Spatial Development Processes Research Articles

Визначення меж та динаміки суцільної забудови урбанізованих територій за даними ДЗЗ

The article is devoted to the original approach of defining continuously built-up urban areas as well as the dynamics of this process by means of Earth remote sensing data analysis. Basing on this approach, the spreading borders of continuously built-up urban areas of Kyiv city and its suburbs during 1976-2018 have been defined. Earth remote sensing data, as a valuable source of information on land surface in general and built-up areas in particular, provides wide range of opportunities for researching the process of spatial development of urbanized areas. Analysis of built-up territories during significant period of time allows defining spatial development vectors of urbanized regions, modern continuously built-up areas and their borders. The review of similar researches has revealed that the most convenient sources of Earth remote sensing data for defining the area of built-up territories are represented by multispectral space footages of Landsat space program of the USA. The deciphering of space footages and defining of built-up areas has been conducted involving spectral indexes, which is the most precise method of deciphering the Earth remote sensing data. Thus, we managed to define built-up and non-built-up areas as well as water objects of Kyiv city and its suburbs for 1976, 1985, 2002 and 2008. A set of illustrating schematic maps has been created, depicting borders of built-up area. A continuously built-up urban area has amalgamated Kyiv city and a number of surrounding settlements into a highly-urbanized core. During 1976-2018, the area of continuously built-up urban territory of Kyiv expanded 1,5 times and mostly southwestwards.

Сжатие освоенного пространства в Центральной России: динамика населения и использование земель в сельской местности

The article is based on a comprehensive approach that includes joint examination of reducing agricultural land, increasing share of small and abandoned villages, and expanding new recreational potential of rural areas around Moscow and Moscow oblast. Statistical indicators for Russian federal subjects and municipal districts, as well as satellite images used in the article give a multi-scale and fractional picture of the land use shrinkage which, in recent years, has been more and more clearly repeating the historical process of spatial development, but backwards. Agricultural production is shifting to areas with better natural conditions, including those seen at the intra-regional scale. The trend of concentration in the suburbs, where agriculture takes advantage of accumulated investment, labor resources, sales opportunities, and development of infrastructure, is gradually changing to development in areas with better natural conditions, sometimes remote from cities. At the same time, the population continues to concentrate in large cities and suburbs of regional centers, promoting the shrinkage of populated space. Calculations by municipal districts for the period from 1990 to 2017 confirm these divergent trends. The conclusions are illustrated by maps for the territory of Central Russia, compiled with the help of satellite images that show cultivated and unused agricultural land, as well as the spread of abandoned and small villages. Calculations based on information obtained from maps also allow to adjust the data from statistics and to reveal the real picture of changes in rural settlement and land use. The cartographic method also revealed the possibilities and limitations of re-development of rural areas by city dwellers, including not only expanding areas of garden or dacha associations and cottage settlements, but also single dacha residences in depopulating villages.

Best Practices of Spatial Development: Possibility of Using Them in the Municipal Districts of Russia

Introduction. Adoption of the national strategy of spatial development in Russia has made it especially relevant to develop a scientifically grounded toolkit for managing spatial economic development at the municipal level. The objective of the study is to investigate the foreign best practices of spatial development and to assess their applicability when controlling the spatial economic development of the municipal districts of the Russian Federation, which are the principal type of municipalities in rural areas. Materials and Methods. The research was based on the comparative method, within the framework of which the best practices of foreign municipalities similar in some respects to the municipal districts of the Russian Federation were systematized. Empirical and theoretical studies, reports and guidance materials of international organizations, associations and foundations of the local level, as well as official websites of municipalities were used as materials for this research. Results. The systematized review of the best practices from the UK, Sweden, Germany, Italy and Slovenia has demonstrated that Russia’s municipal districts can use the following practices for their economic and spatial development: sharefarming, informal spatial planning, flexible transport solutions. Municipal districts can also involve digital technologies for conducting population surveys and collecting data about the municipality, design facilities that increase the attractiveness of the territory, as well use spatial planning to create decentralized concentration in suburbanized areas. The identified practices can be adopted to readjust the directions of the economic and spatial development of municipal districts, taking into account the level and trends of changes in such parameters of the economic space as saturation, coherence and physical basis. Discussion and Conclusion. The development of a municipality does not necessarily have to be aimed at increasing economic and other indicators through attracting investment and wealthy population, as well as through providing other incentives. The alternative objectives of spatial development can be: to maintain the current indicators and the territorial identity of the municipality, as well as to reduce its negative impact on the environmental situation. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of regional and municipal authorities when developing and implementing strategic planning documents, as well as for further theoretical conceptualization of the process of economic and spatial development of municipalities.

Современные тренды стратегирования социально-экономического развития территории: пространственный аспект

The paper is devoted to the analysis of strategies for the socio-economic development of megacities of the Russian Federation in terms of the availability and elaboration of their spatial development issues. It has been established that at present there is no single understanding of the spatial development processes, these processes are understood and occur in different ways in each city. Modern versions of the strategies for socio-economic development of the largest cities of the Russian Federation are di-vided into three groups according to the elaboration of their spatial development aspects in this work. A proposal was formulated on the need to adopt common methodological approaches to the for-mation (development and updating) of socio-economic development strategies of megacities, including spatial development issues in order to unify and improve the effectiveness of strategic planning processes in the Russian Federation is formulated.

Upwellings and water circulation of the north-western shelf of the Black Sea in the summer of 2017

On the basis of satellite and field atmospheric and marine observations, the water circulation processes of the north-western shelf (the NWS) of the Black Sea in the summer of 2017 were studied. The study indicated high stability of summer offshore winds of northern and north-northwest directions and 12 cases of coastal upwelling. Three cases of upwelling were instrumentally detected on the across-the-shore oceanographic sections during seasonal field works performed by the oceanographic unit of the branch “Odesa Area of State Hydrographic Service” of the state institution "State Hydrographic Service of Ukraine (SHSU)". The increase of coastal water density led to an abnormally active transfer along the coast of the Danube-Dniester interfluve area to the northernmost parts of the NWS. In 2017 a visual manifestation of anticyclonic character of summer circulation of the NWS's water could be observed. The obtained data confirm the previous conclusions on frequent cases of change in summer periods of traditional cyclonic water circulation to the anticyclonic one.
 The abnormal development of the summer circulation regime allowed us to record for the first time the transfer of coccolithophores phytoplankton from the open sea to the northern regions of the NWS and to reveal its intraseasonal spatial transformation and development process duration.
 In the seaward part of the Gulf of Odessa a frequently repeated vortex formation of cyclonic vorticity with spatial dimensions of up to 7-8 miles and orbital velocities, according to the presented data, of 0.12–0.18 m.c-1, and according to the latest field work, of over 0.30 m.c-1, was found.
 When analyzing the considered situations associated with transfer and vorticity of sea water a significant role was played by high-resolution visual images obtained from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 satellites having a spatial resolution of 10 and 30 meters respectively, as well as by similar satellites of earlier modifications.

Sustainable Development of the Medium-Sized City on the Example of Oswiecim

The primary objective of the city is to provide a high quality of life of the residents. It is one of the reasons behind the migration of the residents, causing an outflow of the people or attracting them. Moreover, needs and requirements connected with the inhabited area are undergoing a constant change. All of the decisions taken in the cities and concerning their development are connected with the quality of the living environment and the quality of the urban space. The condition of the urban and natural environment has an important impact on the health and safety of the residents. The promotion of the city’s development with protection of land against the urban sprawl, with respect for the cultural heritage, efficient infrastructure and social balance has become the main task of the medium-sized cities. Spatial structure of Oświęcim was determined by the development of Oświęcim Chemical Company. Multi-family housing units, together with the necessary services were created in the near vicinity of the company. The attention of the local authorities was directed on this part of the city called the estate. At that time, no investments in the historic part of the city were made. Oświęcim is an old town, with the history that dates back 800 years. The Old Town remained underinvested for a long period of time, which is visible to this day. The tragic heritage of Auschwitz – Birkenau, a former Nazi Concentration Camp has significantly shaped the image of the city, and historical legacy of the city remains in its shadow. This uneven development of the urban structure resulted in a number of social, spatial, economic and environmental problems visible today. Using sustainability in order to provide integrated development to urban areas has become one of the most important tasks of the city’s development. “Sustainable development” perceives the city as a complex, connected and dynamic system, with many interacting processes of social, economic and spatial development. Numerous activities undertaken in Oświęcim are aimed at sustainable development of the city. This article presents selected actions which increased the attractiveness of the Old Town and its surroundings. The presented program is a part of the land development strategy called “Oświęcim Space for Meetings” prepared for the area located along the Soła river and the Old Town district, which are to serve the residents and tourists visiting Auschwitz-Birkenau National Museum. The areas selected for the program will undergo revitalization activities that will improve the quality of the urban space. There will be friendly, integrating green public spaces, and the areas will be activated by making them “attractive” also for newcomers – the tourists.

Participation and spatial transformation in large housing estates in Poland. Case study of Ursynów Północny

Abstract This article investigates the suitability of traditional and participatory planning approaches in managing the process of spatial development of existing housing estates, based on the case study of Warsaw’s Ursynów Północny district. The basic assumption of the article is that due to lack of government schemes targeted at the restructuring of large housing estates, it is the business environment that drives spatial transformations and through that shapes the development of participation. Consequently the article focuses on the reciprocal relationships between spatial transformations and participatory practices. Analysis of Ursynów Północny against the background of other estates indicates that it presents more endangered qualities than issues to be tackled. Therefore the article focuses on the potential of the housing estate and good practices which can be tracked throughout its lifetime. The paper focuses furthermore on real-life processes, addressing the issue of privatisation, development pressure, formal planning procedures and participatory budgeting. In the conclusion it attempts to interpret the existing spatial structure of the estate as a potential framework for a participatory approach.

State Control Versus Hybrid Land Markets: Planning and Urban Development in Transitional Hanoi, Vietnam

During the post-reform period since 1986, land-use systems in Vietnam have been reformed in terms of the regulation of land markets and the built environment. This study analyzes the changing role of urban planning and the policy of state intervention in land markets to manage spatial changes in Vietnamese cities. Theoretical and empirical approaches are used to analyze urban development and planning practices in Hanoi. The study further describes the constraints of planning systems in hybrid land markets that include both formal and informal land development. We argue that in Vietnam, where the role of the state in market construction has not been fully developed and land market institutions are incomplete, urban planning is used as a passive tool of state control and is no longer relevant to the process of spatial development, which is driven by the speculative activities of interest actors. This situation challenges state regulations for the effective management of spatial resources. The empirical results suggest the utility of further reforms to the land-use system and planning institutions in Vietnam, and of strengthening the capacity of the state in land administration.

THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF MUREWA GROWTH POINT, ZIMBABWE

The growth pole theory originates from Francois Perroux, a French economist who visualized growth poles in economic space (Perroux, 1955). As such, his theory had nothing to do with physical or geographical space (Glasson, 1978). In fact, Perroux was mainly concerned with interactions among industrial sectors rather than spatial development processes (Hansen, 1981). However, geographers and planners adopted his theory for planning purposes. In this way, they developed the growth center theory. Some of the proponents of this theory were Boudeville, Friedmann, Myrdal and Hirschman. The growth center theory was first applied in European countries such as Britain, France and Italy in order to address the problems of economically depressed regions. Later on the strategy was adopted in developing nations of Latin America, Asia and Africa. In colonial Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), it was adopted in 1969 with the aim of decongesting major urban centers such as Salisbury (Harare), Bulawayo, Gwelo (Gweru) and Umtali (Mutare). However, the main problem of colonial growth points was the racial context in which they were conceived. At independence in 1980, the new black government adopted growth centers or growth points as a national strategy for rural development (Underwood, 1986). While colonial growth centers were introduced under the Tribal Trust Land Corporation (TILCOR), those of the post-colonial era are under the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA). This study examines the challenges and prospects of Murewa growth point before and after independence in 1980. Article visualizations:

ПРОСТОРОВІ АСИМЕТРІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ФІНАНСОВОЇ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Theoretical principles and world experience of the influence of administrative and financial decentralization on spatial development processes are highlighted and modern tendencies and peculiarities of territorial differentiation of development in Ukraine formed under conditions of decentralization are revealed. It is determined that Ukraine failed to avoid the deepening territorial socio-economic differentiation, and the mechanisms of direct regulation and indirect influence turned out to be unable to resolve the problems of the unevenness of the endogenous community development potential and various efficiency of its use. The current state of spatial development in Ukraine is characterized by the following trends: (i) decreased level of interregional differentiation; (ii) increased differentiation at the level of districts under influence of budgetary decentralization mechanisms; (iii) increased level of differentiation of fiscal capacity of territorial communities having direct budgetary relations with the state budget; (iv) increased concentration of economic activity in “growth points”, which produces a tendency to expand the areas of depressiveness; (v) increased asymmetry between suburban areas and territorial communities remote from major cities; (vi) deepening the gap in financial capacities within the same district between the territorial communities that joined the united territorial communities and those that were not included. Directions of leveling the risks of strengthening the intraregional differentiation of the development of territorial communities under current conditions are determined as follows: – strengthening the role of the regional level of governance and specifying its functions under conditions of decentralization; – provision of the regional level of governance with financial resources, which will support the implementation of regional economic development projects; – transfer to the basic level of financial resources, which a community can direct to its own economic development, and not only to repair (or develop) social infrastructure or its maintenance; – propagation of development impetuses from cities to surrounding territories on the basis of their transformation into centers of the united territorial communities; – revision of the budgetary equalization mechanisms by including the local budgets revenues from rental payments in calculating the taxability of a territory.

Spatial Development Process of a Round Jet which Locally Excited from One Direction

Spatial Development Process of a Round Jet which Locally Excited from One Direction

PERSPEKTYWY WPISU ELEMENTÓW KRAJOBRAZU KULTUROWEGO SZCZECINA NA LISTĘ POMNIKÓW HISTORII

This article is an attempt to pay attention to the rich heritage of the capital of Western Pomerania and to contribute to the discussion on the need to raise the monument’s history of its most valuable elements. The cultural landscape of Szczecin, which is a multicultural heritage of the historic Pomerania cultural area, is, by virtue of its origin, a carrier of original, authentic values that are absent in other Polish cities and regions.According to the authors it is possible to distinguish of three areas, that together reflect the groundbreaking process of spatial development in the history of the city, having authenticity and originality in the country. The first part of the entry should include the historic urban layout of Szczecin’s Śródmieście (Downtown) at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century with the form of star and triangular development quarters, as well as urban and architectural and landscape complexes, which are important components of it: Wały Chrobrego (Hakenterrasse), Jasne Błonia (Quistorpaue) and Cmentarz Centralny (Hauptfriedhof).The spatial and aesthetic qualities, the historical significance and the uniqueness of the particular elements of the aforementioned teams predestine them in our opinion to be included in the list of Historical Monuments.

The economic and spatial restructuring and development process in the North Sector of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

This aim of this study is to evaluate the economic and spatial restructuring process implemented by the public authorities in the North Sector of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, and the appropriation of space by the land and real estate markets in the north and periphery of the capital, seeking to identify the elements that have contributed to altering the land order and to the elitization of spaces. The metropolitan strategic plan sought to diversify the industrial base of the region by attracting investments and creating high-tech hubs. In order to ensure its greater competitiveness on the global stage, it was accompanied by large public infrastructure works and support services. The present study has concluded that the modifying actions undertaken by the public authorities have influenced the valorization of urban land, the appropriation of the space by the land/real estate markets and the elitization of the north and peripheral region of the capital, thus supporting the thesis of the city as an urban growth machine.

Design and construction process in campus open spaces: A case study of Karadeniz Technical University

Universities comprise buildings in which education, teaching, research and practice are undertaken as well as physical structures with social and cultural activity spaces. They’ve a constantly evolving and changing structure in parallel to an increase in the number of students and the educational structures. Increasing number of physical structures result in failure to meet students’ requirements for open space. Nevertheless, university campuses should ensure that students who do not know each other get to know each other and get used to the environment to which they are strangers by providing students with common living spaces. For this reason, it was considered to re-design an outdoor area (festival area) in Karadeniz technical university campus, where students can perform their extracurricular activities and increase their social relations with one another. As a result of the literature review, it was seen that most of the studies are either carried out only to design successful outdoor spaces for the needs of the users or the spaces designed by other people are assessed after use. Consequently, it was determined that there are certain deficits in determining whether the spaces designed in line with the decisions made by the researcher fulfil user needs. For this reason, it was aimed in this study to make the post-use evaluation of the production process after the outdoor design process of a campus outdoor space is completed by the researcher. The present study was conducted in Kanuni Park (festival area) in main campus of Karadeniz Technical University, which is currently used as a parking lot only and sometimes used as a concert venue at certain times of the year. The objective of the study was to realize spatial organization of the said study area so that it meets the students’ needs and requirements, serves as a space where various activities take place, and provides facilities for a variety of uses (affordance) on a continuous basis, rather than at certain times of the year. Therefore, programming/design/construction/occupancy/post occupancy evaluation processes which comprise spatial development process were performed within Kanuni Park and such processes were evaluated.

DARI DEPOK LAMA KE DEPOK BARU: Berjuang Menjadi Kota, 1970an – 1990an

This research deals with the process of spatial development in the city of Depok, West Java and its relation to the government’s policy during 1970s – 1990s. Administratively, it has become a city which is separated from the capital Jakarta since 1999, but Depok is struggling to establish its own identity. In the beginning, Depok was designed to solve the urban problems of Jakarta. In the later period, Depok experienced a slow progress for new urban area. This is due to the government’s policy that continues to treat Depok as a supporting city of Jakarta. On the other hand, the presence of Universitas Indonesia in Depok fails to support the creation of an autonomous city of Depok.

NECESSITY OF MAPPING AND ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR SERVICES IN PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS

The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 determines that “Member States, with the assistance of the Commission, will map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in their national territory by 2014, assess the economic value of such services, and promote the integration of these values into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level by 2020”. Mapping and assessment of ecosystem services provides several benefits, one of which is baseline data providing to measure net future gains or losses and data integration into spatial development process. The aim of the paper is to present and discuss the approach taken to assessing ecosystem services in order to introduce necessity of mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services for planning and decision-making process in Latvia. The paper will focus on terminology interpretation of ecosystem services, introducing with set of developed indicators for assessment of ecosystem services and define appropriate for Latvia. The paper closes with estimation of potential benefits and necessity to integrate assessment of ecosystems services in spatial planning and decision-making process.

Regional targeting of the Russian economic policy: an institution for spatial planning of territories

This article aims at assessing the state of Russian economy amid lower energy prices and the “exchange of sanctions” and identifying the priorities for Russian economic policy as a universal institution capable to support the stability and systemic character of development. It proposes to use the optimization of inter-budgetary relations in Municipality—Region—Federal Center system in order to initiate the process of spatial development of Russian territories by involving the regional and municipal capabilities in the development processes. All Russian citizens are recommended to adopt a more rigorous and responsible attitude towards the Constitution as the Basic Law, which received support from people and defines strategic priorities for the long-term development of Russia. The article provides a rationale for the methodology of optimizing the inter-budgetary relations between the Federation, its subjects and municipalities through a science-based division of powers and responsibilities for the socio-economic outcomes at each level. It proposes to involve the experts and the public in the development of a national plan for socio-economic and social development, the main priorities of which should be the improvement in the quality and effectiveness of public administration and spatial development of Russian territories. The author makes the case for the mechanisms and institutions that can connect the regions and territories to the implementation of such national plan. The conclusions and recommendations proposed in this article can be used by the federal authorities when drafting and adopting the laws and other regulatory acts on the distribution of powers and optimization of the budgetary process. They can also be used by regional and municipal authorities when planning and designing the spatial development of their territories.

Integration and decentralization: the evolution of Dutch regional land policy

ABSTRACTThe implementation of planning objectives in the public interest depends on the land laws and land policies of a state. Public stakeholders are not only enabled or constrained in their actions by these laws and policies, they also (re)formulate these laws and policies to support their actions. The objective of this paper is to understand how different stakeholders in spatial development processes influence land policy dynamics (both the (re)formulation and the implementation of policies) and vice versa. The paper explores the changes in land policies in the Netherlands, in particular how changes have enabled the regional planning level. The Policy Arrangement Approach is used to analyse the strategic behaviour of agencies and their use of structure in spatial development processes. The findings show that the arrangement rapidly changed from the 1980s onwards, due to changes in the underlying political discourses and the effectuation of these discourses via regulation and instruments. With objectives of decentralization and integration, the national government has enabled the regional planning level to become more active in spatial development processes. Although the provinces were enabled by new laws and policies, this did not significantly change their role within the Dutch planning system.

Współczesne wyzwania stojące przed planowaniem przestrzennym w świetle pardygmatu zrównoważonego rozwoju

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę wskazania autorskiej koncepcji zmian w systemie planowania przestrzennego i planowania rozwoju w Polsce.We wprowadzeniu do pracy scharakteryzowano krótko ewolucję planowania od narzędzia urbanistycznego służącego głównie porządkowaniu fizycznej przestrzeni do instrumentu służącego pobudzaniu procesów rozwoju i optymalizacji wykorzystania różnych zasobów. Wskazano na potrzebę integracji i stosowania podejścia funkcjonalnego w planowaniu. W dalszej części artykułu przybliżono wybrane, najistotniejsze słabości instytucjonalne obniżające skuteczność systemu planowania przestrzennego w Polsce. Mając je na względzie, w drugiej części artykułu zarysowano autorską koncepcję zmian na poziomie lokalnego i regionalnego planowania. Tekst kończy krótkie podsumowanie odnoszące się do warunków jakie muszą być spełnione dla wprowadzenia proponowanych zmian w systemie planowania rozwoju.

Organize sanayi yatırımlarının mekânsal gelişim süreçlerine etkileri:Tuzla (İstanbul) örneği

This study aims to examine the effects of organized industrial investments on spatial and functional development–changing process of Tuzla settlement located at the eastern hinterland of Istanbul Metropolitan Area. Methodologically, this study are based on the detailed evaluation of the written sources (thesis, book, paper and report), statistical data and also the visual sources (satellite maps, development plans and their reports) for defining of the socio–spatial and functional development–changing process of the Tuzla settlement. In the study, it is emphasized the organized industrial zones as an socio–economic nucleus plays an important role for urban development process, and also shapes the spatial and functional identities of urban settlements. It is considered that this study contributes to the prediction of the effects of the organized industrial investments as the specialized planned industrial zones on the spatial and functional development–changing process of urban settlements. In that vein, this study attempts to present an analytical framework depending on historical context for solving the socio–spatial and functional problems of industrial settlements. Keywords: Industrialization, urbanization, spatial development process, organized industrial zone, Tuzla.