologic associations of volcanic activity on Io in 2001–2016

Since the end of the Galileo epoch, ground-based observations have been crucial for the continued monitoring and characterization of volcanic activity on Jupiter’s moon, Io. We compile and analyze observations from the Keck and Gemini North telescopes between 2001 and 2016, including new and published observations from 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2016. A total of 88 distinct hot spot sites were detected over the 15-year period, 82 of which were detected multiple times, and 24 of which were not detected by Galileo at thermal infrared wavelengths (1–5 µm). A variety of analytical methods are utilized to investigate the detections of active volcanism as a surface expression of interior heating. Geologic associations of hot spots, including patera type, lava flow type, and proximity to mountainous regions, are made using the USGS-published global geologic map of Io (Williams, 2011). We also provide a summary of outburst-scale events, along with the slightly less bright but more frequent, mini-outbursts described by de Kleer and de Pater (2016a).We investigate the spatial distribution of volcanic activity on Io using nearest neighbor, mean pairwise spacing, and mean latitude statistics with various classification schemes. The analysis confirms previous findings in that the heat dissipation appears to be primarily concentrated in the asthenosphere resulting in a high time-averaged surface heat flux at low latitudes. Our observations show significant spatial deviations do exist from the asthenosphere heat dissipation model while also suggesting a deeper source of magma ascent to be present as well, supporting conclusions from previous analyses of primarily spacecraft data (Veeder et al., 2012; Hamilton, 2013; Davies et al., 2015). From a temporal perspective, there are signs of significant variations in the distribution of global heat flux, as volcanoes undetected, and probably dormant, during the Galileo encounters subsequently erupted and remained active during our observations. We also use the on 3.8-µm radiant intensity timelines of individual hot spots, along with the distribution of extensive lava fields in relation to detected activity, as a means to investigate possible connections between hot spots and short timescale, spatio-temporal variations in the global heat flux distribution. We conclude that while the global heat flux distribution remains relatively constant over decadal timescales, there is evidence that significant deviations do occur potentially as a result of mountain forming processes or triggering mechanisms between eruptions.

The influence of rightward and leftward spatial deviations of spatial attention on emotional picture recognition

ABSTRACTObjectives: Several studies have reported that positive emotions are primarily mediated by the left hemisphere and negative emotions by the right hemisphere. Since each hemisphere primarily allocates attention toward the contralateral hemispace, we wanted to learn how inducing a spatial attentional orienting bias to right and left egocentric hemispace might influence the recognition and perception of visually presented emotional scenes.Method: Participants were 42 healthy, right-handed young adults. To induce a directional change in spatial attention, we used a horizontal prism adaptation (PA) method that trains participants to allocate attention in the opposite direction to the prism-induced deviation. After each PA, participants evaluated a set of affective (positive/neutral/negative) pictures from the Nencki Affective Picture System. Responses in each emotional category and reaction times were recorded and analyzed.Results: There was no PA effects on reaction times between the experimental conditions. However, when compared to the control condition, both rightward and leftward PA resulted in a reduction of correctly recognized positive emotions as well as altering the perception of neutral and positive pictures as more emotionally negative.Conclusions: The results do not support the proposed left–right spatial attentional valence hypothesis. The reason why PA in both directions negatively altered emotion perception is not known. However, a portion of the dorsal visual stream, the parietal lobes, and especially the right parietal lobe, are critical for mediating horizontal egocentric spatial attention. The right hemisphere also mediates negative emotions, and the activation of this right hemispheric attention network may have induced the changes in perception found in this study. However, future studies are needed to further test this hypothesis.

What Do Different Evaluation Metrics Tell Us About Saliency Models?

How best to evaluate a saliency model's ability to predict where humans look in images is an open research question. The choice of evaluation metric depends on how saliency is defined and how the ground truth is represented. Metrics differ in how they rank saliency models, and this results from how false positives and false negatives are treated, whether viewing biases are accounted for, whether spatial deviations are factored in, and how the saliency maps are pre-processed. In this paper, we provide an analysis of 8 different evaluation metrics and their properties. With the help of systematic experiments and visualizations of metric computations, we add interpretability to saliency scores and more transparency to the evaluation of saliency models. Building off the differences in metric properties and behaviors, we make recommendations for metric selections under specific assumptions and for specific applications.

Mapping of the three-dimensional lymphatic microvasculature in bladder tumours using light-sheet microscopy

BackgroundCancers are heterogeneous and contain various types of irregular structures that can go undetected when examining them with standard two-dimensional microscopes. Studies of intricate networks of vasculature systems, e.g., the tumour lymphatic microvessels, benefit largely from three-dimensional imaging data analysis.MethodsThe new DIPCO (Diagnosing Immunolabeled Paraffin-Embedded Cleared Organs) imaging platform uses three-dimensional light-sheet microscopy and whole-mount immunolabelling of cleared samples to study proteins and micro-anatomies deep inside of tumours.ResultsHere, we uncovered the whole three-dimensional lymphatic microvasculature of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumours from a cohort of 30 patients with bladder cancer. Our results revealed more heterogeneous spatial deviations in more advanced bladder tumours. We also showed that three-dimensional imaging could determine tumour stage and identify vascular or lymphatic system invasion with higher accuracy than standard two-dimensional histological diagnostic methods. There was no association between sample storage times and outcomes, demonstrating that the DIPCO pipeline could be successfully applied on old FFPE samples.ConclusionsStudying tumour samples with three-dimensional imaging could help us understand the pathological nature of cancers and provide essential information that might improve the accuracy of cancer staging.

Evaluation of CMIP5 twentieth century rainfall simulation over the equatorial East Africa

This study assesses the performance of 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical simulations of rainfall over East Africa (EA) against reanalyzed datasets during 1951–2005. The datasets were sourced from Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and Climate Research Unit (CRU). The metrics used to rank CMIP5 Global Circulation Models (GCMs) based on their performance in reproducing the observed rainfall include correlation coefficient, standard deviation, bias, percentage bias, root mean square error, and trend. Performances of individual models vary widely. The overall performance of the models over EA is generally low. The models reproduce the observed bimodal rainfall over EA. However, majority of them overestimate and underestimate the October–December (OND) and March–May (MAM) rainfall, respectively. The monthly (inter-annual) correlation between model and reanalyzed is high (low). More than a third of the models show a positive bias of the annual rainfall. High standard deviation in rainfall is recorded in the Lake Victoria Basin, central Kenya, and eastern Tanzania. A number of models reproduce the spatial standard deviation of rainfall during MAM season as compared to OND. The top eight models that produce rainfall over EA relatively well are as follows: CanESM2, CESM1-CAM5, CMCC-CESM, CNRM-CM5, CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, EC-EARTH, INMCM4, and MICROC5. Although these results form a fairly good basis for selection of GCMs for carrying out climate projections and downscaling over EA, it is evident that there is still need for critical improvement in rainfall-related processes in the models assessed. Therefore, climate users are advised to use the projections of rainfall from CMIP5 models over EA cautiously when making decisions on adaptation to or mitigation of climate change.

Analisis Yuridis Penyelenggaraan Izin Pemanfaatan Ruang (Study Pada Penyusunan Peraturan Daerah Tentang Izin Pemanfaatan Ruang Kabupaten Labuhan batu)

Control of spatial use is as an integral part of the spatial planning process. The use of space in various regions in Indonesia, in its implementation is often or not in line with the stipulated spatial plan. Several factors that influence the discrepancy include pressure on market development towards space, unclear control mechanisms and weak law enforcement against violations that occur. The tendency of spatial use deviations can occur because the spatial plan product does not pay attention to the implementation aspects or vice versa that spatial use is less concerned with the spatial plan that has been set. This writing uses normative juridical legal research methods (normative research), namely legal research conducted by examining library material or secondary data. The research specifications in this writing are descriptive analytical research. Descriptive is to show the comparison or relationship of a set of data with another set of data, and the purpose is to provide an overview, examine, explain and analyze. The Impact of Regional Regulations on Permit for Spatial Utilization of regional finance will cover two things, namely increasing regional income sources and burdening finance area.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DEVIATION AND FLUCTUATION OF RIVER WATER TEMPERATURE

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DEVIATION AND FLUCTUATION OF RIVER WATER TEMPERATURE

A Biological Sensor System Using Computer Vision for Water Quality Monitoring

Water pollution has seriously threatened our life, so an effective water quality monitoring mechanism is the most important part of water quality management. Most studies use biological monitoring methods to monitor water pollutants, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. However, there are still many difficulties at present. Few methods consider the influence of illumination and complex background in the monitoring environment, and the characteristics parameters extracted in the systems are single. In addition, the results of using shallow neural networks for water quality classification are often not ideal. In order to solve the above problems, we design a water quality monitoring system combined with the computer image processing technology and use computer vision to analyze the fish behavior in real-time for monitoring the existence or not of water pollution. For the illumination problem, we use the no-reference quality assessment algorithm based on natural scene statistics for contrast distortion images to evaluate the video and configure the lighting conditions of the monitoring environment. White balance preprocessing is also performed to provide a great basis for moving target detection. Besides, we use background modeling to eliminate the influence of complex background on the moving target detection and the foreground is extracted using the saliency detection algorithm. In order to comprehensively analyze the influence of water quality on the fish behavior from the extracted foreground targets, multi-dimensional feature parameters are used to quantify the indicators, including movement velocity, rotation angle, spatial standard deviation, and body color which characterize the behavior changes of the fish. Finally, the classification model based on the long short-term memory neural network is used to classify the feature parameters data of the fish behavior in different water quality environments. In this paper, red zebra fish is used as the indicator organism and copper sulfate solution is used as the toxic pollutant to simulate the water pollution. Experiment results show that the classification accuracy rate of water quality using the proposed system can reach 100% at level 2 classification (93.33% at level 3 and 91% at level 4). Our system can achieve more accurate multi-level classification than the shallow neural network, such as RNN, and it is faster for real-time monitoring with a high reference for the water environment emergencies.

Compensation of the spatial deviations of measuring elements in CAD

The object of research is the processes of computer-aided design of the elements of complex measuring instruments intended to work under conditions of significant deviations in space caused by mechanical or thermal stresses. One of the most problematic places is that any protection state completely eliminates unwanted deviations of the elements. This is especially true for measurement objects that have large dimensions (tens of meters) and weight, opacity, high temperatures (hundreds of degrees), significant external influences of unpredictable nature, and the like. Models of behavior of such objects under load are extremely complex, and methods of their analysis and use in CAD are not available at all, which leads to the laying of significant errors of the future measurement already at the design stage. In the course of the study, the theory of analysis of technical systems, the theory of measurements, the theory of the resistance of materials and oscillations, the theory of computer-aided design were used. To develop a capacitive method for measuring the density of parts of large-sized reinforced concrete objects from heterogeneous materials, methods of pattern recognition and a virtual object are used. Theoretical and experimental virtual models of electrical characteristics of the elements of measuring instruments and models of their deviation are obtained. Models are used in automated design systems for complex means of capacitive measurement of concrete. The first is mathematical, in which compensation is performed solely by making changes to the measurement results. The second is mechanical, in which compensation is made by changing the geometry of the measuring tool (with static deviation) or depreciation of their elements (with dynamic). Thanks to this, it is possible to create a new subsystem of CAD «DEVICOM», with the help of which shock absorbers were designed to control the technological process of manufacturing the reinforced concrete product «Power transmission line support», which, as a result, reduced the amount of defective products by 7.4 %.

FAKTOR PENYEBAB PENYIMPANGAN TATA RUANG (STUDI PEMBANGUNAN CONDOMINIUM) DI KOTA BANDUNG

Condominium development is the answer for those who need a place to live, but not a few whose development was violate the laws and regulations related to spatial planning, then this research is on behalf to anticipate the causes of spatial deviation by using socio legal research method. Based on the research that has been carried out found the factors that cause spatial deviation (Study of Condominium Development) in Bandung are Citizen Factors, Government Factors and Market Strength Factors in which these three factors are not stand-alone but become a linkage that can not be separated from one another.

FAKTOR PENYEBAB PENYIMPANGAN TATA RUANG (STUDI PEMBANGUNAN CONDOMINIUM) DI KOTA BANDUNG

Condominium development is the answer for those who need a place to live, but not a few whose development was violate the laws and regulations related to spatial planning, then this research is on behalf to anticipate the causes of spatial deviation by using socio legal research method. Based on the research that has been carried out found the factors that cause spatial deviation (Study of Condominium Development) in Bandung are Citizen Factors, Government Factors and Market Strength Factors in which these three factors are not stand-alone but become a linkage that can not be separated from one another.